Introductory Sociology- CLEP

Which of the following groups have the lowest intermarriage rates in the United States?

African Americans and Whites

What are the three essential components of socialism

Central planning, public ownership of the means of production, distribution without profit motive

Some sociologists view the family as an economic unit that contributes to social injustice because it is the basis for transferring power, property, and privilege from one generation to the next. Which of the following perspectives best describes that view?

Conflict

Which of the following approaches to stratification is most likely to suggest that, as a society becomes more stratified, it prevents the talents of those at the bottom from being known or used and thus potentially fails to benefit from the contributions of all its members?

Conflict

As a nurse, Rex works to respect and fulfill the different values, beliefs, and behaviors of his patients. Which of the following is Rex practicing?

Cultural competence

Mark is a foreign exchange student living with a Chinese family. The first night he was with them his hosts served a delicious entree of meat and vegetables. Although tasty, Mark could not identify the meat. When his host told him it was roast dog Mark became upset and decided to become a vegetarian for the course of his stay. In view of this, which sociological concept did Mark just experience?

Culture shock

All of the following are examples of voluntary associations EXCEPT the

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Sociological studies of gender socialization show that

Girls are less likely than boys to recieve attention from teachers

Who was the sociologist who described deviance this way: It is not the act itself but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant?

Howard Becker

Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means?

Merton's strain theory

Which of the following relies most heavily on sampling methods?

Survey research

According to George Herbert Mead, how does a child learn to take the role of others?

Through a natural maturation process that shapes instinct

Laura is conducting an experiment to determine the effect of caffeine on wakefulness. She gives half of her subjects a caffeinated beverage to drink. These subjects are the

Experimental group

What term describes people who share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together?

aggregate

Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to

explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act

Ken works on an assembly line in a paper factory in the midwestern United States. He believes that if he works hard enough, he will become very wealthy. According to Karl Marx, Ken's belief reflects which of the following?

false consciousness

Raw materials are processed and converted into finished goods in which sector of the economy?

industrial

Most of the funding for public schools in the United States comes from

local property taxes

philosophical system under which knowledge of world and human behavior is derived from scientific observation in universal laws?

positivism- social patterns

Mrs. Jones has a parent-teacher meeting scheduled at the school where she teaches. The meeting is scheduled at the same time as her daughter's piano recital. Mrs. Jones will have to decide how to juggle the contradictory expectations of teacher and parent. This situation is referred to as

role conflict

Which of the following distinguishes a crime from a deviant act?

the definition of the act as criminal by a political entity

Which statement about political participation in the United States is true?

voter turnout in the united states is lower than in most european nations

What is the explanation of global stratification that includes core nations, semiperiphery nations, periphery nations, and external areas?

world system theory

What term do sociologists use to describe a culture, in which their values and norms place it at odds with the dominant culture?

Counterculture

When American servicemen occupied Japan following World War II, the Japanese watched the Americans playing baseball, appreciated the sport, and adopted it themselves. Today, baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of

Cultural Diffusion

Which of the following allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments?

Culture

According to sociological terminology, an analysis of the amount of violence in mass media, such as television shows, would be which of the following?

Content analysis

In the world's economic system, which of the following is true about the relationship between high-income countries and low-income countries?

High-income countries build manufacturing plants in low-income countries to obtain cheap labor.

What effect did two years of intensive language training have on Isabelle, an isolated child discovered in Ohio in 1938?

Isabelle reached an intellectual level normal for her age

What is the underlying principle of symbolic interactionism?

It analyzes how one's behavior depends on the way they define themselves and others

Which of the following is true of a dependent variable?

It is influenced by another variable

Which set of concepts best illustrates material culture?

Jewelry, clothing, hairstyles

argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution?

Karl Marx

Which term is used to describe a group's way of thinking, gestures, language, values, and social norms?

Nonmaterial culture

What are the expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of a group's values?

Norms

According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self concept?

Our self concept develops from interaction with others.

What was the result of the study conducted by H. M. Skeels and H. B. Dye where they placed an experimental group of mentally challenged babies in an institution to be cared for by caring adults?

The intelligence scores of the babies significantly increased when retested two and a half years later

Which of the following is true of social norms for the structure of marriage?

They have frequently held polygyny as the societal ideal, although this pattern was functionally available to and practiced primarily by the most wealthy and powerful.

All of the following are properties of primary groups EXCEPT

They tend to be large in number

A school system that teaches children of different ethnic groups in the children's own language and about their own particular ethnic heritage illustrates a policy of

accomodation

A collection of people who happen to be walking down the street at the same time but who have nothing else in common is known as

an aggregate

According to Émile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by

anomie

According to the functionalist perspective, which is a function of religion?

answering questions about the meaning of life, providing guidelines for life, emotional support

What term describes a position in life that one does not choose, but is awarded at birth or is related to the life course?

ascribed status

Sandra is female, she is African American, and she is sixteen years of age. These three characteristics are examples of Sandra's

ascribed statuses

What is another term for legitimate power?

authority

Samantha works in a place that is hierarchical in nature, has written rules, and has written communications and records. Based on these characteristics, what can we conclude about Samantha's workplace?

samantha works in a bureucracy

Zachary's parents were divorced three years ago. During the first year after the divorce, Zachary's father visited him every week. Then Zachary's father remarried and fathered another child. Now he rarely visits Zachary. What is this scenario called?

serial fatherhood

which of the following is best described as an organized sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs?

social institution

A sociologist of religion who studies secularization is interested in which of the following?

society that changes from closely identifying with religious values to closely identifying with nonreligious values

What is the major difference between sociological and psychological theories used to explain deviance?

sociological explanations focus on factors outside the individual, while psychological explanations look for answeres within the individual

Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are which of the following?

status, class, power

Claim that division labor based gender has survived because it is benefirical and efficient for human living

structural functionalist

After studying the use of personal space in several cultures, what conclusion did Edward Hall reach regarding the amount of space people prefer?

the amount of personal space people prefer varies from one culture to another

Which perspective is most aligned with the belief that family provides to society economic production, socialization of children, care of the sick and aged, and reproduction?

the functionalist perspective

Cooley called a person's self-conception based on the responses of others

the looking-glass self

Which of the following best describes what sociologists of education mean when they refer to the hidden curriculum?

the unintended consequences of schooling

Socialization takes place

throughout the life cycle

In general, females perform better than males do on tests of

verbal ability

Impression management is exhibited by a college student who

cleans the dorm room in preparation for Parent's Weekend

Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources?

conflict theory

In his research, George Farkas discovered that, even though they had identical test scores, some students were prone to receive better grades than others. Which students received the best grades?

girls and asain americans

Two basic premises that underlie capitalism are that

goods are produced for profit, and the free market determines what is produced and at what price

Which of the following concepts seeks a consensus of opinion, or group conformity, by taking a narrow view of an issue?

groupthink

Compared to the United States population in general, Asian Americans have:

higher level of formal education achievement

Leo is a college graduate, cello teacher, and a member of Who s Who Among Students in American Colleges and Universities. What are these accomplishments collectively called?

his achieved statuses

Which of the following types of societies is least differentiated?

hunting and gathering

Joe is on trial for selling drugs. He looks very different from when he was arrested. He has washed, cut, and combed his hair, and is wearing a clean, conservative suit and tie at the trial. Joe is engaged in

impression management

Which of the following is the best example of exogamy?

incest taboo prohibits close relatives from marrying one another

A characteristic of a triad is that it

is prone to coalition formation

For a deviant act to be classified as a crime, what quality must pertain to it?

it must be a rule written into law

Which of the following is true of a random sample?

it provides every member of the population with an equal chance of being selected

Macrosociology tends to focus on _________________ where as microsociology focuses on social interaction.

large scale features of social life

Something that has an unexpected determinental effect on social institutions or society?

latent dysfunction

Street crime has _______mortality costs and ______financial costs than white-collar crime.

lower, lower

According to Émile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater its

mechanical solidarity

In the United States, which family members are primarily responsible for what is known as the second shift?

mothers only

In the study of social class, a sociologist would be LEAST likely to focus one's position?

motivation

The early Chicago School researchers found that even though immigration changed the racial and ethnic composition of some areas of the city over time, the rates of crime in those areas remained relatively high. Which of the following interpretations of this finding is most consistent with the Chicago School's social disorganization perspective?

neighborhood social institutions were ineffective at preventing crime

The practice in which a woman is married to two or more men at the same time is known as

polyandry

According to Max Weber, what are the three most important variables in determining one's place in the social stratification system?

property, power, prestige

According to Max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is

rational-legal authority

The process by which an individual learns how to live in his or her social surroundings is known as

Socialization

Nathan wants to study the behavior of city residents as they travel on the subway to work every day. What type of research would be most appropriate for Nathan's research project?

Field research

As children, boys usually receive trucks, sporting equipment, and action toys. Girls receive dolls and gifts that are more passive. Overall, what do sociologists call this sex-based criteria for the gifts children receive?

Gender socialization

Which of the following can properly be considered norms? 1. Laws 2. Folkways 3. Mores

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following would most likely be an agent of involuntary resocialization?

A total institution

social scientist proposed applying scientific method to social world/positivism?

Auguste Cemte

Which of the following is an example of an informal positive sanction?

Danisha revieces a new car from her parents when she scores 2300 on the SAT

Joanne is a member of a group that is developing a questionnaire as a group project in her sociology class. The leader of her group is always trying to gain consensus by explaining proposed actions and suggesting alternative approaches and giving facts as the basis for their evaluation of the members work. What leadership style is being exhibited in this case?

Expressive

"This may sound really strange, but . . ." The statement above is an example of

a disclaimer

Maria woke up with a fever. She called in sick to work, took medicine, and spent the rest of the day in bed. Maria's actions are most representative of

a sick role

The number of children that Americans consider ideal has____________ over the years.

decreased

The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of the

desire to escae a state of continuous social conflict

An example of a folkway in American society is

eating a sandwich for lunch

According to world-systems theory, the global system is primarily

economic

most important sources of knowledge within scientific perspective?

empiricism and reason

What is the major characteristic of the caste system that has permitted it to perpetuate itself for more than 3,000 years in India?

endogamy

theoretical perspective stresses society as a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together harmoniously?

functional analysis