Introductory Sociology- CLEP
Which of the following groups have the lowest intermarriage rates in the United States?
African Americans and Whites
What are the three essential components of socialism
Central planning, public ownership of the means of production, distribution without profit motive
Some sociologists view the family as an economic unit that contributes to social injustice because it is the basis for transferring power, property, and privilege from one generation to the next. Which of the following perspectives best describes that view?
Conflict
Which of the following approaches to stratification is most likely to suggest that, as a society becomes more stratified, it prevents the talents of those at the bottom from being known or used and thus potentially fails to benefit from the contributions of all its members?
Conflict
As a nurse, Rex works to respect and fulfill the different values, beliefs, and behaviors of his patients. Which of the following is Rex practicing?
Cultural competence
Mark is a foreign exchange student living with a Chinese family. The first night he was with them his hosts served a delicious entree of meat and vegetables. Although tasty, Mark could not identify the meat. When his host told him it was roast dog Mark became upset and decided to become a vegetarian for the course of his stay. In view of this, which sociological concept did Mark just experience?
Culture shock
All of the following are examples of voluntary associations EXCEPT the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Sociological studies of gender socialization show that
Girls are less likely than boys to recieve attention from teachers
Who was the sociologist who described deviance this way: It is not the act itself but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant?
Howard Becker
Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means?
Merton's strain theory
Which of the following relies most heavily on sampling methods?
Survey research
According to George Herbert Mead, how does a child learn to take the role of others?
Through a natural maturation process that shapes instinct
Laura is conducting an experiment to determine the effect of caffeine on wakefulness. She gives half of her subjects a caffeinated beverage to drink. These subjects are the
Experimental group
What term describes people who share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together?
aggregate
Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to
explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act
Ken works on an assembly line in a paper factory in the midwestern United States. He believes that if he works hard enough, he will become very wealthy. According to Karl Marx, Ken's belief reflects which of the following?
false consciousness
Raw materials are processed and converted into finished goods in which sector of the economy?
industrial
Most of the funding for public schools in the United States comes from
local property taxes
philosophical system under which knowledge of world and human behavior is derived from scientific observation in universal laws?
positivism- social patterns
Mrs. Jones has a parent-teacher meeting scheduled at the school where she teaches. The meeting is scheduled at the same time as her daughter's piano recital. Mrs. Jones will have to decide how to juggle the contradictory expectations of teacher and parent. This situation is referred to as
role conflict
Which of the following distinguishes a crime from a deviant act?
the definition of the act as criminal by a political entity
Which statement about political participation in the United States is true?
voter turnout in the united states is lower than in most european nations
What is the explanation of global stratification that includes core nations, semiperiphery nations, periphery nations, and external areas?
world system theory
What term do sociologists use to describe a culture, in which their values and norms place it at odds with the dominant culture?
Counterculture
When American servicemen occupied Japan following World War II, the Japanese watched the Americans playing baseball, appreciated the sport, and adopted it themselves. Today, baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of
Cultural Diffusion
Which of the following allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments?
Culture
According to sociological terminology, an analysis of the amount of violence in mass media, such as television shows, would be which of the following?
Content analysis
In the world's economic system, which of the following is true about the relationship between high-income countries and low-income countries?
High-income countries build manufacturing plants in low-income countries to obtain cheap labor.
What effect did two years of intensive language training have on Isabelle, an isolated child discovered in Ohio in 1938?
Isabelle reached an intellectual level normal for her age
What is the underlying principle of symbolic interactionism?
It analyzes how one's behavior depends on the way they define themselves and others
Which of the following is true of a dependent variable?
It is influenced by another variable
Which set of concepts best illustrates material culture?
Jewelry, clothing, hairstyles
argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution?
Karl Marx
Which term is used to describe a group's way of thinking, gestures, language, values, and social norms?
Nonmaterial culture
What are the expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of a group's values?
Norms
According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self concept?
Our self concept develops from interaction with others.
What was the result of the study conducted by H. M. Skeels and H. B. Dye where they placed an experimental group of mentally challenged babies in an institution to be cared for by caring adults?
The intelligence scores of the babies significantly increased when retested two and a half years later
Which of the following is true of social norms for the structure of marriage?
They have frequently held polygyny as the societal ideal, although this pattern was functionally available to and practiced primarily by the most wealthy and powerful.
All of the following are properties of primary groups EXCEPT
They tend to be large in number
A school system that teaches children of different ethnic groups in the children's own language and about their own particular ethnic heritage illustrates a policy of
accomodation
A collection of people who happen to be walking down the street at the same time but who have nothing else in common is known as
an aggregate
According to Émile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by
anomie
According to the functionalist perspective, which is a function of religion?
answering questions about the meaning of life, providing guidelines for life, emotional support
What term describes a position in life that one does not choose, but is awarded at birth or is related to the life course?
ascribed status
Sandra is female, she is African American, and she is sixteen years of age. These three characteristics are examples of Sandra's
ascribed statuses
What is another term for legitimate power?
authority
Samantha works in a place that is hierarchical in nature, has written rules, and has written communications and records. Based on these characteristics, what can we conclude about Samantha's workplace?
samantha works in a bureucracy
Zachary's parents were divorced three years ago. During the first year after the divorce, Zachary's father visited him every week. Then Zachary's father remarried and fathered another child. Now he rarely visits Zachary. What is this scenario called?
serial fatherhood
which of the following is best described as an organized sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs?
social institution
A sociologist of religion who studies secularization is interested in which of the following?
society that changes from closely identifying with religious values to closely identifying with nonreligious values
What is the major difference between sociological and psychological theories used to explain deviance?
sociological explanations focus on factors outside the individual, while psychological explanations look for answeres within the individual
Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are which of the following?
status, class, power
Claim that division labor based gender has survived because it is benefirical and efficient for human living
structural functionalist
After studying the use of personal space in several cultures, what conclusion did Edward Hall reach regarding the amount of space people prefer?
the amount of personal space people prefer varies from one culture to another
Which perspective is most aligned with the belief that family provides to society economic production, socialization of children, care of the sick and aged, and reproduction?
the functionalist perspective
Cooley called a person's self-conception based on the responses of others
the looking-glass self
Which of the following best describes what sociologists of education mean when they refer to the hidden curriculum?
the unintended consequences of schooling
Socialization takes place
throughout the life cycle
In general, females perform better than males do on tests of
verbal ability
Impression management is exhibited by a college student who
cleans the dorm room in preparation for Parent's Weekend
Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources?
conflict theory
In his research, George Farkas discovered that, even though they had identical test scores, some students were prone to receive better grades than others. Which students received the best grades?
girls and asain americans
Two basic premises that underlie capitalism are that
goods are produced for profit, and the free market determines what is produced and at what price
Which of the following concepts seeks a consensus of opinion, or group conformity, by taking a narrow view of an issue?
groupthink
Compared to the United States population in general, Asian Americans have:
higher level of formal education achievement
Leo is a college graduate, cello teacher, and a member of Who s Who Among Students in American Colleges and Universities. What are these accomplishments collectively called?
his achieved statuses
Which of the following types of societies is least differentiated?
hunting and gathering
Joe is on trial for selling drugs. He looks very different from when he was arrested. He has washed, cut, and combed his hair, and is wearing a clean, conservative suit and tie at the trial. Joe is engaged in
impression management
Which of the following is the best example of exogamy?
incest taboo prohibits close relatives from marrying one another
A characteristic of a triad is that it
is prone to coalition formation
For a deviant act to be classified as a crime, what quality must pertain to it?
it must be a rule written into law
Which of the following is true of a random sample?
it provides every member of the population with an equal chance of being selected
Macrosociology tends to focus on _________________ where as microsociology focuses on social interaction.
large scale features of social life
Something that has an unexpected determinental effect on social institutions or society?
latent dysfunction
Street crime has _______mortality costs and ______financial costs than white-collar crime.
lower, lower
According to Émile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater its
mechanical solidarity
In the United States, which family members are primarily responsible for what is known as the second shift?
mothers only
In the study of social class, a sociologist would be LEAST likely to focus one's position?
motivation
The early Chicago School researchers found that even though immigration changed the racial and ethnic composition of some areas of the city over time, the rates of crime in those areas remained relatively high. Which of the following interpretations of this finding is most consistent with the Chicago School's social disorganization perspective?
neighborhood social institutions were ineffective at preventing crime
The practice in which a woman is married to two or more men at the same time is known as
polyandry
According to Max Weber, what are the three most important variables in determining one's place in the social stratification system?
property, power, prestige
According to Max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is
rational-legal authority
The process by which an individual learns how to live in his or her social surroundings is known as
Socialization
Nathan wants to study the behavior of city residents as they travel on the subway to work every day. What type of research would be most appropriate for Nathan's research project?
Field research
As children, boys usually receive trucks, sporting equipment, and action toys. Girls receive dolls and gifts that are more passive. Overall, what do sociologists call this sex-based criteria for the gifts children receive?
Gender socialization
Which of the following can properly be considered norms? 1. Laws 2. Folkways 3. Mores
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following would most likely be an agent of involuntary resocialization?
A total institution
social scientist proposed applying scientific method to social world/positivism?
Auguste Cemte
Which of the following is an example of an informal positive sanction?
Danisha revieces a new car from her parents when she scores 2300 on the SAT
Joanne is a member of a group that is developing a questionnaire as a group project in her sociology class. The leader of her group is always trying to gain consensus by explaining proposed actions and suggesting alternative approaches and giving facts as the basis for their evaluation of the members work. What leadership style is being exhibited in this case?
Expressive
"This may sound really strange, but . . ." The statement above is an example of
a disclaimer
Maria woke up with a fever. She called in sick to work, took medicine, and spent the rest of the day in bed. Maria's actions are most representative of
a sick role
The number of children that Americans consider ideal has____________ over the years.
decreased
The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of the
desire to escae a state of continuous social conflict
An example of a folkway in American society is
eating a sandwich for lunch
According to world-systems theory, the global system is primarily
economic
most important sources of knowledge within scientific perspective?
empiricism and reason
What is the major characteristic of the caste system that has permitted it to perpetuate itself for more than 3,000 years in India?
endogamy
theoretical perspective stresses society as a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together harmoniously?
functional analysis