IPB step 2

Slope Calculation Formula*

((Slope Max - Slope Min) X 100))/Horizontal Distance

What is considered in Avenue of Approach (AA)?

- access to key terrain and adjacent avenues -degree of canalization and ease of movement -sustainability line of communication (LOC) support - access to the objective

What are some examples of Key Terrain?

- choke point - bridges - medical facilities - intersections - industrial complexes - high ground with good observation and field of fire - important civil facilities (economic, social, government institution)

What are the consequences of failure for IPB step 2?

-The commander may not have the information needed to exploit the opportunities the OE provides at a given time and place. (assumptions are used in place of facts to form conclusions) -The threat commander may have the information needed to exploit the opportunities the OE provides in a way the friendly commander did not anticipate

IPB step 2 outputs/products

-Threat overlay -threat description table -MCOO -Terrain effects matrix -Operational climatology/weather forecast analysis chart -Light and illumination data table -Weather effects matrix -Civil considerations data file -Civil consideration overlays -Civil considerations assessment

What should you consider in your Avenues of Approach?

-access to key terrain and adjacent avenues -degree of canalization and ease of movement -sustainability line of communication (LOC) support -access to the objective

Unrestricted Terrain

0 to 30% free from any restriction to movement - nothing is required to enhance mobility.

Civil twilight

0-6 degrees below the horizon

What are in the threat description table?

1. Identity 2. Location 3. Disposition 4. Description

astronautical twilight

12 to 18 degrees below the horizon

Restricted Terrain

31 to 45% Hinders movement to some degree - little effort is needed to enhance mobility

Severely Restricted Terrain

> 45% Severely hinders or slows movement in combat formations unless some effort is made to enhance mobility

What are the Civil Considerations?

ASCOPE Areas Structures Capabilities Organizations People Events

What are the techniques for evaluating terrain effects?

Concentric ring Belt Box Avenue of depth

What is a Key terrain that is not placed on a map?

Decisive terrain

Typical width of mobility corridors

Division - 6km Brigade - 3km Battalion - 1.5 km Company - 500m

Why do we look at the aspects of weather?

How it impacts the mission and equipment

What makes a MCOO modified?

How the terrain is going to affect the movement via mobility corridors.

What are the products that evaluate terrain in IPB step 2?

MCOO and terrain Affects Matrix

What is MCOO?

Modified Combined Obstacle overlay

What is OAKOC (military aspect of terrain)?

OAKOC Observation and Fields of Fire Avenues of Approach Key Terrain Obstacles Cover and Concealment

What is OAKOC?

Observation and fields of fire Avenues of approach Key terrain Obstacles Cover and concealment

What are the outcomes of success for IPB step 2?

Success results in the commander being able to quickly choose and exploit terrain, weather, and civil considerations to best support the mission during decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations

Nautical twilight

Sun between 6 and 12 degrees below the horizon

How is thermal crossover affected?

Temperature of a ground-based vehicle is close to the surrounding land. Thermal optics are unable to detect threat vehicles until a temperature disparity exists between land and vehicle

Accompanying product to MCOO?

Terrain affects matrix

What are the three mobility classifications?

Unrestricted, Restricted, Severely Restricted

What are the military aspects of weather?

Watch VP wind atmospheric pressure temperature cloud cover humidity visibility precipitation

What is thermal crossover?

a natural phenomenon that normally occurs twice daily when temperature conditions are such that there is a loss of contrast between two adjacent objects on infrared imagery

Define Avenues of approach (AA)

a path used by an attacking force leading to its objective or to key terrain

Define field of fire

area that a weapon or group of weapons may cover effectively from a given position

How can night operations be successful at night?

at 30-60% nighttime is when nods are affective

Obstacles are only effective if covered by ___________ and ___________

covered by observation and field of fire

What is the Threat Overlay?

depicts the current physical location of all potential threats in the AO and the AOI. The overlay includes the identity, size, location, strength, and AO for each known threat location

Define Terrain Effects Matrix

describes OAKOC factor effects on friendly and threat operations in a written format using MCOO as a guide

Define Box technique

detailed analysis of a critical area, such as an engagement area, a river-crossing site, or a landing zone

Define Avenue of depth technique

focuses on one AA

What is a light and illumination data table?

guides for determining the light and illumination data needed for planning and operations

What is a weather effects matrices?

guides for determining the weather effects on personnel, weapons, and equipment needed for planning and operations

What is a weather forecast chart?

guides for determining the weather information needed for planning and operations

What is Cloud cover?

height above the Earth's surface of the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena reported as broken, overcast, or obscuration, and not classified as thin or partial.

Define Key Terrain

identifiable characteristic whose seizure or retention affords a marked advantage to either combatant

What are the two things MI officers are in charge of in MDMP?

information collection (IC) and IPB

What is IPB step 2?

intelligence staff describes how significant characteristics affect friendly operations

Define Mobility Corridors (MC)

is areas that are relatively free of obstacles where a force will be canalized due to terrain restrictions allowing military forces to capitalize on the principles of mass and speed

Define Modified Combat Obstacle Overlay

joint intelligence preparation of the operational environment product used to portray the militarily significant aspects of the operational environment, such as obstacles restricting military movement, key geography, and military objectives

Define Decisive terrain

key terrain whose seizure and retention is mandatory for successful mission accomplishment

____________________ determines the observation, fields of fire, and cover and concealment the terrain will provide to both friendly and threat forces ATP 2-01.3, 4-42

line of sight (LOS)

Define Belt technique

most effective when terrain is divided into well-defined cross-compartments during phased operations

Define Obstacle

natural or man-made obstruction designed or employed to disrupt, fix, turn, or block the movement of an opposing force, and to impose additional losses in personnel, time, and equipment on the opposing force

Define Avenue of Approach (AA)

path used by an attacking force leading to its objective or to key terrain. Avenues of approach exist in all domains

Concealment

protection from observation or surveillance

Cover

protection from the effects of fires

What is the purpose of the Combined Obstacle Overlay (COO)?

provides a basis for identifying ground AAs and mobility corridors

What is the purpose of the Threat Overlay?

reference to past threat activity and assists in determining patterns of threat movement and dispositions assists Step 4 in determining threat COAs

Define concentric ring technique

starting from a unit's base of operations and working outward

What is the threat description table?

supports the threat overlay by classifying the types of threats identified on the overlay and describing the broad capabilities of each threat

Define Observation

the condition of weather and terrain that permits a force to see the friendly, enemy, and neutral personnel and systems, and key aspects of the environment

What is visibility?

the greatest distance that prominent objects can be seen and identified by the unaided, normal eye (available light)

What is civil considerations?

the influence of manmade infrastructure, civilian institutions, and attitudes and activities of civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an area of operations on the conduct of military operations

Twilight

the time of day immediately following sunset, dusk - means optics!

Define line of sight (LOS)

unobstructed path from a Soldier's weapon, weapon sight, electronic sending and receiving antennas, or piece of reconnaissance equipment from one point to another