IPB step 2
Slope Calculation Formula*
((Slope Max - Slope Min) X 100))/Horizontal Distance
What is considered in Avenue of Approach (AA)?
- access to key terrain and adjacent avenues -degree of canalization and ease of movement -sustainability line of communication (LOC) support - access to the objective
What are some examples of Key Terrain?
- choke point - bridges - medical facilities - intersections - industrial complexes - high ground with good observation and field of fire - important civil facilities (economic, social, government institution)
What are the consequences of failure for IPB step 2?
-The commander may not have the information needed to exploit the opportunities the OE provides at a given time and place. (assumptions are used in place of facts to form conclusions) -The threat commander may have the information needed to exploit the opportunities the OE provides in a way the friendly commander did not anticipate
IPB step 2 outputs/products
-Threat overlay -threat description table -MCOO -Terrain effects matrix -Operational climatology/weather forecast analysis chart -Light and illumination data table -Weather effects matrix -Civil considerations data file -Civil consideration overlays -Civil considerations assessment
What should you consider in your Avenues of Approach?
-access to key terrain and adjacent avenues -degree of canalization and ease of movement -sustainability line of communication (LOC) support -access to the objective
Unrestricted Terrain
0 to 30% free from any restriction to movement - nothing is required to enhance mobility.
Civil twilight
0-6 degrees below the horizon
What are in the threat description table?
1. Identity 2. Location 3. Disposition 4. Description
astronautical twilight
12 to 18 degrees below the horizon
Restricted Terrain
31 to 45% Hinders movement to some degree - little effort is needed to enhance mobility
Severely Restricted Terrain
> 45% Severely hinders or slows movement in combat formations unless some effort is made to enhance mobility
What are the Civil Considerations?
ASCOPE Areas Structures Capabilities Organizations People Events
What are the techniques for evaluating terrain effects?
Concentric ring Belt Box Avenue of depth
What is a Key terrain that is not placed on a map?
Decisive terrain
Typical width of mobility corridors
Division - 6km Brigade - 3km Battalion - 1.5 km Company - 500m
Why do we look at the aspects of weather?
How it impacts the mission and equipment
What makes a MCOO modified?
How the terrain is going to affect the movement via mobility corridors.
What are the products that evaluate terrain in IPB step 2?
MCOO and terrain Affects Matrix
What is MCOO?
Modified Combined Obstacle overlay
What is OAKOC (military aspect of terrain)?
OAKOC Observation and Fields of Fire Avenues of Approach Key Terrain Obstacles Cover and Concealment
What is OAKOC?
Observation and fields of fire Avenues of approach Key terrain Obstacles Cover and concealment
What are the outcomes of success for IPB step 2?
Success results in the commander being able to quickly choose and exploit terrain, weather, and civil considerations to best support the mission during decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations
Nautical twilight
Sun between 6 and 12 degrees below the horizon
How is thermal crossover affected?
Temperature of a ground-based vehicle is close to the surrounding land. Thermal optics are unable to detect threat vehicles until a temperature disparity exists between land and vehicle
Accompanying product to MCOO?
Terrain affects matrix
What are the three mobility classifications?
Unrestricted, Restricted, Severely Restricted
What are the military aspects of weather?
Watch VP wind atmospheric pressure temperature cloud cover humidity visibility precipitation
What is thermal crossover?
a natural phenomenon that normally occurs twice daily when temperature conditions are such that there is a loss of contrast between two adjacent objects on infrared imagery
Define Avenues of approach (AA)
a path used by an attacking force leading to its objective or to key terrain
Define field of fire
area that a weapon or group of weapons may cover effectively from a given position
How can night operations be successful at night?
at 30-60% nighttime is when nods are affective
Obstacles are only effective if covered by ___________ and ___________
covered by observation and field of fire
What is the Threat Overlay?
depicts the current physical location of all potential threats in the AO and the AOI. The overlay includes the identity, size, location, strength, and AO for each known threat location
Define Terrain Effects Matrix
describes OAKOC factor effects on friendly and threat operations in a written format using MCOO as a guide
Define Box technique
detailed analysis of a critical area, such as an engagement area, a river-crossing site, or a landing zone
Define Avenue of depth technique
focuses on one AA
What is a light and illumination data table?
guides for determining the light and illumination data needed for planning and operations
What is a weather effects matrices?
guides for determining the weather effects on personnel, weapons, and equipment needed for planning and operations
What is a weather forecast chart?
guides for determining the weather information needed for planning and operations
What is Cloud cover?
height above the Earth's surface of the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena reported as broken, overcast, or obscuration, and not classified as thin or partial.
Define Key Terrain
identifiable characteristic whose seizure or retention affords a marked advantage to either combatant
What are the two things MI officers are in charge of in MDMP?
information collection (IC) and IPB
What is IPB step 2?
intelligence staff describes how significant characteristics affect friendly operations
Define Mobility Corridors (MC)
is areas that are relatively free of obstacles where a force will be canalized due to terrain restrictions allowing military forces to capitalize on the principles of mass and speed
Define Modified Combat Obstacle Overlay
joint intelligence preparation of the operational environment product used to portray the militarily significant aspects of the operational environment, such as obstacles restricting military movement, key geography, and military objectives
Define Decisive terrain
key terrain whose seizure and retention is mandatory for successful mission accomplishment
____________________ determines the observation, fields of fire, and cover and concealment the terrain will provide to both friendly and threat forces ATP 2-01.3, 4-42
line of sight (LOS)
Define Belt technique
most effective when terrain is divided into well-defined cross-compartments during phased operations
Define Obstacle
natural or man-made obstruction designed or employed to disrupt, fix, turn, or block the movement of an opposing force, and to impose additional losses in personnel, time, and equipment on the opposing force
Define Avenue of Approach (AA)
path used by an attacking force leading to its objective or to key terrain. Avenues of approach exist in all domains
Concealment
protection from observation or surveillance
Cover
protection from the effects of fires
What is the purpose of the Combined Obstacle Overlay (COO)?
provides a basis for identifying ground AAs and mobility corridors
What is the purpose of the Threat Overlay?
reference to past threat activity and assists in determining patterns of threat movement and dispositions assists Step 4 in determining threat COAs
Define concentric ring technique
starting from a unit's base of operations and working outward
What is the threat description table?
supports the threat overlay by classifying the types of threats identified on the overlay and describing the broad capabilities of each threat
Define Observation
the condition of weather and terrain that permits a force to see the friendly, enemy, and neutral personnel and systems, and key aspects of the environment
What is visibility?
the greatest distance that prominent objects can be seen and identified by the unaided, normal eye (available light)
What is civil considerations?
the influence of manmade infrastructure, civilian institutions, and attitudes and activities of civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an area of operations on the conduct of military operations
Twilight
the time of day immediately following sunset, dusk - means optics!
Define line of sight (LOS)
unobstructed path from a Soldier's weapon, weapon sight, electronic sending and receiving antennas, or piece of reconnaissance equipment from one point to another