ISC 475 iRAT-2

Theory of Constraints (TOC)

Critical chain scheduling is an application of the ______ _____ _____ (_____)

bar charts

Gant charts are sometimes referred to as _____ ________ because the activities' start and end dates are shown as horizontal bars

Manifesto for Agile Software Development

In February 2001, a group of 17 people that called itself the Agile Alliance developed and agreed on the ______________ ___ _______ ________ __________

potentially shippable

In the Scrum framework, at the end of the sprint, the work should be _______________ _________________, as in ready to hand to a customer, put on a store shelf, or show to a stakeholder

ScrumMaster

In the Scrum framework, the ____________________ keeps the team focused on its goal

sprint

In the Scrum framework, the certain amount of time that the team has to complete its work (usually 2-4 weeks)

daily scrum

In the Scrum framework, the daily team meetings to assess a projects progress during each 2-4 weeks sprint

sprint review; retrospective

In the Scrum framework, the sprint ends with a ______ ________ and ___________.

product backlog

In the basic Scrum framework the ____________ ___________ is a prioritized wish list created by the product owner.

sprint backlog

In the basic Scrum framework, during sprint planning, the team pulls a small chunk from the top of that wish list, a _______ ___________, and decides how to implement those pieces.

Kanban

Japanese for "visual board," an agile process method that enables businesses to quickly visualize and manage the correct state of all development investments since the start of the project

Scrum

Kanban can be used in conjunction with ________

Japan by Toyota Motor Corporation

Kanban was developed in __________ _____ _________ _________ ___________.

development process

Project managers must involves all stakeholders in the schedule ___________ ________

Gantt charts; Tracking Gantt

Project managers often use _________ ______ to display the project schedule. _________________ ____________ charts show planned and actual schedule information.

increases in project cost and risk

Shortening schedules almost always leads to __________ ____ _____________ _______ _______ ________.

Scrum

This term was coined in 1986 in a Harvard Business Review Study that compared high-performing, cross-functional teams to the formation used by rugby teams.

to help focus on teamwork, complete the most important work first, and add business value

Today other types of projects use Scrum to help focus on what?

Control - Traditional is Process Centric while Agile is People Centric Management Style - Traditional is Command and Control and Agile is Leadership and Collaboration Knowledge Management - Traditional is Explicit and Agile is Tacit Role Assignment - Traditional is Individual-Favors-Specialization and Agile is Self-Organizing Teams Communication - Traditional is Formal and Agile is Informal Customer's Role - Traditional is Important and Agile is Critical Project Cycle - Traditional is Guided by Tasks and Agile is Guided by Product Features Desired Organization Structure - Traditional is Mechanistic (Bureaucratic with high formalization) and Agile is Organic (Flexible and participative encouraging cooperative social action) Technology- Traditional has No Restrictions while Agile has Favors Object-Oriented Technology

Traditional vs Agile Environments

true

True or False. Even though scheduling techniques are very important, most projects fail because of personnel issues, not from a poor network diagram.

1.) Individuals and interactions over processes and tools 2.) Working software over comprehensive documentation 3.) Customer collaboration over contract negotiaton 4.) Responding to change over following a plan

What are the values under the Manifesto for Agile Software Development?

the ability to manage and adapt to change, a view of organizations as fluid, adaptive systems composed of intelligent people; recognition of the limits of external control in establishing order; an overall humanistic problem-solving approach considering all members to be valuable stakeholders, relies on an autonomous team, and minimizes up front planning

What does Agile framework practice?

critical path analysis, resource constraints, and buffers

What does critical chain scheduling use to meet project completion dates?

network diagrams

What is the preferred technique for showing activity sequencing?

the short time period of each spring (normally two to four weeks) and daily Scrum meetings provide an environment where team members collaborate to focus on completing specific tasks within that time period. The product owner identifies and prioritizes tasks to be done during each sprint.

What occurs in Agile methods like Scrum.

a white diamond

What symbol on a Gantt chart represents a slipped milestone? a. a black arrow b. a white arrow c. a black diamond d. a white diamond

a Tracking Gantt chart

What type of diagram shows planned and actual project schedule information? a. a network diagram b. a Gantt chart c. a Tracking Gantt chart d. a milestone chart

in any environment in which the requirements are unknown or changing quickly

When is using an agile approach appropriate?

finish-to-start

You cannot start editing a technical report until someone else completes the first draft. What type of dependency does this represent? a. finish-to-start b. start-to-start c. finish-to-finish d. start-to-finish

PERT

__________ Is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration.

project schedule management

___________ ________ ________ is often cited as the main source of conflict on projects

Scrum

_____________ is the leading agile development method

Kanban; Scrum

____________helps improve day-to-day workflow, while ____________ provides the structure for improving the organization of projects.

burndown chart

a chart that shows the cumulative work remaining in a sprint on a day-by-day-basis

iteration planning

a customer involved process for developing a sprint backlog involving prioritization, estimation, and collaboration

agile manifesto

a declaration of core values for developing software using lean methods

work breakdown structure (WBS)

a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope

precedence diagramming method

a drawing tool to represent steps to a project

critical chain scheduling

a method of scheduling that considers limited resources when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the project completion date.

deliverable

a product, such as a report or segment of software code, produced as part of a project

finish-to-start dependency

a relationship on a project network diagram in which the from activity must be finished before the activity can be finished

network diagram

a schematic display of the logical relationships or sequencing or project activities

work package

a task at the lowest level of the WBS

flexibility

agile methods like Scrum take a different approach to project schedule management by providing more __________

scope

all the work involved in creating the products of the project used to create them

predecessor

an activity that is on a network diagram that should occur before another activity occurs

successor

an activity that on the same network diagram path and occurs after another activity

agile project management

an adaptive way of management aiming to steer projects to success in terms of being on schedule and within budget while satisfying customers

agile methods

an approach to managing projects that includes an iterative workflow and incremental delivery of software in short iterations

task

an element of work normally found on the WBS that has an expected duration, cost, and resource requirements, also called an activity

Scrum team or development team

cross-functional team of five to nine people who organize themselves and the work to produce the desired results for each sprint.

prototyping

developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of it to help define user requirements

closing processes

formalizing acceptance of the project or project phase and ending it efficiently

burndown chart

informal graph relating the quantity of work remaining and the time elapsed since the start of the project

Kanban

just-in-time inventory control method that uses visual cues to guide workflow

agile

means being able to move quickly and easily

kick-off meeting

meeting held at the beginning of a project so that stakeholders can meet each other, review the goals of the project, and discuss future plans

resources

people, equipment, and materials

policies, procedures, and documentation; planning, executing, and controlling

planning schedule management involves determining the ____________, _______________, _____________ that will be used for ___________,____________, and ___________ the project schedule

activity attributes

predecessors, successors, logical relationships, leads and lags, resource requirements, constraints, imposed dates, and assumptions are all examples of _________ _______

Gantt Charts

provide a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in calendar form.

agile

quick and coordinated in movement; a method based on iterative and incremental development, in which requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration

user stories

short descriptions written by customers of what they need a system to do for them

slack

the amount of time a project activity may be delayed without delaying a succeeding activity or the project finish date; also called a float

early finish date

the earliest possible time an activity can finish based on the project network logic

early start date

the earliest possible time an activity can start based on the project network logic

Scrum

the leading agile development method for completing projects with complex, innovative scope of work.

effort

the number of workdays or work hours required to complete a task

project scope management

the process involved in defining and controlling what work is or is not included in a project

project time managment

the processes required to ensure timely completion of a project

node

the starting and ending point of an activity on an activity-on-arrow diagram

scope creep

the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger

true

true or false. Activity sequencing must be done in order to use critical path analysis.

true

true or false. Early software development projects often used a waterfall approach, but as technology and businesses became more complex, the approach often became difficult to use because requirements were unknown or continuously changing.

true

true or false. Scrum was initially applied to software development projects.

false. it is the longest path through a network diagram

true or false. the critical path is the shortest path through a network diagram.

developing the schedule

uses results from all of the other project schedule management processes to determine the start and end dates for the project.

finish-to-start, finish-to-finish, start-to-start, and start-to-finish

what are the four types of relationships between tasks?

planning schedule management, defining activities, sequencing activities, estimating activity durations, developing the schedule, and controlling the schedule

what are the main processes involves in project schedule management?

arrow diagramming method and the precedence diagramming method

what are the two methods used to create network diagrams?

1.) they are mandatory based on the nature of the work 2.) discretionary based on the project team's experience or 3.) external based on non-project activities

what are three reasons for creating relationships within sequencing activities?

crashing and fast tracking

what are two techniques for shortening project schedules?

Optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimates of activity durations and is seldom used today

what does PERT use to create its estimates and how often is it used?

it determines the early start and early finish dates to each activity

what does a forward pass through a project network diagram determine?

identifying the specific activities that must be completed to produce the project deliverables

what does defining activities involve?

a series of activities that determine the earliest time by which a project can be completed

what is a critical path?

teams can place cards on boards to show the status of work in the backlog, such as new, in progress, and complete. Cards on the board are moved to the right to show progress in completing work

what is an example of a Kanban

1.) helps limit work in progress by making a bottleneck visible so people can collaborate to solve problems that created the bottleneck.

what is the benefit of Kanban?

Controlling the schedule

what is the final process in project schedule management?

agile projects are high-quality, adaptive projects that can be developed by small teams using the principles of continuous improvement and testing based on rapid feedback and change

what is the fundamental assumption of agile projects?

schedule management plan

what is the main output of planning schedule management?

about 25%

what is the practical limit to shortening schedules?

determines the relationships or dependencies between activities

what is the purpose of sequencing activities?

it predicts total project duration

what is the purpose of the critical path method?

when there is a high degree of uncertainty about the individual activity duration estimates

what is the reasoning for using PERT?

a more detailed WBS

what is the result after defining activities within the project schedule management?

creates estimates for the amount of time it will take to complete each activity. This includes the actual amount of time worked plus elapsed time

what occurs during estimating activity durations?

agile method

what type of method is Scrum?

it is critical to set realistic project schedules and use discipline to meet schedule goals

why is it important for project managers to involve all stakeholders in the schedule development process?

Most IT projects exceed time estimates

why is project schedule management the main source of conflict on projects?