KHP 300 Final Study Guide
Gender expression is our: A. identity B. sex C. appearance D. sexual attraction
C
In terms of gender, the way that we think of ourselves is called ________ A. sex B. sexual identity C. gender identity D. gender expression
C
When two college lacrosse players turn their back to the U.S. flag during the playing of the national anthem, they A. offend people but violate no norms. B. engage in formal deviance. C. violate an informal norm. D. violate a formal norm.
? Probably C
The values of ____________ are seldom part of the culture of sport organizations. A. racial minorities B. the racial and ethnic majority C. ethnic minorities D. gender minorities
? probably C
Based on your notes, injury, failure, aging, and retirement from sport are often closely followed by ______________ (Select all that apply) 1) depression 2) anxiety 3) eustress 4) drop out
???
According to the lecture, one of the things that keep student-athletes from speaking up about seeking help for their mental health is ______. A. Stigma B. Culture C. Prejudice D. Conformity
A
All of the following are true about the privatization of youth sports Except? A. Are held accountable in simular ways as public sport programs occurs when public programs are cut B. frequently reproduces economic and ethnic inequality C. are commonly in middle and upper-class areas D. often repreduces segregation in society
A
All of the following is true about the performance ethic Except? A. it is a set ideas and beliefs emphasizing that the quality of the sport experience can be measured in terms of inclusion and health outcomes B. Common in private programs C. Tied to parental notions of "investing in their kid's future" D. Fun = becoming better
A
An absolutist approach to deviance in sports is based on the assumption that: A. unchanging moral truths are the foundation for all norms. B. there are no ideals in society. C. humans have inborn tendencies to be moral. D. humans have inborn tendencies to be evil.
A
At the same time that public money in cities and states has been used to fund the construction of sport venues: A. fewer average people can afford to buy tickets to see local teams. B. the taxes generated by those facilities has increased dramatically C. the price of tickets has declined except in luxury boxes. D. lasting social unity has been created by sports in those cities and states.
A
Commercial sports are most likely to grow and prosper in societies with A. market economies, large urban centers, and the availability of capital. B. high rates of unemployment combined with access to transportation. C. traditional definitions of masculinity and femininity. D. low rates of consumption and little awareness of status differences.
A
Different sponsors of youth sport programs have different goals. The programs that are most likely to be inclusive and emphasize overall participation are those: A. sponsored by public, tax-supported community recreation organizations. B. sponsored by private commercial clubs. C. sponsored by private, non-profit organizations. D. sponsored by public, non-profit community organizations.
A
In commercial sports there is a tendency for aesthetic values to be replaced by: A. heroic values. B. spectator values. C. economic values. D. democratic values.
A
Organized, adult-controlled youth sports have become prevalent in neoliberal societies. A neoliberal society is one in which: A. individualism is valued and public programs are cut back or eliminated. B. spiritual values become more important than material values. C. people voluntarily pay taxes to support public sport programs. D. left-wing values have become widely accepted.
A
Parental involvement in and concern about youth sports have increased because: A. parental moral worth is now associated with the success of children. B. parents today are imitating their own parents' and grandparents' actions. C. most parents are reliving their childhoods through their children. D. sport programs demand that parents come to practices and games.
A
Social class is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: A. Social Acceptance B. Social Connections C. Income D. Occupation E. Wealth
A
Social class relations are related to sports and sport participation because: A. organized sports depend on material resources. B. literacy is required to understand written rules. C. all sports depend on the support of the middle class. D. athletes tend to come from impoverished backgrounds.
A
The author uses the term "social world" to refer to a: A. way of life and mindset that people develop in a particular setting. B. special place that people go to enjoy relationships with other people. C. set of relationships that dominate a person's life. D. set of media-generated images that shape how people think and act.
A
The financial success of commercial sports today depend heavily on: A. the rights fees paid by television companies to broadcast sport content. B. spectators who watch television broadcasts in sports bars. C. local businesses who seek the right to sell concessions at sport events. D. newspapers that publish the schedules of games and events.
A
The orientations of athletes and other people in sports are affected by the fact that a mass audience: A. lacks technical knowledge about the sports they watch. B. is entertained mostly by the beauty of movement in a sport. C. tends to be young and highly educated. D. wants to see athletes who have mastered technical skills.
A
The textbook suggests that instead of subsidizing professional sport team owners, local and state governments could use the same money to: A. build multiple local recreational facilities that could be used by local residents. B. pay professional athletes salaries based on players' entertainment value. C. organize fans into spectator unions that could bargain with team owners. D. subsidize developers who want to build large projects.
A
The trend toward privatization in organized youth sports has: A. made youth programs more selective and exclusive. B. had a negative affect on people from upper-income areas. C. helped parents who need inexpensive sport programs for their children. D. increased the number of racially integrated youth sport programs.
A
When Title IX became law in 1972: A. men received about 99% of public school the resources devoted to sports. B. most teams for boys and men were seriously under-funded. C. more than 10% of all women in college played varsity sports. D. most girls and women did not want to play sports of any kind.
A
When changes in the legal status of athletes allow them to become "free agents," this means that the athletes may A. sign a contract with the team that offers them the best deal. B. hire an agent to represent them and negotiate a contract with a team. C. unite with other athletes to force owners to increase salaries. D. switch teams every season depending on who they want to play for.
A
When dominant racial ideology has been used to explain the success of athletes with white skin, there has usually been an emphasis on the importance of: A. cultural factors B. genetic factors C. personality factors D. natural physical abilities
A
When media are privately owned, their major interest is profit-making; when media are controlled and operated by the state, their major interest is: A. shaping values and providing a public service. B. generating revenues for the state. C. funding artists who work for the state. D. creating images that expand people's experiences.
A
When sociologists say that sports are "contested activities," they mean that: A. people may struggle over what sports are and who should play them. B. people in any society must compete with each other to play sports. C. sports exist to enable people to have contests with each other. D. all sports involve some form of contest or competition.
A
When sport leagues and team owner become monopsonies it means that they are: A. the only buyer of athlete labor. B. governed by anti-trust laws to an extreme degree. C. create new forms of capital in a city. D. the major supporter of art museums in a city.
A
When sport worlds are male-dominated it means that: A. ability and qualifications are associated with manhood and men. B. men experience insecurities that make them very controlling. C. men and men's lives are the expected focus of attention and stories. D. people assume that it involves men and is about men.
A
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be studied by someone in the sociology of sport? A. The physical demands associated with individual and team sports. B. The forms and meanings of sports from one group to another. C. The ways that sports are included into social life. D. The relationship between sports and religion.
A
Which of the following is NOT one of the widely used arguments made to justify stadium subsidies and other forms of public support for professional sport teams? A. Team owners regularly share their profits with city governments. B. Professional teams attract other businesses to the city. C. Professional teams create positive psychic and social benefits in a city. D. A stadium and a pro team create jobs for citizens in a city.
A
Which of the following is a component of bias: A. stereotype B. race logic C. stacking D. None of the above
A
Which of the following is an accurate statement about sports and the media? A. All media coverage involves selective re-presentations of sports. B. The media offset or reverse the effects of commercialization on sports. C. The media destroy opportunities for us to see major sport events. D. The media shape and determine our perspectives on sports.
A
Which of the following is most likely to be emphasized in commercial sports? A. The style and excitement of movement by athletes. B. The willingness of athletes to explore limits without surpassing them. C. The technical physical abilities of athletes. D. The commitment that athletes have to stay in their sports.
A
__________ operate with in the affective domain. It also includes a differential evaluation of a group or an individual based on her or his group membership. A. Prejudice B. Stereotype C. Discrimination D. Implict Bias
A
Which of the following make up a unique set of pressures that athletes face? Check all that apply 1) scoring goals 2) high expectations from adoring fans 3) winning 4) media scrutiny
All of the above
A minority as used in the chapter refers to a socially identified population that: A. comes from another country and experience difficulties during migration. B. shares a sense of unity and suffers disadvantages due to discrimination. C. shares a physical trait that other people define as unique and different. D. interacts with each other and segregates themselves from others.
B
A thorough review of research shows that the arguments used to justify subsidies for pro sport teams are: A. contradicted only by studies done by liberal economists. B. contradicted by studies done by independent economists. C. supported by studies done by independent economists D. supported by studies done by all economists, conservative or liberal.
B
A woman coach is hired in an all-male athletic department. The search committee concluded that she was qualified because she coached like a man. This shows that the athletic department is: A. male-oriented B. male-dominated C. male-identified D. male-centered
B
Becoming involved and staying involved in sports is grounded in a series of processes. Which of the following is NOT one of those processes? A. Social support. B. Personality revisions. C. Identity formation. D. Self-reflection.
B
Carefully designed studies based on structural theories and a personal internalization model of socialization have found that three things are related to becoming involved in sports. Which of the following is NOT one of those things? A. A person's abilities. B. A person's willingness to practice even when not having fun. C. The availability of opportunities to play sports. D. The influence of significant others.
B
Corporate executives realize that if they can establish ideological outposts in the minds of people, they can use those outposts to: A. inspire people to become involved in social issues. B. defuse popular opposition to corporate policies and products. C. foster an ethic of caring and sharing among people. D. deliver messages about the importance of citizenship.
B
Girls and women in low-income households: A. sports participation is more accepted than girls and women in middle class homes B. often face the greatest constraints to sport participation C. seldom face constraints that interfear with participation in after school and summer programs, camps, and leagues D. have opportunities to participate in sport but are less incline to like sport
B
In what area did the Z-Boys of Dogtown come from? A. Santa Cruz B. Venice Beach C. Oakland D. The Bay Area
B
Major sport media companies like fantasy sports because they: A. appeal to minority and female consumers. B. create loyal media consumers and new revenues. C. empower fans in realistic ways. D. force spectators to be concerned with team win-loss records.
B
Many active athletes avoid seeking out mental health professionals largely due to ____________ A. prejudice B. stigma C. stacking D. culture
B
Media coverage usually concludes that deviance in sports is the result of A. cultural definitions of masculinity. B. weak character and greed. C. the influence of drugs. D. the social organization of sports.
B
Most media content is tied to power relations in the sense that they A. cause people to question major political decisions in society: B. emphasize images and messages consistent with dominant ideologies. C. are direct reflections of the interests of politically powerful people. D. are controlled and censored by the most powerful people in the society.
B
Owners of teams in men's spectator sports in the U.S. often receive public assistance in the form of: A. donations from revenue sharing funds. B. tax breaks and subsidies related to the use of facilities. C. free parking for those who attend games. D. free public transportation for fans holding season tickets.
B
Private/Commercial Sports Programs emphasize all of the following except A. competitive success B. inclusion and fun C. performance
B
Sociology helps us examine: A. the connection between biology and social activities. B. social life in context. C. connections between our bodies and our family backgrounds. D. politics and economics through history.
B
Studying deviance in sports presents problems in that: A. athletes don't understand the differences between sports and the rest of life. B. actions that are normal in sports may be deviant outside sports. C. psychological research shows that athletes have conforming personalities. D. coaches enforce rules so strictly that deviance seldom occurs.
B
The author points out that sport cultures are: A. activities that remain the same through history. B. created as people in sports interact with each other. C. essentially the same all over the world. D. organized so they have the same meanings in all societies.
B
The author uses the term "social world" to refer to a: A. set of media-generated images that shape how people think and act. B. way of life and mindset that people develop in a particular setting. C. set of relationships that dominate a person's life. D. special place that people go to enjoy relationships with other people.
B
The sport ethic becomes a source of dangerous deviance in sports when: A. athletes raise too many questions about its meaning. B. people in sports don't set boundaries to limit overconformity to the ethic. C. referees do not take the sport ethic seriously when they enforce rules. D. athletes reject the norms of the sport ethic and make up their own rules.
B
Under adult controlled sports youth athletes have experiences that cultivate: A. cooperation and improvisation B. teamwork and obedience to coaches C. indvidual expression D. problem solving
B
When athletes collectively overconform to the norms of the sport ethic, they may develop hubris, which leads them to see themselves as separate from and superior to the rest of the community. The author explains that this hubris: A. discourages all forms of deviance on and off the field. B. leads to a sense of entitlement and lack of concern for people outside their sport. C. provides a strong incentive to do excessive community service. D. makes athletes uncoachable and destroys a foundation for teamwork.
B
When women in the United States began to overcome barriers to sport participation during the first half of the 20th, they: A. rejected the advice to "act like ladies" in sports like tennis and golf. B. first claimed participation spaces in "grace and beauty sports." C. changed cultural norms that identified them as invaders. D. favored desegregated sports in which race was not socially relevant.
B
Which of the following is NOT true about norms? A. They exist only in formal social situations. B. They differ from one situation to the next. C. They include both written laws and unwritten customs. D. They are used to identify deviance.
B
_______________ is one in which individualism and material success are highly valued, and one in which publicly funded programs and services disappear and are replaced by private programs and service provision. A. A capitalist society B. A neolibral society C. A pluristic society D. A socialist society
B
According to our lecture, which of the following is at the foundation of American class ideology? A. Socialism B. Pluralism C. Meritocracy D. Egalitarinism
C
An emphasis on the performance ethic is most likely in programs sponsored by: A. public, non-profit community organizations. B. public, tax-supported recreation organizations. C. private commercial clubs. D. private, non-profit sport organizations.
C
Class ideology in the United States is organized around A. a belief that nice people are never successful. B. the importance of fate and luck. C. the American Dream and a belief in meritocracy. D. money and happiness.
C
Deviance may involve underconformity or overconformity to norms. The author explains that deviance involving overconformity is: A. so rare that it cannot be studied scientifically. B. harmless C. based on unquestioned acceptance of norms. D. generally uncontrollable.
C
Lockouts are different than strikes in that lockouts: A. do not eliminate pay for employees. B. are about fairness and strikes are about control. C. are initiated by owners whereas employees initiate strikes. D. are more easily settled than strikes.
C
Male athletes from poor and working class households often use sport participation as a means of obtaining: A. acceptance by their parents. B. job skills that could be used if they did not attend college. C. respect and a foundation for their identities. D. the material things that other young people had.
C
Official definitions of sports in the United States emphasize: A. activities in which there are no winners or losers. B. age-integrated activities that can be played anywhere. C. formally organized, competitive activities. D. health-related activities that reduce obesity rates.
C
Organized, adult-controlled youth sports have become prevalent in neoliberal societies. A neoliberal society is one in which: A. people voluntarily pay taxes to support public sport programs. B. spiritual values become more important than material values. C. individualism is valued and public programs are cut back or eliminated. D. left-wing values have become widely accepted.
C
Research indicates that when people retire from sports they are most likely to have problems if they: A. have no awards or records to sustain their sport memories. B. discontinued sport participation voluntarily. C. have few experiences outside the culture of sports. D. never developed a close relationship with a coach.
C
The U.S. government law, Title IX, prohibits gender discrimination in A. all U.S. schools. B. in all sports offered in schools or community programs. C. any educational institution receiving federal money. D. public elementary and high schools, but not colleges and universities.
C
The athletes most likely to overconform to the norms of the sport ethic are those who see achievement as their only way to get ahead and those who have: A. a low physical tolerance for pain and a desire to avoid risks in sports. B. agents who have negotiated special performance clauses in their contracts. C. a strong need to be accepted as athletes by their peers in sports. D. identities based on what they do and who they know outside of sports.
C
The definition of socialization used by the author is based on: A. a personal internalization model B. a role theory model. C. a social interaction model. D. a structural model.
C
The lifestyles of middle-income and working class people are most likely to include those sports that have traditionally been: A. physical, aggressive and sometimes violent. B. highly competitive and played in a club/travel sport system C. free, open, and sponsored with public funds. D. family-oriented and played indoors.
C
The most effective way to reduce subtle forms of racial, ethnic, and national bias in the media coverage of sports is to hire at all levels of media production people who: A. have degrees in communication studies. B. see the world in colorblind ways. C. come from diverse racial, ethnic, and national backgrounds. D. have had experiences in jobs that are unrelated to sport
C
The sport - media relationship in the U.S. is organized so that: A. commercial sports no longer depend on the mainstream media. B. only noncommercial media depend on sports. C. commercial forms of media and sports depend on each other for profits. D. neither sports nor the media depend on each other in commercial terms.
C
When a basketball player dribbles the ball out of bounds during a game, she has: A. engaged in an immoral act. B. engaged in informal deviance. C. violated a formal norm. D. committed a personal foul.
C
When athletes collectively dedicate themselves to a goal and willingly endure pain and make sacrifices to achieve it, they often create a social world in which: A. coaches lose control of players. B. the athletes cannot understand the motivation of teammates. C. deviant overconformity becomes normalized. D. players tend to burn out at high rates.
C
When researchers use cultural theories and a poststructuralist approach to study community-based socialization processes, they focus on: A. the ways that tax money is spent in a community. B. the roles of coaches and teachers in community life. C. whose stories about sports become dominant in a culture. D. relationships between religious organizations and the schools in a town.
C
When tax money is used to build sport stadiums and arenas for professional teams, one of the main results is that: A. women and minorities receive many new, high paying job opportunities. B. everyone has more opportunities to attend games at reasonable prices C. public money is transferred to wealthy individuals and corporations. D. revenue streams at the stadium help to build public schools and parks.
C
Which of the following best defines social stratification? A. categories of people who share an economic position in society B. the ways that social class is incorporated into the organization of our everyday lives. C.. structured forms of economic inequalities that are part of the organization of everyday life. D. interrelated ideas and beliefs that people use to understand economic inequalities
C
Which of the following best describes the element of bias that operates with in the behavioral domain of bias? A. Stereotypes B. Prejudice C. Discrimination D.Implicit Bias
C
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of power and performance sports? A. Pushing human limits and dominating opponents. B. Proving excellence through competitive success. C. Avoiding technology that might improve performance. D. An emphasis on winning and setting records.
C
______________ a category of people regarded as socially distinct because they share a way of life, a collective history, and a sense of themselves as a people. A. ethnicity B. race C. ethnic population D. creed
C
________________ fans insulting players with bigoted slurs. A.Racism on the Field B. Indirect racism C. Direct racism D. None of the above
C
http://www.cc.com/video-clips/w1do52/predicting-the-biggest-on-field-battles Based on the link above, Harry helps us to understand the ways in which unconscious bias happens. Based on our discussion of Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, we can describe Harry as a_____________________ A. All-weather Liberal B. Timid-bigot C. Reluctant-Liberal D. All-weather bigot
C An individual who is neither prejudiced nor discriminates is an all-weather liberal. One who is not prejudiced but will discriminate if socially pressured to do so is a reluctant liberal. A Timid Bigot has prejudice but afraid of the consequences of discrimination. An all-weather bigot is prejudice and will discriminate.
A negative consequences of the expectation that parents are responsible for the supervision of their children 24-hours a day, 7-days a week is that: A. adult supervision causes children to become rebellious. B. too many new public parks have been built by communities. C. parents spend too much time in cars with their children. D. parents without resources may be defined as irresponsible.
D
A social constructionist approach to deviance is based on: A. the idea that any departure from moral ideals is a form of deviance. B. unchanging ideas about right and wrong. C. the assumption that all people who engage in deviance lack moral character. D. a combination of cultural, interactionist, and structural theories.
D
According to an analysis of sports and society based on Gramsci's ideas, sports are important social phenomena because they are: A. vehicles for creating disagreement and social conflict in society. B. mechanisms for promoting democracy and the common good in society. C. activities that distract attention away from issues of ideology. D. contexts through which ideological messages can be presented to people.
D
As youth sports have become increasingly organized around the achievement of performance goals: A. parents have been less willing to spend money on their children's participation. B. there has been increased participation among the poor and ethnic minorities. C. coaches have been required to take coaching education courses. D. the play element of sports have been overlooked.
D
Dominant gender ideology in many societies today is organized around three ideas and beliefs. Which of the following is NOT one of the ideas or beliefs? A. forms of sexuality other than heterosexuality is considered abnormal or deviant B. human beings are either male or female in terms of sex. C. men are more naturally suited to possess power and be leaders than women are. D. women are destined by fate to be inferior to men in family structures.
D
How many adults experience mental illness? A. 1 and 3 B. 1 and 25 C. 1 and 10 D. 1 and 5
D
In the film, Mind/Game, Charmiqa Holsclaw suffered from: A. Clinical Depression (only) B. CTE C. Boarder line Personality Disorder D. Bi Polar Disorder
D
Informal games are generally organized to emphasize: A. winning and personal performance records. B. adherence to rules and strict enforcement of rules. C. the elimination of physical challenges. D. action and personal involvement in the action
D
It is difficult to develop a single definition of sports because: A. people generally resist organized physical activities. B. men and women define sports in completely different terms. C. genetic differences lead people to define sports differently. D. the organization and meaning of sports vary by culture.
D
Official definitions of sports in the United States emphasize: A. age-integrated activities that can be played anywhere. B. activities in which there are no winners or losers. C. health-related activities that reduce obesity rates. D. formally organized, competitive activities.
D
One of the reasons that it is difficult to study deviance in sports is that much of it involves actions grounded in: A. a strong desire on the part of athletes to avoid responsibility. B. strong feelings of despair and alienation among athletes and coaches. C. a rejection of norms and expectations in society and sports. D. accepting and overconforming to norms in sport cultures.
D
Organized youth sports in the United States were originally developed to teach lower-class boys how to work together peacefully and to help middle-class boys: A. accept the fact that they would not be as successful as their fathers. B. learn homemaking skills that they could use after they were married. C. become less competitive in their relationships with each other. D. counteract the "feminized" values they learned at home from their mothers.
D
Social structure consists of: A. rules developed by individuals working on schedules. B. organizational processes developed by unrelated work groups. C. ways of life that people learn as they become adults. D. established patterns of relationships and social arrangements.
D
Socialization refers to a process that: A. permanently alters a person's genetic predispositions. B. molds people into productive citizens. C. occurs only during a person's formative years in childhood. D. involves social development and learning about social worlds.
D
Sports are described in this chapter as "sites" where: A. people from all backgrounds are automatically treated as equals. B. skin color is erased as a relevant characteristic. C. meanings associated with skin color are always grounded in racism. D. ideas about skin color and ethnicity are formed, reaffirmed, and put into action.
D
The Internet is different from traditional television in that it: A. has sites that are sponsored only by corporations. B. provides users with high quality sequential programming. C. cannot give users the same quality of sports commentary as television can. D. gives users control that can radically alter their media experiences.
D
The emergence and growth of commercial sports depends on whether they A. eliminate competing forms of entertainment in society. B. attract the attention and support of powerful political leaders. C. present fans with exciting, uncontrolled forms of violence. D. generate revenues from multiple sources.
D
The images and commentary in a televised representation of a sport event are: A. accurate depictions of all of what occurs at the event. B. selected to distort what happens in the event for the sake of the sponsors. C. mostly fictional depictions of what the producers want us to see and hear. D. carefully edited and selected for many different reasons.
D
When using a constructionist approach, deviance is defined as ideas, traits, and actions that A. violates unchanging moral truths that exist in all societies. B. harm other people or property. C. disrupt the status quo in society D. fall outside of socially determined normative boundaries.
D
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a concern among sociologists who study sports? A. The social worlds created around sports. B. Sports as social phenomena. C. The cultural meaning and importance of sports. D. The motivation and personalities of athletes.
D
Which of the following is NOT provided by the media? A. Entertainment. B. Interpretation C. Information D. Deregulation
D
_______ interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to classify human beings in categories assumed to be biological and related to attributes such as intelligence, temperament, and physical abilities A. Racism B. Race Logic C. Stacking D. None of the above
D
According to our notes, the ideal sportswoman is called a ________________.
Flapper Girl
Grounding your response in our lectures and the youth sport chapter, what role has neoliberalism played in the way youth sports have changed in America? Use examples from our readings and/or the youth sport films to help you make your case.
Neoliberalism typically favors privatization and having a free-market capitalist society. There has been a trend within the last few years within youth sports where they are transitioning in from publically-funded, recreational leagues to private, competitive leagues. Unfortunately, this trend is extremely costly for families and is ultimately leaving kids behind in the process. These competitive, private sports place less of an emphasis on fun and more of an emphasis on performance and wins. As our book describes, the growth of private, organized sports is due to changing ideas about family life and childhood in these neoliberal societies. These societies highly value material things and individualism. One reason for this trend is that the number of families where both parents are working outside the home has increased, creating a demand for adult organized programs. Parents today often measure their worth by the success of their children. In order to not be left behind, it is a necessity in the minds of some parents, to place these kids in private organizations to succeed. Overall, neoliberalism beliefs and approaches has created an unfair society in the youth sports world that allows for inequality.
Based on our class discussions and your textbook, how has privatization impacted youth sport (K-12) ? Do you believe that this move toward the privatization will increase instances of deviant overconformity in youth sport? If not why? If yes, why? Use examples to support your answers.
Privatization has created a barrier for those in the lower class. This privatization and turn towards club teams that are exclusive has left behind those children whose families cannot afford it. I believe this trend will definitely increase frequency of deviant over conformity in youth sports because these children involved in these private teams are pushed to their limits and are driven to focus on the sport ethic and how much work they put into the game. These kids are often already practicing around the clock all year to keep up and compete with the other skilled players around them. They often have a greater sense of pressure placed upon them since private organizations are often focused on performance rather than fun. That being said, these children are going to do anything they can to get ahead of others and the issue is only going to get worse as privatized sports become more popular.
Based on what you've read in your textbook, how would you explain dropout in sport using the interactionist model?
Studies have found that people and children who drop out of a particular sport do not typically drop out of ALL sports forever, or cut ties with sport. The interactionist model describes a process where social processes such as identity in a society and in people are formed through social interaction. Burnout is often due to the push of parents and authority structure of high performance sports