Nutrition in Health: Chapter 8: Metabolism

The human body stores more energy in ______ than in _______.

fat cells; glycogen stores

Put the steps of energy production from ATP in order

-enzyme cleaves bond between last two phosphate groups of ATP -ATP molecule loses power -ADP is formed

Cortisol promotes which of the following actions?

-increases use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis -increases protein catabolism

Which of the following hormones can adapt to increasing or decreasing metabolic rates?

Thyroid hormone

Alcohol has negative effects on almost all parts of the body.

True

Which of the following vitamins is often present in the chemical structure of coenzymes?

Vitamin B

A drink that contains 13 to 14g of alcohol is considered _____.

a standard drink

Liver cells convert extra acetyl CoA molecules to _______ which are known as ketone bodies.

acetoacetate beta-hydroxybutyrate acetone

Which of the following ketone bodies formed during ketogenesis produces a "fruity" odor similar to nail polish remover?

acetone

When an ATP molecule loses its third phosphate group, it becomes ______

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

The body gets its energy to perform work from the ____ energy that is stored in macronutrients and alcohol.

chemical

Which hormone increases protein catabolism and stimulates the liver to increase its use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis?

cortisol

Which is the final step of complete glucose breakdown?

electron transport chain

Which of the following are key hormones in the regulation of metabolic activities?

epinephrine thyroid hormone glucagon insulin cortisol

Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, and thyroid hormone are key ______ that direct or regulate metabolic activities.

hormones

Match the pathway on the left with where they enter the catabolic pathway on the right glucogenic ketogenic

pyruvate acetyle CoA

During beta-oxidation, fatty acid molecules are separated into _____ carbon segments that are converted to _____.

two; acetyl CoA

The amount of ATP formed by catabolism of amino acids depends on

where it entered the catabolic pathway

Metabolic reactions may be ______.

catabolic anabolic

Oxaloacetate is produced during _______ metabolism.

glucose

Oxaloacetate is produced during______ metabolism.

glucose

Define the word gluconeogenesis based upon the meaning of the following segements: "gluco" = ______,"neo" =______, "genesis" = _______

glucose new formation

Once the basic functions of amino acids have been met (e.g. synthesizing enzymes), the remaining amino acids can be used or converted to _______.

glucose fatty acids

What transports glucose from the blood into the cell?

glucose transport proteins

Glucose is stored as ______ through a pathway called glycogenesis.

glycogen

Where is the primary site of glycogen degradation to provide tissues with energy?

liver

What is the most energy-dense mcarconutrient group?

triglycerides

What happens after the liver's glycogen supply runs out?

-Certain amino acids are turned into pyruvate and then glucose. -The body metabolizes fatty acids.

Which of the following could be signs of alcohol abuse?

-Drinks alone -Lose interest in food -Lie about drinking habits

Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions that occur in living cells including_____

-breaking down molecules to release energy -using energy to build new molecules

Choose the true statements about caffeinated alcoholic beverages.

-caffeine may make the person feel more alert -caffeine does not changed the body's ability to metabolize alcohol.

Choose the effects of alcohol on the body.

-Increase fat deposits in abdominal region -Interferes with nutrient absorption Increases risk of esophageal, liver, stomach, pancreas, and colon cancers.

Rank alcohol absorption rate from slowest to fastest based on the scenario.

-John consumes wine with his meal -John consumes a shot of liquor on an empty stomach -John consumes a beet on an empty stomach

What is required before an amino acid can be used for ATP production?

-The nitrogen group must be removed -Pyridoxal phosphate must be available

Choose the true statements about caffeinated alcoholic beverages

-caffeine may make the person feel more alert. -caffeine does not changed the body's ability to metabolize alcohol.

You might be at risk for an alcohol use disorder if you

-lose interest in food as a result of your drinking habits. -drink alone -drink to relax, forget your worries, or improve your mood.

Why can drinking caffeinated alcoholic beverages be dangerous?

-may not meet the legal standard for a safe food additive. -masks the effects of the alcohol and a person may drink more. -makes the person feel more alert.

Excess amino acids may be _______.

-oxidized in the citric acid cycle -used to make glucose

Mitochondria are responsible for

-transfer energy released to ATP -catabolize macronutrients

A standard drink contains _____ grams of alcohol.

13-14

Which vitamin deficiency would have a potentially limiting effect on protein metabolism?

B-6

________ is the chemical pathway that is involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid.

Beta-oxidation

Where does glucose go after it is degraded in the liver?

Bloodstream

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between enzymes and coenzymes?

Coenzymes will often help enzymes catalyze reactions

During starvation, the body will break down glycogen and adipose tissue while not degrading protein.

False

In most cases, the body will excrete excess glucose in the urine.

False

Insulin is released in the post-absorptive state.

False

_______ _______ _________ is an enzyme that cleaves apart a triglyceride molecules leaving 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone.

Hormone sensitive lipase

_________ __________ occurs in muscle cells an adipocytes because insulin receptors no longer function properly.

Insulin resistance

________ are " powerhouse " organelles that synthesize most of the ATP that cells need to function.

Mitochondria

_____ is the degradation of proteins in order to release amino acids.

Proteolysis

During _____ metabnolism, adequate oxygen is present allowing mitochondria to make lots of ATP.

aerobic

During ______ conditions, each molecule of pyruvate converts to lactic acid.

anaerobic

Which of the following factors may cause differences in the storage capacity of fat and glycogen between individuals?

body composition physical fitness dietary intake

When a diabetic is suffering from ketosis, you know that glucose cannot be utilized as a fuel source and that the patient is breaking down _____ as an alternative fuel source.

fatty acids

When a diabetic is suffering from ketosis, you know that glucose cannot be utilized as a fuel source and that the patient is breaking down ______ as an alternative fuel source.

fatty acids

After eating a combo meal from the local fast food joint, triglycerides get absorbed and

flood into the liver incorporated into VLDL

When the body is in need of glucose it can glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in a process known as _____

gluconeogenesis

The hormone that activates receptors on cell membranes of adipocytes and muscle cells and signals glucose transport proteins

insulin

Obesity can lead to ______, which is linked to type 2 diabetes.

insulin resistance

Which of the following can be a product of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate?

lactate lactic acid

The _____ is the primary site for metabolizing alcohol that has been absorbed by the digestive tract.

liver

The ______ is the primary site for metabolizing alcohol that has been absorbed by the digestive tract.

liver

Where is the primary site for metabolizing alcohol?

liver

ATP production during anaerobic metabolism is ______ during aerobic metabolism.

much less than

Which of the following is a major storage site for energy within the body?

muscle liver adipose cells

When excess protein is consumed, the amino acids are stripped of the ______ and used to make either glucose or fat.

nitrogen group

Human cells obtain energy by

releasing chemical energy from macronutrients

Alcohol is absorbed in the _____ and ______.

stomach small intestine

The conversion of amino acids into other molecules such as glucose and fatty acids is dependent on

the specific amino acid

Which hormone can have catabolic and anabolic actions?

thyroid hormone

Order the steps to explain how triglyceride is stored within the cell.

1) Triglycerides are circulated in VLDL. 2)Lipoprotein lipase cleaves glycerol backbone from 3 fatty acids. 3) Triglyceride components enter the cell. 4) Three fatty acids attach to glycerol molecule forming triglyceride molecule.

Liver glycogen becomes depleted in about ______-______ hours.

12-24

Match the following Phase of glucose breakdown with the number of ATP produced during that phase.

4 ATP: Glycolysis 2 ATP: Citric Acid Cycle 30-32: Electron Transport Chain

How much of the triglycerides absorbed from a meal get incorporated into very-low-density-lipoprotein?

A considerable amount