Lab—Anatomy

What are the sutures of the skull and how do they relate to child birth?

A suture is a fibrous joint found only in the human skull. They permit little movement in the adult skull but are not fused in newborns to allow for easier passage through the birth canal and facilitate brain growth

Typically during walking, the heel makes contact with the ground and the toes follow. Which bone of the lower limb makes contact with the ground first while walking. A) Calcaneus B) Distal Phalanges C) Talus D) Tibia

A) Calcaneus

What flat bones form the coronal suture? A) frontal and parietal B) parietal and occipital C) parietal and temporal D) temporal and sphenoid

A) frontal and parietal

Anterior shoulder dislocations are much more common than posterior shoulder dislocation, where the numeral head is pushed towards the back of the body. Why is an anterior shoulder dislocation more common than a posterior shoulder dislocation? Notice the scapula position and the angle of the glenoid fossa on a bone model.

Anterior shoulder dislocations are more common because the scapula prevents the humerus from dislocating posteriorly. The glenoid fossa also slightly points anteriorly.

The head of the humerus articulates with which bony landmark of the scapula? A) acromion process B) glenoid fossa C) medial border D) superior angle

B) glenoid fossa

Which bones form the elbow joint? A) clavicle and sternum B) Humerus and ulna C) Radius and carpals D) Scapula and humerus

B) humerus and ulna

Which wrist bones articulate with the radius? A) capitate and hamate B) lunate and triquetrum C) scaphoid and lunate D) trapezium and trapezoid

C) Scaphoid and lunate

What time of synovial joint is found in the knee? A) ball-and-socket B) condyloid C) hinge D) saddle

C) hinge

Which vertebral level articulates with the ribs? A) cervical B) lumbar C) sacral D) thoracic

D) thoracic

Explain how you would locate the side of the femur using the head of the femur, patellar surface, and condyles.

First, orient the head of the femur so that it is superior and pointing medially. Second, found the patellar surface which is always anterior. You can note how the articulating surface of true condyles extends to the posterior side, allowing the knee to bend backward but not forward.

Categorize the following bones as either long or short bones. Carpals and tarsals—fibula—metacarpals—metatarsals—phalanges (fingers and toes)—radius—tibia—ulna

Long bones: Fibula—phalanges—radius—tibia—ulna Short bones: Carpals and tarsals—metacarpals—metatarsals

Categorize each bone as either being part of the neurocranium or viscerocranium —frontal —mandible —maxilla —nasal —occipital —sphenoid —temporal —zygomatic

Neurocranium: —frontal —occipital —temporal —sphenoid Viscerocranium: —mandible —maxilla —nasal —zygomatic

Which of the following bones would be classified as a flat bone? a) clavicle b) fibula c) rib d) sacrum

c) rib

What bones form the hand? How many phalanges are in each finger and in the thumb?

The hand is formed by eight carpal bones, five metacarpal bones, and 14 phalanges. The five digits of each hand include one thumb (pollex) and four fingers. Each digit consist of small long bones called phalanges. The thumb has two phalanges, called proximal and distal. Each finger has three phalanges, designated proximal, middle, and distal.

Categorize which bones are associated with the shoulder girdle and which bones are associated with the upper limb Ulna—clavicle—humerus—radius—scapula

Shoulder girdle—> clavicle—scapula Upper limb—> ulna—humerus—radius

Describe the range of motion between C1 and C2

The dens (odontological process) of the axis (C2) allows the atlas (C1) to rotate from left to right

Describe the differences between the male pelvis and the female pelvis.

The female pelvis is designed for birth. The shape of the hip bones provides a larger pelvic outlet (lower rim opening) for a baby to pass through the birth canal (vagina) during labor. The tip of the coccyx points more inferior than the male's coccyx. The male hip bones have a more vertical alignment, which makes the angle between the ischial tuberosities and the pubis narrower than the female. The tip of the coccyx points more anterior than the female's coccyx.

Compare and contrast the structure and function of the forearm to the lower leg.

The forearm and the lower leg both have two bones, but the action of the forearm is supination and pronation while the fibula does not rotate around the tibia. The distal end of the radius and ulna both have a styloid process to help stabilize the wrist joint, while the distal ends of the tibia and fibula have a medial and lateral malleolus, respectively to help stabilize the ankle joint.

Articulate cartilage is a type of hyaline cartilage found at the end of bones where they come together with other bones to form joints. At the knee joint, there are two pads of this articulate cartilage called menisci. What purpose do menisci serve?

The menisci of the knee are found on the tibial plateau within the synovial joint of the knee. These hyaline cartilage pads allow the medial and lateral condyles of the femur to glide smoothly across the articulates condyles of the tibia with very little friction when the knee bend,

Describe the range of motion between the skull and C1

The occipital condyles of the skull articulate (join) with the superior articulating facets of the atlas (C1). These are synovial condyloid joints that permit movement in two planes: flexion, extension, and circumspection.

Name the bones that make up the pectoral girdle. Describe their functions.

The pectoral girdle is composed of a clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade). The scapula functions to connect the upper extremity with the axial skeleton by articulating laterally with the humerus and medially with the clavicle. It also forms a protective cover for the shoulder joint and attachment points for some of the shoulder muscles. The clavicle holds the upper extremity away from the body to facilitate limb mobility.

What bones form the pelvic girdle? Explain why the pelvic girdle is more stable than the pectoral girdle. How does this stability affect movement?

The pelvic girdle is formed by the fusion of the illium, ischium, and pubis. The pelvic girdle is firmly joined to the axial skeleton via its attachment to the sacrum of the vertebral column. The pubis part of the two hip bones also converge anteriorly to each other. Unlike the bones of the pectoral girdle, which are highly mobile to enhance the range of upper limb movements, the bones of the pelvis are strongly united to each other to form a largely immobile, weight bearing structure.

Each structural element of a lumbar vertebra is bigger, wider, and broader than similar components in the cervical and thoracic regions. What is the functional reason for bigger and stronger lumbar vertebrae?

The size and shape of each lumbar vertebra are designed to carry most of the body's weight. The lumbar spine has more range of motion than the thoracic spine, but less than the cervical spine. The lumbar facet joints allow for significant flexion and extension movement but limits rotation.

Why is it that a human can bounce a soccer ball off their forehead with rarely any damage, but a blow to the temple or back of the head can lead to fatal injury?

The temporal bone, specifically the temple region, is the thinnest portion of the neurocranium. The thickest bone of the skull is the frontal bone, which plays a major role in protecting soft brain tissue. This is why your front bone can handle a stronger impact than the other bones of the neurocranium.

Compare and contrast the organization of bones in the upper limb and the lower limb. Include names of bones in the upper limb and the lower limb to identify similarities in shape, joint classification, and movement.

There are many similarities between the organization of bones in the upper limb and the lower limb: —both have a long bone (humorous and femur) joining the appendages (arm and leg) to the girdle (pectoral and pelvic) via a ball-socket joint —the elbow and the knee both perform flexion and extension —there are two long bones in the forearm (radius and ulna) and two long bones in the lower leg (tibia and fibula) —the orientation of bones in the wrists and hands, and in the ankles and feet allow fine movements in many directions, but the saddle joint in the opposite thumb makes it ideal for grasping

Name the seven tarsal bones. Which bones form the ankle joint? What bones forms the heel?

There are seven tarsal bones: talus—calcaneus—navicular—medial, intermediate, and later cuneiform—cuboid. The ankle consists of the distal ends of the tibia and fibula forming a partial socket that articulates with the talus. The heel is formed by the calcaneus.