Leadership I

Debarking Naval Vessels

0800 to sunset: Face the officer of the day, salute and "request permission to go ashore," step to the top of the gangway, face aft, and salute the national ensign. After sunset (evening colors): Step to the officer of the day, salute and "request permission to go ashore," step to the top of the gangway, face aft at the position of attention, and debark.

Boarding Naval Vessels

0800 to sunset: Stop at the top of the gangway, face aft, salute the national ensign, step to the officer of the day, salute, and request "permission to come aboard." After sunset (evening colors): Stop at the top of the gangway, face aft at the position of attention, step to the officer of the day, salute, and request "permission to come aboard."

The term corporal is derived from

15th century Italy

When given the command "Present, SWORD" on the preparatory command "Present," raise the right hand to a position level and ________ in front of the neck.

6 inches

Sergeant Rodney M. Davis

After serving three years at the Embassy in London, Sgt Davis would be awarded the Medal of Honor for his selfless valor on the battlefields in the Republic of Vietnam. Operation Swift was the third operation conducted by 5th Marines aimed at returning control of the Que Son Valley back to the Republic of South Vietnam from the 8,000 troops of the 2nd NVA Division. Having just arrived in country, Sgt. Davis was the right guide of the second platoon as his company stepped off on the assault. Reaching the company's primary objective with little resistance, they received orders to proceed to a new objective. They immediately came under enemy sniper attack in route to their new objective. The sniper fire turned into a major assault by the enemy directed on Sgt. Davis's position. In danger of being overrun, Davis moved from man to man shouting words of encouragement while firing at the enemy. When an enemy grenade landed in the trench among his men he instantly threw himself on the grenade absorbing the full force and selflessly saving the lives of his Marines. A thousand miles away from home, Sgt. Davis remained true to his convictions and proved that no matter their race, creed, or pedigree, Marines are eternal brothers in arms.

SUMMARY

America is depending on us to ensure the Marines of tomorrow continue to be ready and worthy of meeting the challenges our nation will face. All Marines must remember that as long as there is but one Marine junior to them, they are honor bound to uphold the customs and traditions of the corps and to always "walk the walk, and talk the talk." The general rule is that social customs or military courtesy should always be interpreted to prevent awkward situations. Always remember that you are a United States Marine. You are representing the legions of Marines who have preceded you and built the traditions and reputations of the Marine Corps. Never do anything to bring shame or discredit upon our corps or disgrace the honor of those who have gone before. Upon your shoulders rests the reputation of the greatest fighting force the world has ever seen.

PROFESSIONAL DISTINCTION

American NCOs are distinctive in the global profession of arms. This is the result of common professional education, training, and development. The trust granted by the commander relies on your ability to ensure that Marines perform at or above the standards expected of them. NCOs are in the most advantageous position to influence, motivate, and develop Marines toward enthusiastic execution of daily routines that accomplish the unit's mission. They are competent, credible, and capable servant-leaders who influence and impact every aspect of the organizational climate.

RANK STRUCTURE

An established rank structure aids the Marine Corps in carrying out its mission by organizing the duties, responsibilities, and authority necessary to succeed. Without this organizational structure, our institution would be shapeless and ineffective at carrying out our assigned missions. The success of the Marine Corps and of our Marines depend greatly on the Marines who carry out these duties and responsibilities of leadership.

PARADES AND CEREMONIES

Another custom that you will be directly involved with is that of holding a parade or review to mark important events such as the presentation of awards, change of command, or retirement. Whether a participant or a spectator, you are expected to stand and salute. "First of foot and right of line" refers to the place of honor Marines form at the head of a column or on right of line in any naval formation. This privilege was bestowed by the Secretary of the Navy on 9 August 1876. The Marines' Hymn was performed for the first time on November 19, 1859. When it is played, Marines stop what they are doing and come to attention, even if they are indoors. When the national anthem is played, all military personnel come to attention, face toward the music, and salute. They hold the salute until the last note of the music and remain at attention until "Carry On" is sounded. formation vehicle civilian attire

BIRTHDAY BALL

Ask any Marine the date of the Marine Corps birthday, and they will not only give you the date, 10 November 1775, but also the place of its inception, Tun Tavern, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is a Marine Corps custom that all Marine activities shall provide for a suitable observance of the Marine Corps birthday on 10 November. When 10 November falls on a Sunday, the birthday will be celebrated on the preceding Saturday. The birthday observance includes: •Troop formation and parades (if practical) •The reading of Gen. John A. Lejeune's birthday message •Traditional cake-cutting ceremony - First piece honors the guest of honor - Second piece honors the oldest and youngest Marine symbolizing experience and youthful spirit

CONTINUED CONTRIBUTIONS

At the end of his career, SgtMaj. Huff would sum it up with a simple statement: "The Marine Corps has been good to me and I feel I have been good to the Marine Corps." A simple philosophy for good measure received, good measure given. These enlisted leaders paved the way for others that would follow in their footsteps, exceeding the expectations of the Marine Corps' high standards.

Corporal John F. Mackie

By General Order No.17, on 10 July 1863, Corporal John Mackie became the first United States Marine to be awarded the Medal of Honor. In April 1862, Cpl. Mackie was transferred from the USS Savannah to the USS Galena as a corporal of the Marine Guard. On 15 May, the Galena was the lead vessel of a Union naval squadron ordered to steam up the James River and bombard the Confederate capital of Richmond into submission. The fleet never made it past Ft. Darling situated on Drewry's Bluff eight miles south of Richmond. The Confederate artillerist and sharpshooters unleashed a barrage of shot, shell, and lead. The Galena took the worst of it. With gun crews decimated and their guns rendered inoperable, Cpl. John F. Mackie, a 26-year-old silversmith from New York City, seized the opportunity and put his Marines into action removing the dead and wounded, throwing sand on the gun deck, and getting the heavy guns at work once again. Mackie recalled with pride "Our first shot blew up one of the [Rebel] casemates and dismounted one of the guns that had been destroying the ship." Mackie and his Marines manned through almost four hours of continuous combat when Commander Rodgers ordered a halt to the action and a withdrawal.

CARRY SWORD

Carry sword is assumed when: •Giving commands •Changing position in formation at quick time •Addressing or being addressed by a senior •The preparatory command for quick time march has been given •Marching at quick time Company officers and noncommissioned officers go to carry sword when any manual of arms movement has been ordered except parade rest, at ease, rest, and present arms. Commander's staff only execute carry sword when changing position and marching.

__________ lie(s) at the heart of the Marine Corps' ethos.

Core values and traditions

Corporal Duane Edgar Dewey

Corporal Dewey was the first person to receive the Medal of Honor from President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Dewey was serving as the leader of a machine gun squad near Panmunjom, Korea, when his position came under attack. After getting his machine guns into action and stalling the attack, Dewey made several trips to locate and bring up ammunition and grenades. On his last trip, an enemy grenade landed near his left heel, wounding him severely. As the corpsman began working on him, another grenade landed nearby. His first reaction was to grab it and throw it away; however, in his weakened condition all he could do was roll himself on top of it and shout a warning to his fellow Marines. The grenade exploded lifting Dewey off the ground and inflicted gaping shrapnel wounds throughout the lower part of his body. His squad and the corpsman were spared death or injury. When President Eisenhower read Cpl. Dewey's citation on 12 March 1951, he looked at Dewey and said "You must have a body of steel."

COURAGE

Courage, both physical and moral, is in the heart and soul of every Marine. It is the motivating force that makes Marines special, a cut above those in society who think of themselves first. The distinction between moral and physical courage is usually blurred. Many times, strength of character may manifest itself as physical courage. In every conflict America has been involved in, Marines have created a tradition of undaunted courage on the fields of battle. Their unbreakable spirit has been the conquering characteristic in every part of the world. From defending against mutinies to selflessly protecting the lives of team mates, Marines are men and women of character, widely recognized for their moral excellence, selfless courage, committed principles, and sound judgment. Knowing and standing for what is right versus what is popular in the face of disfavor is the leader's obligation.

CUSTOMS

Customs are the practices of preserving ideas and actions from generation to generation. They vary widely from place to place and from group to group. They are essential to maintaining good fellowship, pride in our Corps, harmony, and happiness in a unit. It is important to keep in mind that customs vary between branches of the armed forces; the Marine Corps view can be different and even more strict than that of the other services. birthday ball duty and social contracts boarding/debarking a naval vessel parades and ceremonies

MANUAL OF ARMS

Drill movements with the sword are made with a fluid, deliberate motion. Attempting to snap or whip the sword will usually result in the execution of the movement seeming to be awkward or ragged. The NCO scabbard is attached to a frog that prevents it from rotating. It is worn with the convex edge to the front and remains in that position during draw and return sword. When not in formation and when it is impractical to carry the sword and scabbard rigged at the side, the sword in its scabbard may be carried unrigged under the left arm with the knuckle bow facing up.

Lioness

During the War on Terror, woman Marines were once again called upon to help overcome the cultural challenges in Iraq. In the Muslim culture it is disrespectful for male Marines to search local females. The Lioness Program was started in 2005 so Iraqi woman could be properly searched as they passed through checkpoints. The Marine Corps would be one of the first to use these "lionesses" to not only conduct checkpoint searches, but also for outreach operations in Iraq. Later, in 2009, female engagement teams would expand on that role and become valuable resources in gathering information and implementing community development programs. The female engagement teams, consisting of two women Marines and an interpreter, were attached to infantry units throughout Afghanistan

Vehicle

During the playing of the national anthem, all vehicles within sight or hearing of the ceremony stop. Passengers do not debark, but remain seated at attention.

MCRD Parris Island

Early recruiting was so hectic that in some cases, women were sworn into the Marine Corps Women's Reserve and put directly to work in the procurement office, delaying military training until later. Enlisted women were ordered to the U.S. Naval Training School at Hunter College in New York City for basic training. The 722 "boots" would arrive between 24-26 March 1943. Male Marines would be pulled from Parris Island to be instructors. By July of the same year this training would be transferred to Camp Lejeune, N.C. In 1949, the 3rd Recruit Battalion at Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island was reactivated for training non-veteran women Marines. Women Marine recruits began arriving at Parris Island to form the first platoon of 50 women Marine regulars to take a six-week training course. Officially, the first black women, Annie E. Graham and Ann E. Lamb, would arrive at Parris Island on 10 September 1949. The 4th Recruit Training Battalion would not be established until 7 May 1954.

TRADITIONAL TERMS

Every profession has its own language, and the Marine Corps is no different. Our nautical history is reflected in some of our common terms. This page covers some common Marine Corps terms: Adrift - Loose, scattered about, not in proper stowage Aft - Toward the rear All hands - All members of a command Ashore - Any place outside a Navy or Marine Corps reservation As you were - Resume former activity Belay - To secure or to cancel/disregard a statement just made Below - Downstairs Breakout - Prepare for use Brig - Place of confinement Brown bagger - Married Bow - Front of a ship Bridge - Control deck of a ship Bulkhead - Wall Buttkit - Ashtray Carry on - The order to resume activity Chit - A receipt or authorization Field Day - Barracks clean up Field Scarf - Neck tie Galley - Kitchen Gator - Amphibious ship Geedunk - Place for candy and drinks Hatch - Doorway Head - Latrine Ladder - Stairs Liberty - Authorized absence Overhead - Ceiling Police - Straighten or clean up Port - Left Quarterdeck - Ceremonial place on a ship Seabag - Used to stow personal gear Secure - Stop, finish, put away in storage Sick bay - Hospital or medical office Skipper - Company commander Square away - To straighten or get settled Starboard - Right Two blocked - To tighten or center a necktie

SPIRIT

Every society has a defining set of beliefs that characterize who they are. These beliefs make up the spirit of their culture, which are also known as ethos. While the profession of arms has common warrior ethos, the Marine Corps has its own ethos that defines our very character. Our ethos is not just what we do but who we are and what we believe. Our core values and traditions lie at the heart of our Marine Corps ethos and form the foundation of our leadership. Knowing who we are as Marines is essential to understanding how we lead Marines. As a Marine NCO, you must not only embody our institutional ethos but develop and reinforce it in the daily lives of your Marines. Warrior ethos marine corps ethos

Sergeant Major Alfred L. McMichael

Following in the footsteps of great NCOs like Huff and Johnson, on July 1, 1999 Alford McMichael became the first African-American to be selected as the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps. As the 14th Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, he helped enlisted Marines save out of pocket expenses on uniforms by modernizing the utility uniform. His most satisfying moment was his contribution to rebuilding all of the Marine Corps on base housing, starting with those for the most junior Marine. In 2003, he set another first when he was selected to be the senior NCO of Allied Command Operations for NATO. In this billet he convinced several nations to create NCO corps where none existed. The more senior he became, the more he came into his comfort zone because the results were never about him; they were always about others. "For us, it's not about being African-American, it's not about being anything other than being a Marine. And if you're a Marine, it's about being a great American." - Alford L. McMichael

HISTORY

For centuries, the sword has been a symbol of leadership and authority. It was of such great importance to military function that it was the first issue addressed by General Von Steuben. According to chapter one of his Blue Book, NCOs were to be issued "sword, flintlock, and bayonet." The NCO uniform prescribed for Marines by the Secretary of War on 24 August 1797 was the same as the private's except that it was made of better material. The corporals wore a single epaulet while the sergeants wore two. At this time, the brass handle sword was only carried by sergeants and was referred to as the "sergeant's sword." In 1859, regulations established the 1850 Army foot officer sword, already being carried by Marine NCOs, as the official sword for both officers and NCOs. In 1875, officers would revert back to their lighter Mameluke sword. As the evolution of modern arms progressed, the sword's actual employment as a weapon was gradually relegated to a secondary role before this ancient mark of the warrior was reduced to purely ceremonial use.

ORIGINS OF THE BLOOD STRIPE

From as early as 1834 Marine uniform regulations prescribed trouser stripes to be the same color as the "facing" of the coats. At the time white buff stripes were authorized for officers and sergeants to match the facing, or lapel, of their green coats. In 1839, when the uniform reverted back to dark blue coats with red facing, the trouser stripes changed to dark blue edged in red to match the new facing. In 1849, uniform regulations dictated trouser stripes change to solid red. By 1904 the simple scarlet stripe of varying widths as seen today was adopted. As with the sword, the red stripe worn on officer and NCO trousers, affectionately referred to as the blood stripe, is a distinction of leadership and authority.

DECISIVENESS

General Victor Krulak believed that our leaders must be able to "feel" the battlefield tempo, discern patterns among chaos, and make decisions in seconds, much like a Wall Street investor, but with life threatening consequences. Intuitive and analytical decision-making are the two primary models for human decision-making. We are all intuitive decision makers. Some of us are more skilled than others and some are more specialized, but all of us rely on intuition. Intuition is how we translate our experience into action. The more experience people have, the more they rely on intuition. Analytical decision-making is generally stressed in formal education. In this method, the decision maker gathers all the possible facts, weighs the many options, and attempts to maximize the outcome. While this is a perfectly legitimate method, it is time- consuming. Almost any action is better than inaction. It is better that a decision be made promptly than a potentially better one be made at the expense of more time. Constantly changing one's mind and altering decisions reflects negatively on the leader and the morale of those they lead. An important prerequisite for sound decision-making is sound character immersed in the highest values.

E-9

Geraldine M. Moran was the first woman Marine promoted to E-9 as a master gunnery sergeant in 1960. By January 1961, Bertha Peters Billeb was the first woman Marine to be promoted to sergeant major. SgtMaj. Billeb would also become the first Sergeant Major of Women Marines. It was a billet similar in duties and responsibilities to the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, only for women Marine issues. Six women would fill this billet before it was eliminated in 1977.

Formation

Halt the formation at attention. Facing the unit's original front, the unit commander salutes.

SGTMAJ GILBERT "HASHMARK" JOHNSON

His nickname "Hashmark" came from the three service stripes he wore on his sleeves. At age 37, he had served six years with the Army's 25th Infantry on the Mexican border in the 1920s, and he spent most of the 1930s as a Navy mess assistant and steward. When he heard that the Marine Corps was recruiting African- Americans, he felt his infantry experience made him ideally suited to become a Marine. Tough as nails when he presided over recruits, he was imbued throughout his career with a driving ambition for African-American Marines to succeed. Perhaps no man left such a personal mark on others through his insistence that African-American Marines under his charge would "measure up." New Marines during Johnson's time were to their limits at every turn. In later years, addressing a group of veterans of that era, he reminded them of their ordeal and the reason for it.

SGTMAJ EDGAR HUFF

Huff, who came from Gadsden, Alabama, was larger than life in stature and character. He joined the Marine Corps because he had always heard it was the toughest outfit going, and he felt he was the toughest thing going, so he wanted to be a member of the best organization. Huff's motivation would drive him to a successful career of unbeatable firsts for African-American Marines. He was one of the first African-American NCOs, drill instructors, battalion sergeant majors in an infantry unit, and the first African-American Marine to complete 30 years of service. By the end of the Korean War, it became common for both African-American and white Marines to have African-Americans as their senior NCOs. Many were determined to make integration work. It was official Marine Corps policy, often expressed in some variation of the phrase "every Marine is a green Marine." It was an oversimplification of a very complex problem, but it became the prevailing philosophy of the time. In the end, the measure of the Marine became how well they did their job, not what color their skin was.

WAKE ISLAND

Immediately following the attack at Pearl Harbor, Japanese forces set their sights on a tiny atoll known as Wake Island. A total of 449 Marines of various specialties including aviation and artillery elements defended the island. VMF-211, which consisted of 10 commissioned pilots, two enlisted pilots, and 49 maintenance personnel, had only been on the island four days when the enemy attack began. On 8 December 1941, the initial attack caught eight of the 12 squadron aircrafts on the ground and effectively destroyed them. The crews would keep the last four aircrafts flying until 22 December 1941. That afternoon, Marine Fighting Squadron 211 reported to the defense battalion as infantry. Marine pilot Captain Henry Elrod was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Wake Island in the air and on the ground.

MARRIAGE

Improper personal relationships between Marines occupying different positions may influence the senior's judgment as to mission accomplishment. The Marine Corps cannot legally act to prevent marriages between service members. A marriage between Marines of differing grades will constitute fraternization when the impact of the marriage detracts or tends to detract from the respect of a senior, or is perceived by others to do so. A marriage stemming from a previously existing improper relationship does not excuse those involved from responsibility for their activities prior to the marriage. The threat to discipline and order need not be perceived by the parties involved. It is enough that the ill effect could be perceived by a reasonably prudent Marine experienced in military leadership.

TRANSFORMATION

In 1777, as the Continental Army moved into winter quarters at Valley Forge they were low on discipline, supplies, and victories. The British had taken the American capital of Philadelphia and routed them at the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown. Painfully aware of his army's shortcomings, General Washington requested an inspector-general to transform them into a professional fighting force. The request was answered with the arrival of the Prussian Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Von Steuben. The great efforts of Inspector General Von Steuben transformed this ragtag army into a cohesive and disciplined fighting force that would defeat the elite British military. His Revolutionary War Drill Manual or Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States commonly called "The Blue Book" established: •Standardized drill •Camp sanitation •Unit structure •Leadership qualities •Leadership duties and responsibilities Much of what is done today stems from these teachings

INITIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR NCOs

In 1778, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Von Steuben identified a specific set of traits that would be required when selecting noncommissioned officers. These traits included: •Honesty •Sobriety •Remarkable attention to detail •Neatness in dress •Spirit to command respect and obedience •Expertness in performing every part of training •Ability to teach •Ability to read and write in a tolerable manner Each NCO was "in a particular manner" answerable for the squad committed to his care. The NCO had to pay particular attention to their conduct in every respect. They ensured that they kept themselves and their arms always clean with effects always organized and ready. NCOs were to inspect each man before duty. In teaching, they were to exercise patience, by no means abusing their men. Lastly, the NCO suppressed all quarrels and disputes in the company. These time proven standards were used to turn the failing Continental Army around, creating a professional fighting force that would defeat the British Empire.

CONTINENTAL MARINE CORPS: DECOMMISSIONING

In 1785, Congress sold off the last of the naval vessels and with that the Continental Marines turned in their equipment and mustered out of service. Although the thought of reorganizing the Navy and Marine Corps did exist, at the conclusion of the war, finances of the new government were in no condition to permit such a luxury. The record indicates that 131 officers were commissioned in the Continental Marines. The exact number of noncommissioned officers and enlisted Marines is not known, but likely did not exceed 2,000. In comparison to the Army and Navy, the Corps of Continental Marines was relatively small, but for more than seven years it contributed measurably to the British defeat on both land and sea.

Sergeant Major Dan Daly

In 1915, Gunnery Segeant Dan Daly and Major Smedley Butler became the only Marines awarded the Medal of Honor on two separate occasions. To this day Dan Daly is the only enlisted Marine to be honored with this distinction. Although only five feet, six inches in height. he was described as "the fightinest man I ever knew," by Smedley Butler. In May 1900, he landed with the Marines in route to Peking. Intense enemy fire had driven German forces from their position, exposing the American flank. Pvt. Daly mounted the wall with a bayonet rifle in hand to defend the position alone. For his gallantry, he was awarded his first Medal of Honor. Fifteen years later, in action against Haitian bandits, GySgt. Dan Daly earned the rare distinction of a second award as the senior NCO of a 38 Marine reconnaissance patrol. Ambushed by some 400 Cacos while crossing a river in a deep jungle ravine, the Marines managed to make it to shore, but lost 12 horses and the pack mule carrying their only machine gun. Arranging his Marines in a tight defensive perimeter, Daly returned to the river under the cover of darkness, knifing several Cacos along the way. Repeatedly diving in the river under fire, Daly recovered the machine gun and ammo and returned to the Marines' position. The gun was up and ready for the next attack before daylight. First Sergeant Daly was recommended for a third Medal of Honor for his famous actions at Belleau Wood, but was instead awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.

Sergeant Herman Hanneken, Corporal William Button

In October 1919, four years after Dan Daly distinguished himself in the jungles of Haiti, two more NCOs would also distinguish themselves in the same bandit-ridden jungles in clandestine fashion. Receiving permission to execute previously arranged plans for the capture of the bandit chief Charlemagne, St. Louis natives, Sergeant Herman Hanneken and Corporal William Button selected about 20 gendarmerie for this daring operation. Climbing about three hours in difficult mountain terrain and through country overrun with outlaws, they took position to observe bandit movements. After observing about 700 bandits moving to battle at Grande Riviere, the decision was made to capture the bandit chief in his camp where he remained to receive reports. Under the cover of disguises and aided by darkness, the small force succeeded in passing five of the six outposts guarding the enemy camp. This sixth was Charlemagne's personal guard. Advancing rapidly, they were suddenly stopped by guards. Hanneken opened fire, killing Charlemagne while Button turned his Browning light machine gun on the bandit guards, killing them all. The small force fought their way back to friendly lines, dispersing bands of outlaws returning from their unsuccessful attacks. Hanneken was promoted to 2nd Lt. in December 1919 and in another daring raid shot and killed Osiris Joseph, the chieftain bandit who succeeded Charlemagne. A year later, while serving his second tour of duty in Haiti, Sgt. Button would succumb to the effects of a more deadly enemy, pernicious malaria.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SERGEANT AND CORPORAL (1779)

In his instructions, General Von Steuben first addressed the dress and arming of officer and enlisted leadership. In Chapter 2, he begins to lay out their responsibilities. In these responsibilities, he addresses the noncommissioned officers' duty as technical expert, instructor, and enforcer of military regulations. To the commanding officers, Von Steuben addressed the importance of selecting noncommissioned officers when he stated "The order and discipline of the regiment depends so much upon their behavior..." The instructions to sergeants and corporals more specifically details the duties of the NCO within the company while cautioning against the pitfalls of fraternization and hazing. These are timeless leadership practices as relevant today as they were during the transformation of the Continental Army in 1779.

JUDGMENT

In most human endeavors, there are options within our decisions. We process those options based on our time perspective and our values. We assess the potential outcomes and choose a course of action. As Marines, we use this ability to weigh facts and possible courses of action to make sound decisions. Making a choice can be as easy as what to eat or wear, things that we do almost instinctively. In our profession, however, there are choices that weigh more heavily. Those sort of mental and moral choices cannot be made purely on instinct. A large part of judgment comes from experience, which makes our training, drills, and education imperative. There is a judgment factor that has to be exercised in the maintenance of the standards of discipline. There are many conditions that will affect your decisions, and no hard and fast rule can be written to cover every situation. Sound judgment allows a leader to make appropriate decisions in the guidance and training of Marines.

When not to Salute

In some situations, the salute is not appropriate. In general, you do not salute in the following circumstances: •When a salute would interfere with routine work •When an officer has been saluted and they remain nearby without conversation •When indoors, except under arms - Naval service protocol does not call for saluting indoors when uncovered except for the return of uncovered salutes rendered first by Army and Air Force personnel. When uncovered, naval officers initiate salutes by coming to the position of attention (a hand salute is not rendered). •When carrying articles with both hands or being otherwise so occupied as to make saluting impractical •Anytime when rendering a salute is obviously inappropriate •When driving a vehicle •When in a public assembly, such as church or a theater •When in the ranks of a formation •When within sight of enemy soldiers

THE NCOs OF MONTFORD POINT

John Martin, from Wilmington, Delaware, was recruited into the Continental Marines by Captain Miles Pennington in April 1776, becoming the first African-American to serve as a Marine. Isaac Walker and a slave named "Orange" were still on Captain Robert Mullen's company payroll as of 1 April 1777, and served during the battle of Trenton. Although these few men would serve in the Continental Marines it would be 165 years before others of their race would again see service as Marines. The door opened for African Americans to serve in all branches of the armed forces on 25 June 1945, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802. There is no question that the timing of the order was unpopular with Headquarters, Marine Corps which faced the necessity of expanding the corps to meet wartime needs. However, once the order was issued, the Commandant of the Marine Corps (MGen Thomas Holcomb) was determined to make it work. Only "talented officers and experienced NCOs" would be selected to conduct the training at Montford Point. The first African-American recruits who were hand selected to fill important billets at the end of their 180 days of training were as equally determined to make it work. Key to this success would be the role of these NCOs. Promotion to NCO was governed by experience, length of service, and demonstrated ability. Gilbert "Hashmark" Johnson and Edgar Huff were two Marines who stood out. Boot camp did not get easier as the white NCOs left. In fact, in testimony of those who served, it became rougher and stayed rougher. New boots started on the run and stayed on the run.

The Marine Corps was reestablished in __________ with the impending threat of war with France.

July 11, 1798

Small Boats and Vehicles

Juniors enter first and take up the seats beginning forward, leaving the most desirable seat for the senior. Seniors enter last and leave first.

REPORTING

Juniors must immediately report in correct uniform when requested by a senior. If in the field, on the drill field, or on a parade ground, it is necessary for juniors to proceed and report on the double. When walking with a senior, walk to the left, one pace back, and in step with that senior. Report to a new command in the service "A" uniform. Ensure that you have your original orders and records along with all receipts pertaining to lodging and transportation.

VALLEY FORGE: CONTINENTAL MARINES

Just before the Battle of Trenton (1776), Major Samuel Nicholas was attached to the Continental Army with three companies of Marines and assigned to serve as both infantry and artillery under Colonel Cadwalader. In the fall of 1777, the Marines would follow the Continental Army into winter quarters at Valley Forge where Maj. Nicholas continued to assist Col. Cadwalader as muster master and quartermaster. During this period, Nicholas and the Marines would witness the great transformation of the Continental Army. Congress judged that prescribing some invariable rules for order and discipline of troops was inherently important and ordered that the decided regulations be observed by all troops of the United states. At this time, Marines were held to both Navy regulations, while at sea, and Army regulations, while on land. General Von Steuben's regulations remained the official military guide until the War of 1812. Its relevance can still be seen in modern use today especially in our recruit training.

JUSTICE

Justice is a social value that involves one's relationship to society and to other people. It is learned long before a Marine steps on the yellow footprints. It is most commonly understood as fairness or impartiality. People understand and expect justice in practically all their dealings from the price of food, to personal relations, to being represented in a court of law. In today's society, trust in authority is eroding because of a perceived lack of justice. Our newest Marines come from this society wanting to believe in something greater. The only way they can do that is if you demonstrate it and set the example. The quality of displaying fairness and impartiality is critical to gaining the trust and respect of subordinates and to maintaining discipline and unit cohesion. The tenets of justice are relatively straight forward: don't play favorites, spread the work evenly, share the rewards equally, and give credit where and when credit is due. Timeliness is as important as the reward itself. Justice, consistency, firmness, and respect are the roots of discipline. Marines like to serve in well-disciplined units.

First in Combat

MSgt. Josephine Davis would be the first women to earn the distinction of being decorated for her performance under hostile fire in 1965. Later, Master Sergeant Barbara Jean Dulinsky volunteered to serve in Vietnam and became the first woman Marine to serve in a combat zone when she stepped off the airplane on 18 March 1967. Traveling by bus with armed escorts through 30 miles of enemy territory, she was assigned to U.S. Military Assistance Command Vietnam Combat Operations Center in Saigon. There would only be 28 enlisted women and eight woman officers serving in Vietnam at any one time.

TRADITIONS

Marine Corps traditions helped create a fighting force that has become a recognized American institution. Our traditions perpetuate a long history of high standards, teamwork under stress, esprit de corps, and success in battle. traditional terms marine corps motto courage ceremony

Marine Corps Ethos:

Marines come from all walks of life, but once young men and women earn the title Marine they undergo a transformation. They become Marines for life. Being a Marine transcends our differences and develops group values that bond our units in the chaos of intense operations. Marine Corps ethos: •Marines exist to fight and win wars. •Every Marine is a rifleman. •Marines are "soldiers of the sea." •Marines have an expeditionary mindset. •Marines have customs and traditions. •Marines provide selfless service. •Marines have core values. •Marines take care of their own.

Which of the following is an example of the Marine Corps' ethos? Select all that apply.

Marines exist to fight and win wars. Every Marine is a rifleman. Marines take care of their own

BOARDING / DEBARKING A NAVAL VESSEL

Marines have been associated with soldiers of the sea since the beginning of maritime warfare. Many Marine Corps customs and courtesies are derived from many years of service afloat. Traditions and customs exert a profound influence upon behavior in the naval service aboard ships. Such customs, when understood and properly directed, produce unequalled discipline, distinction, and esprit de corps that has earmarked United States Marines since 1775. Naval service has certain time-honored customs worthy of respect. There is always time for their observance no matter how pressing duties become. boarding vessels debarking vessels small boats/ vehicles formations

Formations Boarding and Debarking

Marines in formation going aboard or leaving the ship will face and salute the national ensign, but not the officer of the day. Since they are in formation, even though they may break ranks to file up the gangway, they are considered as a unit. The officer or NCO in charge will salute the officer of the day for the unit when boarding and debarking.

FORMS OF ADDRESS

Marines should be greeted by name and grade. If you are unsure of an enlisted Marine's name or grade, "Good morning, Marine," is appropriate, or, "Good morning, sir/ma'am," in the case of an officer. It is imperative that you are familiar with the common courtesies extended to officers and enlisted Marines.

RESOLUTION

More than just our emblem was derived from the British Royal Marines. In the 17th and 18th century American colonists were notably a maritime people. England found the colonists to be well acclimated to service upon the sea and therefore, a large number were raised to serve the British fleet as Royal Marines. On 10 Nov 1775, as the Second Continental Congress resolved that two battalions of Marines be raised, numerous colonists possessed the training and experience that made them the best sort for an efficient Marine force. The resolution specified structure to include one colonel, two lieutenant colonels, two majors, and officers as usual in other regiments. "Other regiments" is a reference to land forces. Corporals and sergeants were included among these officers as they were in the British Royal Marines.

Von Steuben states that the order and discipline of the regiment depends so much upon the behavior of whom?

NCOs

INITIATIVE

NCOs often work without supervision. Therefore, emphasis must be placed on being a self-starter. The Marine Corps style of warfare requires intelligent subordinate leaders with a penchant for boldness and initiative down to the lowest levels. To develop initiative in others, be patient with subordinates and tolerate honest mistakes. It is crucial to encourage boldness and initiative in spite of mistakes. Exercise care and thought in supervision. Over-supervision hurts initiative and creates resentment, while under-supervision will not get the job done. On the other hand, we should deal severely with errors of inaction or timidity. We will not accept lack of orders as justification of inaction. It is each Marine's duty to take initiative as the situation demands. In the absence of orders, take the initiative to perform actions you believe your senior would direct if they were present. Decentralized authority will only be given to those who demonstrate initiative and responsibility within the framework of the commander's intent and institutional values.

RECONSTITUTING THE MARINE CORPS

On 11 July 1798, as war with France drew near, Congress would send President John Adams "An Act for Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps." The act provided that, in addition to the military establishment, there should be raised and organized a Corps of Marines to be formed into as many companies or detachments as the President should direct with proper disposition of commissioned and noncommissioned officers. The total number of noncommissioned officers was limited to 48 sergeants, 48 corporals, and 32 drums and fifes. Should the Marine Corps be ordered by the President to duty on shore, the Commandant of the Marine Corps was authorized to appoint a sergeant major, quartermaster sergeant, and drum and fife major from the list of sergeants and musicians. At this time, the uniforms were changed from green with white trimming to blue with red facings. Sergeants wore two epaulets in addition to a brass- handled sword. Corporals wore a single epaulet and did not carry a sword. All noncommissioned officers wore a red plume of feathers in their hats.

CARRYING ON THEIR TRADITION

On 13 February 1943, women would again be called to service. Lucille McClarren of Nemacolin, Pennsylvania would be the first to answer the call, enlisting on the same day as the announcement. The authority vested in women Marine officers and NCOs was ambiguous. The stated policy said that it was limited to administration of Women's Reserve only. Even for male leaders, routine matters of discipline of women had to be brought to women officers. By 1944, the women's competence, self-assurance, sharp appearance, and pride won over many of the non- believers. The measure of a Marine became how well a person represented the Marine Corps and how well they did their job. The passage of the Women's Armed Forces Integration Act of 1948 demonstrated their unbowed determination and pride in the professional service to their country and our corps that resulted in women being allowed into regular uniformed service.

Corporal Robert G. Robinson

On 14 October 1918, Corporal Robinson became the first NCO in Marine aviation history to earn the Medal of Honor while flying combat operations over Belgium. The Marines were flying their first mission in their newly acquired DH- 4 and DH-9A aircraft against German-held railroads. Two aircraft became detached from the formation due to mechanical trouble and were attacked by 12 German fighters. The Germans, following their usual tactics, concentrated on one machine: the DH-4 piloted by Lt. Ralph Talbot and his expert gunner Cpl. Robert Robinson. Robinson quickly shot down one attacker, but two more attacked from below, shattering Robinson's elbow. After clearing a jammed machine gun, Robinson continued to fire with only one arm until he was hit twice more and collapsed from his wounds. Talbot maneuvered the aircraft to shoot down another aircraft before diving to safety. In an earlier mission on 8 October, Talbot and Robinson were attacked by nine enemy aircraft. Outnumbered during this encounter, Robinson shot down one of the enemy aircraft while Talbot maneuvered to safety. With his arm grafted back on by the surgeon-general of the Belgian Army, Robinson was honorably discharged in 1919 as a gunnery sergeant and was appointed a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps Reserve.

CAMP BASTION

On 14 September 2012, 15 insurgents breached a 30-foot-high chain-link fence at Camp Bastion and launched an attack against coalition forces wearing U.S. Army uniforms. On the darkest night of the year, the attackers split into three teams of five to destroy the aircraft positioned on the flight line and kill coalition service personnel sleeping throughout the compound. The first to be engaged by these attackers were Marine mechanics from VMM-161. Another group attacked the Harrier aircraft of VMA- 211, formerly VMF-211 of Wake Island. Seventy-one years after defending Wake Island, the Marines of VMA-211 were once again defending their airfield as infantrymen. Major Rob McDonald, the Executive Officer of VMA- 211, and former enlisted Marine, led six counter attacks on the ground killing four insurgents and wounding another before finding a radio and directing close air support on the other targets

Heroism

On 7 August 1953, Staff Sergeant Barbara Olive Barnwell of Kansas City, Missouri became the first female Marine to be awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for heroism for saving a fellow Marine from drowning in the Atlantic Ocean near Camp Lejeune in 1952. While swimming offshore, she heard the cries for help from a male enlisted Marine. Without thought for her own safety, she quickly swam to the near hysterical man and was pulled underwater several times before securing a hold on him. As he fought and scratched her, she swam with the man in tow to shallow water where she was assisted by a lifeguard.

THE FIRST FEMALE NCOS

On 8 August 1918, the Secretary of the Navy gave General Commandant George Barnett authorization to enroll women in the Marine Corps Reserve for clerical duties to replace men who may be qualified for active field service. Opha Mae Johnson enrolled on 13 August 1918, and became America's first female Marine. A total of 305 women would be enrolled in the Marine Corps Reserves and were trained by male drill instructors on the Ellipse behind the White House. The women had to work hard to prove themselves. Promotions for time in grade, time in service, and conduct becoming of a woman were worn with pride. By the end of the war, the senior enlisted woman with the rank of sergeant was Opha Mae Johnson. With the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918, the urgent need for support had come to an end. By 15 July 1919, orders were issued to transfer "all reservists on clerical duty" to inactive status.

CEREMONY

One of the cornerstones of Marine Corps customs, courtesies, and traditions is our execution of close order drill and ceremonies. These traditions are perpetuated from one generation to the next through constant use and practice. As a profession of arms, ceremonial duties are written deep in our history. It is not coincidence that among the units famous for ceremonial prowess and spit-and-polish are also to be found some of the world's most formidable fighting forces. The hallmark of these elite fighting forces is that they are as good on parade as they are in the field or in the attack. A few examples include the Roman Legion, the Spartans, the Foreign Legion, and others. The Marine Corps has long enjoyed a worldwide reputation for sharp appearance and soldierly performance of duties. This reputation is enhanced by continually demonstrating that our execution of peacetime functions is excelled only by our performance in battle. The preservation of traditional discipline, our customs and courtesies, and the heritage of our corps is our duty. Today, as a foundation for developing discipline and esprit de corps, we continue the tradition of excellence associated with drill.

The command "Carry, SWORD" can only be given from the halt while at ________.

Order sword Present arms

TODAY'S TRAITS

Our profession is dead serious when it comes to the requirements of effective leadership—it has to be. The application of the leadership traits and principles by Marines who understand the concepts of authority, responsibility, and accountability have been instrumental in making the Corps the effective fighting force it is today. If a Marine devotedly pursues attainment of all the leadership traits described, they will unequivocally set a great example. Analyze yourself to the point that you know yourself, your traits, and your strong and weak points for the best performance and success. JJDIDTIEBUCKLE

FORCE IN READINESS

Our unique role as the nation's force in readiness along with our values, enduring ethos, and core competencies will ensure that we remain highly responsive to the needs of the combatant commander in an uncertain environment and against irregular threats. To maintain our place as America's 9-1-1 force, NCOs must continue to act like NCOs have acted since the time of the Roman Empire, expecting no nonsense and allowing none. Our primary mission is to fight and win. To do this effectively, we must have a common set of values and an ethos that bond us as a cohesive team just as any high performance team has done across all professions throughout history. Our ethos sustains us by guiding our beliefs and behaviors through the trials and tribulations of the nature of war. NCOs must ingrain Marine Corps ethos in Marines long before they step foot on foreign soil. Every Marine is an ambassador to our Corps and our nation.

SALUTING

Over the centuries, men-at-arms have rendered fraternal and respectful greetings to indicate friendliness. In early times, armed men raised their weapons or shifted them to the left hand while raising the empty right hand to give proof of their friendly intentions. Medieval knights would raise their helmet visor with their right hand when encountering friendly knights. This gesture survives today as the hand salute, a traditional greeting among members of the armed forces of all nations. As Marines, you will salute the national colors and all officers of any of the armed forces of the United States or of friendly foreign governments. The hand will be raised to the lower part of the headgear, above and slightly right of the right eye in one count with the fingers and thumb extended and joined. The upper arm should be parallel to the deck, elbow in line with the body, and forearm at a 45-degree angle. The wrist should be in line with the forearm. The head and eyes can be turned toward the colors or person. The salute should be rendered between 6-30 paces. When walking it is not necessary to halt. rules entitles no salute

COURTESIES

Persons who live alone can behave more or less as they choose, but persons who live and work alongside others must behave in a manner that is respectful of the human dignity and rights of those around them. Military courtesy is the traditional form of politeness in the profession of arms. Military courtesy embraces much more than the salute or any other ritual. Courtesy is summarized by "the golden rule" and must be accorded to all ranks and on all occasions. It is the prerequisite to a disciplined state of mind. The Marine Corps has always stood at the top of the services in its full and willing observance of the twin virtues of soldierly conduct and discipline.

The responsibility for maintaining the customary and traditional standards of conduct between subordinates and seniors lies with the ________.

Senior

Weapons Distinction

Sergeant Virginia Guveyan was part of the winning rifle and pistol team that won the national championship in 1958. Although other countries had used female snipers during World War II and women Marines had served on the famous Marine Corps Rifle and Pistol Team, it wasn't until 1999 that the Marine Corps would open the doors of the Designated Marksman School to women Marines. Sergeant Kelly L. Anderson is the first female to successfully complete Designated Marksman School at Fleet Combat Training Center Dam Neck, Virginia.

INHERITANCE

Silent to the ear, the Marine ethos speaks to the nation's heart. It is a commitment to those who have gone before us and a promise to those who will follow. We have inherited the trust of our nation based on the selfless acts of valor and determined actions that generations of Marines on distant shores and bloody battlefields have earned. This trust is the guiding light of our ethos. NCOs, regardless of their MOS, must manifest our core values, mentor their subordinates, and live the Marine ethos through shared responsibility. Our ethos must be woven through the very fabric of our being. You earn the right to wear the title United States Marine every day.

Roman Legion noncommissioned officers were responsible for which of the following?

Supervising camp set-up Regulating guard duties Enforcing personal hygiene

THE STRATEGIC CORPORAL

The 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Charles Krulak, claimed the strategic corporal is the key to the three block war concept. With the increasing nature of the Marine Corps crisis response role, it was clear to Gen. Krulak that the modern battlefield would find Marines facing the challenges of full-scale combat operations, peace- keeping operations, and humanitarian aid all in the space of three city blocks. To be successful, the small unit leader must be capable of independent action while making major decisions in support of national strategy. Those decisions have the impact of life and the success of our corps. To develop the strategic corporal, honor, courage, and commitment must be emphasized. Strong character with a life-long commitment to professional development is crucial.

TIME HONORED

The Marine Corps is the finest fighting organization in the world. It is imperative that all Marines understand our customs, courtesies, and traditions to ensure the pride and discipline that maintains a highly motivated and proficient unit. Our customs are passed along during training in schools, at home, and in our units. Teaching, reinforcement, and sustainment of these lessons can take place in the field, in garrison, or at formal school settings. The environment should not be considered an obstacle. These customs, courtesies, and traditions play a significant role in the establishment of moral values in our institution. These are special characteristics that set our Marine Corps apart from all other military services. When properly applied, they foster morale, motivation, discipline, and esprit de corps, which are essential to teamwork, particularly under stressful conditions.

DUTY AND SOCIAL CONTACTS

The Marine Corps policy regarding fraternization is the product of naval service customs. The Marine Corps specifically, and military society in general, has historically imposed social constraints on personal relationships between individuals of different rank, grade, or position. The purpose is to promote good order and discipline, provide an environment of mutual respect and confidence between juniors and seniors, prevent perceptions of impartiality, and preserve the integrity of the chain of command. Von Steuben wrote "By avoiding too great familiarity with the men, they will not only gain their love and confidence, but be treated with proper respect, whereas by a contrary conduct they forfeit all regard, and their authority becomes despised." The responsibility for maintaining the customary and traditional standards of conduct lies with the senior. The line between acceptable conduct and fraternization will not be crossed unless the senior allows it to happen. marriage test example

BEARING

The Marine Corps prides itself in the appearance of individual Marines. As a Marine, it is your responsibility, on and off duty, to maintain the Marine Corps reputation for smart, professional, and correctly worn uniforms. The way you carry yourself as a Marine says as much about the Marine Corps as any tradition or honor. While in uniform, never put your hands in your pockets, chew gum, whistle, smoke while walking, embrace or hold hands with another.. Additionally, Marines never wear a cover while indoors, unless under arms. You are responsible for knowing these regulations and setting the example through strict compliance and enforcement. You are judged daily by your subordinates, peers, seniors, and the American people by the bearing you project.

NCO SWORD AUTHORIZATION

The Marine NCO sword is authorized for use by all enlisted Marines in the grade of corporal through sergeant major. Marines in the grade of lance corporal through private may be trained in the use of the sword for motivational purposes. However, the use of the NCO sword by Marines in the grade of lance corporal and below for parades, reviews or other ceremonies is expressly forbidden. The use of the NCO sword is not authorized for use in the utility uniform. However, for instructional purposes, unit leaders may authorize the use of the sword in utilities for rehearsals and unit training only.

PARADE REST

The command is "Parade, REST." This command is normally given from order arms and is a one count movement. On the command of execution "REST," move the left foot smartly 12 inches to the left. At the same time, lower the point of the sword to the deck, placing the left hand behind you just below the belt. If given from carry sword, go to order sword on the preparatory command "Parade." •RETURN TO ORDER The command is "Platoon (Company/Detail), ATTENTION." Executed in one count, on the command of execution "ATTENTION," bring the left heel smartly against the right and drop the left hand back to the side. Raise the blade to a point three inches above the deck.

DRAW SWORD

The command to draw sword is "Draw, SWORD." On the preparatory command "Draw," grip the scabbard just below the frog with the left hand. Tilt it forward to form an angle of 45 degrees with the deck. At the same time, reach across the front of the body and grasp the sword grip with the right hand; draw the sword about 10 inches from the scabbard until the right wrist and forearm are straight and parallel to the deck. The left hand holds the scabbard against the side. On the command of execution "SWORD," draw the sword smartly, raising the right hand to its fullest extent, directly to the front at an angle of about 45 degrees. The sword should be in a straight line with the arm, true edge down. The left hand releases the scabbard and drops to the side. Pause for one count. Bring the false edge of the blade against the shoulder seam, blade vertical, back of the grip to the rear, and the arm nearly extended. The right thumb and forefinger embrace the lower part of the grip, with the thumb against the trouser seam, and the remaining fingers joined in a natural curl behind the end of the hilt. This is the position of carry sword.

RETURN SWORD

The command to return the sword to its scabbard is "Return, SWORD." On the preparatory command "Return," raise the right hand and sword to a position six inches in front of the neck as in the first count of present sword. At the same time, grip the scabbard just below the frog with the left hand. Tilt the scabbard forward to form a 45-degree angle with the deck. Pause for one count. Lower the sword point to a position just above the opening of the scabbard while at the same time looking down to guide the point into the opening. Lower the sword into the opening until approximately 10 inches of sword remain outside the scabbard and the wrist and forearm are parallel to the deck. When this position is obtained, raise the head back to attention. The left hand holds the scabbard against the side. On the command of execution "SWORD," push smartly down on the sword. Then bring the right hand smartly back to the right side while releasing the scabbard with the left hand.

AN NCO MAKES THE DIFFERENCE

The evolution of the NCO from traditional supporting figure to empowered leaders has been a thoughtful institutional investment. Today's NCOs benefit tangibly from the legacy of those who served before. Knowledge, skill and abilities of enlisted leadership have been reevaluated and adapted for current and future requirements. As an outcome of this effort NCOs are now empowered to assume added roles and responsibilities with the accountability once reserved for commissioned officers in each Service.

HISTORY OF ORGANIZED RANKS

The leadership position of the Marine NCO did not begin with the birth of the United States Marines Corps. This position evolved over centuries of military action and was influenced by different cultures. Historically, armies consisted of officers and groups of men they enlisted to be in their charge. As the first professional army in history, the Roman Legion formalized a military rank structure that recognized subordinate ranks to the centurion who was the equivalent of today's company commander. These individuals assisted the centurion in the running of the unit. optio tesserarius signifier decantus

MARINE CORPS MOTTO

The motto of our Corps is Semper Fidelis, always faithful. It demonstrates our loyalty to our nation, our corps, and to one another. The motto was adopted in 1883. Prior to 1883, there were other mottos that were more traditional than official. •1775 - Recruiters, along with drum and fife, conducted area canvassing in the streets of Philadelphia. The drum had a rattlesnake coiled with the motto, "Don't Tread on Me," that caught the eye of Benjamin Franklin and was later used as the first American battle flag. •1812 - Fortitudine (with fortitude) •1848 - When Marines returned to Washington D.C. from the Battle of Chapultepec, the people presented Archibald Henderson with a blue and gold standard with the motto: "From Tripoli to the Halls of the Montezumas." This motto would later be adapted into the Marines Hymn. •1875 - Along with the eagle, globe, and anchor, Jacob Zeilin acquired the British Royal Marines' motto Per Mare, Per Terrem which translated to, "By land, by sea," but McCawley changed the motto to the more original "Semper Fidelis" in 1883.

NCO SWORD FEATURES

The oldest weapon in continuous use today, the NCO sword, has come to symbolize martial leadership. Those who carry it must bear the burden of continuing the heritage which has been passed down through the pages of history by the men who once used their blades in earnest. The NCO sword has only minor alterations from the earlier sword. •Leather has replaced the fish skin grip. •USMC is etched on the reverse side instead of U.S. •It no longer has issued numbers etched on the counter guard above the grip. •The frog replaced the sling in 1948.

Gunnery Sergeant John Basilone

The only enlisted Marine to be awarded the Medal of Honor and the Navy Cross for heroism is Gunnery Sergeant John Basilone. Sgt. Basilone manned a machine gun position just south of Henderson Field on Guadalcanal. On Sunday night, 25 October 1942, the Japanese concentrated their attack on Basilone and his teams. For two days the enemy flung themselves at the Marine positions defended by Basilone's machine gun section. With 12 of his 15 Marines out of action, "Manila" John repaired guns, collected ammunition, and continued to cut down enemy soldiers in pure darkness. The bodies piled up so high in front of his position they had to be knocked down to clear fields of fire. When ammunition ran out, Basilone held off the last of the enemy attackers with his .45 pistol. The Japanese forces had been virtually annihilated before Sgt. John Basilone's position. After being awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions and a short War Bonds Tour in the states, John requested to return to the Pacific. With another machine gun squad, John landed at Red Beach II on Iwo Jima. Facing heavy bombardment and machine gun fire from the enemy, GySgt. Basilone inspired Marines to get off the beach, guided a tank through a minefield, and attacked and destroyed an enemy blockhouse before being killed by a mortar at the edge of the airfield. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.

Which of the following are included in the observance of the Marine Corps birthday? Select all that apply.

The reading of Gen. John A. Lejeune's birthday message Cake-cutting ceremony Troop formation

ORIGIN OF TERMS: CORPORAL

The term corporal is derived from 15th century Italy. The Italian army's main tactical formation was the squadra which translates into square. The squadra was commanded by a reliable veteran known as the capo de squadra, or head of the square. A hundred years later, during the 17th century, the term was shortened to caporale. At that same time, the French picked up the term pronouncing it in various ways, one of them being corporal. By the 17th or 18th century, the British adopted the rank of corporal. In 1803, when they began using chevrons, British corporals received two stripes. During the American Revolution, both British and French regulations influenced the military structure of the continental forces.

ORIGIN OF TERMS: SERGEANT

The term sergeant began as serviens, Latin for servant, to a knight in 13th century France. The serviens were experienced warriors that rode horses, but were not wealthy enough to afford all the equipment and retainers to qualify as a knight. Serviens would be called upon to take charge of a group of serfs forced to serve in the army. They were responsible for conducting training, leading serfs into battle, and keeping order. At the time it was an occupation, not a rank. The English adopted the word from the French and began pronouncing it SAR-gent. The colonies continued to supply both soldiers and Marines to the British empire. Therefore, when the American colonies created their own military it was only natural to include the rank of sergeant. Over the years, technical advances and many different duties and responsibilities have led to several grades of sergeant.

Warrior Ethos:

The warrior ethos embodies certain virtues: courage, honor, loyalty, integrity, selflessness, and others that most warrior societies believe must be instilled in every member. Discipline is the foundation of the warrior spirit. It is a way of life that drives those in the profession of arms in their personal and professional development. To overcome the demanding nature of war one must master mental, moral, and physical discipline. Through coaching, counseling, and mentoring, NCOs strive to develop these three disciplines in their own character and within the character of their subordinate Marines.

Entitled to Salutes

There are certain appointed or elected civilian members of our national and state governments who warrant customary salute: •President of the United States •Vice President of the United States •State governors •Secretary of Defense •Senators and congressmen •Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force •Assistant secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force Among members of friendly foreign governments: •Heads of state •Ambassadors •Ministers of defense (or other civilian leaders of defense and their assistants at or above the Assistant Secretary of the Army, Navy and Air Force) In special situations: •Enlisted Marines may give and receive salutes from other enlisted Marines when in formation or rending reports.

TEST

Though not a rigid test, normal social or business relationships between Marines within the following six divisions do not constitute fraternization. However, a relationship within a particular group such as instructor-student would be considered fraternization based on the position of authority vested in the instructor. Divisions: •General officers •Field grade officers •Company grade officers •Staff noncommissioned officers •Noncommissioned officers •Junior enlisted Marines

DUNHAM, MEYER, AND CARPENTER

Through the nature of their charge, NCOs bear tremendous responsibility for accomplishing the mission. Just as important, they uphold the moral obligation for the care and success of those they lead. The NCO is the front line of the profession of arms. They convey the values, behaviors, and character of the Marine Corps to our most junior ranks every day. Through innovation, adaptability, and resiliency the NCO enhances organizational effectiveness and directly contributes to mission success. They are stewards of our institution, enforce standards, and are the Marine Corps ambassadors to the world. You are a vital link between guidance, execution, and success of our units and institution.

THE BACKBONE OF OUR CORPS: YESTERDAY, TODAY, TOMORROW

Throughout our history, the role of Marine NCOs has been that of expert trainer, enforcer, advisor, and even commander. Against incredible odds, these subordinate Marine leaders were vital to mission accomplishment. For this reason, the NCO is the backbone of our institution. Their remarkable dedication has engraved the Marine Corps in the annals of history as the elite fighting force we are today. Serving at sea on shipboard detachments, on foreign shores, and here at home for more than 200 years, the modern Marine Corps NCO evolved in conjunction with not just the history of our Corps, but with the history of our nation. The NCOs of our past have established the professional standards that you will be compared to today.

PRESENT SWORD

To salute with the sword, the command is "Present, SWORD (ARMS)" On the preparatory command "Present," raise the right hand to level and 6 inches from the front of the neck. Keep the thumb on the left side of the grip, wrist slightly bent, and inner forearm against the body. The blade should incline forward at a 30-degree angle from the vertical. On the command of execution "SWORD," bring the point down smartly, without whipping, to a position 3 inches above the deck and slightly to the right of the right foot. Right arm should be straightened so the knuckle bow is against the trouser seam. The blade is inclined down and to the front with the true edge facing left. The thumb remains on the left side of the grip. •RETURN TO ORDER SWORD Returning to order sword is done in one count with the command "Order, SWORD." On the command of execution "SWORD," simply turn the true edge down with the point of the sword remaining three inches from the deck. •RETURN TO CARRY SWORD On the command of execution "Carry," turn the true edge down as in order sword. On the command of execution "SWORD," bring the false edge of the blade against the shoulder seam, blade vertical, arm nearly extended with the knuckle bow to the front. The right thumb and forefinger embrace the lower part of the grip, with the thumb against the trouser seam, and remaining fingers joined in a natural curl behind the end of the hilt.

Rules for Saluting

Under Arms: A Marine only salutes indoors when under arms. When a weapon is in hand, equipped with sidearms, or wearing equipment pertaining to arms, such as sword sling, pistol belt, or cartridge belt, a Marine is considered under arms. Not in formation: The first Marine to recognize an officer approaching calls the group to attention and salutes for the group. Overtaking an officer: Proceed in the same direction as the officer, draw abreast on the left, render a hand salute and say "by your leave, sir/ma'am." When overtaking a junior Marine, overtake on the right, if possible. Prison chaser: Only salute when addressed by an officer in the line of duty. Morning and evening colors: All personnel in uniform render the hand salute as appropriate during the raising and lowering of colors. When not in uniform, place your right hand over your heart. Uncased colors: Salute as colors approach within six paces and hold until six paces passed.

Civilian Attire

When you hear the national anthem in civilian attire, come to attention and remove any headgear placing it over your left breast with your right hand. Otherwise, place your right hand over your left breast.

EXAMPLES

While improper relationships within the same chain of command are the most obvious, there is no blanket requirement under the UCMJ that the relationship be within the same chain of command to be improper. The relationship need not be male-female. •Playing cards or gambling together •Going to private homes or clubs together •Dating or engaging in sexual activities •Engaging in commercial transactions •Showing favoritism or partiality •Using one's authority for personal gain The key issue is whether a relationship has developed in which mutual respect of grade is ignored.