Learning and Memory Chapter 9

Which of the following statements about opsins is true? - Channelrhodopsin can excite neurons by depolarizing them. - Channelrhodopsin can inhibit neurons by hyperpolarizing them. - Halorhodopsin can inhibit neurons by hyperpolarizing them. - Halorhodopsin can excite neurons by depolarizing them.

- Channelrhodopsin can excite neurons by depolarizing them. - Halorhodopsin can inhibit neurons by hyperpolarizing them.

Which of the following is true? - behavior is the window to memory - many component systems contribute to behaviors used to test memory retrieval - behavioral tests are perfect indicators of memory - emotional processes can interfere with memory retrieval

- behavior is the window to memory - many component systems contribute to behaviors used to test memory retrieval - emotional processes can interfere with memory retrieval

Which of the following is true? - DREADDS but not optogenetic method depend on viral vector delivery systems - both DREADDs and optogenetic methods depend on viral vector delivery systems - viral vector systems delivery genetic material - when activated by light channelrhodopsins the neuron hyperpolarizes - all of the above

- both DREADDS and optogenetic methods depend on viral vector delivery systems - viral vector systems deliver genetic material

Which of the following are true about inhibitory avoidance conditioning and fear conditioning? - both are measures of adverse learning - crossover latency is the dependent variable in both tasks - freezing is the dependent variable in both tasks - only one trial is needed to produce the memory

- both are measures of adverse learning - only one trial is needed to produce the memory

Which of the following statements about inhibitory avoidance conditioning is true? - longer latencies reflect a stronger memory trace - the dependent variance is crossover latency - as shock intensity increases, so does response latency - none of the above

- longer latencies reflect a stronger memory trace - the dependent variance is crossover latency - as shock intensity increases, so does response latency

Which of the following statements about memory and the mind is true? - an LTP inducing stimulus produces a memory - memories result from behavioral experiences - behavior is the window to the mind - memories are directly observable - studies of synaptic plasticity provide hypotheses about what molecules are involved in memory

- memories result from behavioral experiences - behavior is the window to the mind - studies of synaptic plasticity provide hypotheses about what molecules are involved in memory

Which of the following statements about memory is false? - Short-term memory traces are in the inactive state and are easy to disrupt. - Long-term memory traces are in the inactive state and are hard to disrupt. - Time limited retrograde amnesia is more likely to affect short-term memory. - Time limited retrograde amnesia is more likely to affect long-term memory.

- short-term memory traces are in the inactive state and are easy to disrupt - time limited retrograde amnesia is more likely to affect long-term memory

List three differences between a short-term memory trace and a long-term memory trace.

1. Duration 2. state 3. how susceptible the memory is to decay and/or disruption

what are three methods for influencing brain function?

1. damaging a part/region of the brain experimentally 2. genetic engineering 3. injecting drugs

When memories are consolidated...

1. the are more resistant to disruption 2. they decay at a slower rate

_______ operate on a much longer time frame than optogenetics.

DREADDS

T/F Activation of Channelrhodopsin by green light will allow sodium to enter the channel.

False

T/F Consolidation refers to the process of converting strong memories in to weak ones.

False

T/F Damage to a particular brain region, X, impaired performance on a memory test. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that X is a memory storage region.

False

T/F Long-term memories are more vulnerable to disruption than short-term memories.

False

T/F Place learning in the Morris water task uses a visible platform.

False

T/F Viral vectors are used to delivery drugs to specific regions in the brain.

False

T/F in the object in context task animals memory is demonstrated if the animal explores the object that was present in the training context

False

T/F long-term memories are more vulnerable to disruption than short-term memories

False

Which of the following statements about memories is true? -Newly established memories are more resistant to disruption than older memories. -Old memories have a shorter decay time than new memories - Old memories are more resistant to disruption than new memories. - Both a and c - All of the above are true

Old memories are more resistant to disruption than new memories.

T/F Activation of Channelrhodopsin by blue light will allow sodium to enter the channel.

True

T/F An advantage of the inhibitory avoidance task is that only one trial is needed to produce a behavioral change.

True

T/F Consolidation refers to the process of increasing the memory trace's resistance to disruption.

True

T/F Fear conditioning provides the opportunity measure both context learning and auditory-cue learning.

True

T/F In the object recognition test, memory is demonstrated if the animal spends more time exploring the new object.

True

T/F Limited retrograde amnesia produced by a concussion likely affects only memories in the active state.

True

T/F On the probe test in the morris water task the hidden platform is removed

True

T/F Short-term memories decay more rapidly than long-term memories.

True

T/F The advantage of stereotaxic surgery it that the experimenter can precisely place the electrode or cannular in desired location.

True

T/F behavior is the product of many subcomponent systems

True

T/F if amnesia is due to retrieval failure it can still be recoveredif

True

T/F if the experimenter wants to study a drug that might interfere with memory then the floor effect would be a problem to aovid

True

T/F studies of LTP provide a foundation for uncovering memory molecules

True

T/F the DREADD methodology takes more time to activate inhibit neurons than optogenetics

True

T/F viral vectors are used to deliver mRNA constructs to specific regions in the brain

True

When investigating a drug or some other manipulation that is hypothesized to strengthen a memory trace, researchers should use lower intensity shock to avoid the __________.

ceiling effect

When the response measure is at its maximum, researchers should be wary of the ____________.

ceiling effect

What is the function of channelrhodopsin and halorhodopsins?

channelrhodopsins (channel proteins) - (blue light) when stimulated can open and close with extra precision to depolarize the neuron with positive ions (sodium) Halorhodopsins - (green light) conduct negative chloride ions to hyperpolarize the neuron

Explain why genetic engineering is believed to be more precise than applying drugs in manipulating the molecules involved in memory.

drugs are "dirty" which makes them not highly selective for a target, and harder to control the spread of. biotechnology can directly influence the genome, so you can make direct changes to a particular protein

What is a time-limited retrograde amneisa?

failure to remember certain things that happen just before the disturbing event, while still maintaining older memories

T/F Amnesia is always due to a storage failure.

false

T/F If damage to a particular brain region impairs test performance, we can assume that regions contained memory neurons.

false

T/F LTP is memory

false

T/F Viral vectors are not part of the optogenetics methodology.

false

In fear conditioning, shocked rats display more __________ than rats that were not shocked.

freezing

In fear conditioning, the duration of the __________ is an indicator of the __________ of the memory.

freezing response; strength

Memories are the product of organisms __________ with their __________.

interacting; environment

What is the significance of the learning-performance distinction?

it makes sure that the treatment affected the memory component rather than some other component that could influence performance

The ECS methodology did not advance our understanding of memory because it was already known that

new memories can be easily disrupted

__________ allows scientists to control one type of cell without altering other types.

optogenetics

In inhibitory avoidance conditioning, it is assumed that the strength of the memory trace is reflected in the ______________

response latency

forgetting the location of a book or coffee cup only to remember it later, is an example of _______________.

retrieval failure

amnesia for events experienced prior to the blow to the head that caused it is an example of ___________.

retrograde amnesia

what is the difference between amnesia due to a retrieval failure versus a storage failure

the memory still exists in retrieval failure but not accessed. In storage failure you can't recover the memory at all

Which of the following is a feature of the place-learning task? - The platform remains in the same location in each trial. - The platform is visible to the rodent. - The rodent is always released from the same location inside the pool. - Both a and b - All of the above

the platform remains in the same location in each trial

What is the consolidation period?

the time it takes for a memory build resistance to a disruption

Why is test behavior considered the window to the memory trace?

there would be no way to tell if the training phase made a memory trace without a behavior test response

The existence of a memory trace is inferred when the _______________ influences behavior

training experience

T/F A ceiling effect can occur because if the response measure is already at the maximum.

true

What are the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response in fear conditioning?

unconditioned stimulus = electrical shock conditioned stimulus = auditory stimulus conditioned response = freezing

The __________ is often used as a control task to evaluate alternative interpretations of the effect of brain manipulation on performance in the place-learning task.

visible platform task

explain the floor effect

when its thought that an experiment will alter memory in a way that creates avoidance behavior, but the subject's performance was already too low to be further reduced by the drug

How is the visible-platform task used to evaluate results observed in the place-learning task? Explain why.

you can say that treatment influenced some part of memory, as long as the treatment has no effect on the performance during the visible-platform task. the tasks doesn't require the use of spatial memory for the platform