LearningCurve 9b: Concepts, Categories, and Decision Making
Which name would be the MOST accessible in memory?
Albert Einstein
Exemplar theory is more comprehensive than is _____ theory because it takes into account specific instances of categories in addition to the prototype of the category.
prototype
For many people, a canary is a better _____ of a bird than is an ostrich.
prototype
For many people, a collie may be a better _____ of a dog than is an Irish wolfhound.
prototype
For many people, an ant is a better _____ of an insect than is a praying mantis.
prototype
Rather than using rules of defining necessary and sufficient conditions, the _____ theory categorizes objects together based on how well something resembles a typical category member and its features.
prototype
When someone mentions hamburgers, Trisha immediately thinks of a Big Mac. In this instance, a Big Mac is a(n):
prototype.
Christmas is to holiday as _____ is to _____.
prototype; concept
Sallie can recognize and identify a picture of a cat, a flower, a spider, and her mother, but she cannot respond to a picture of a hammer, a house, a flagpole, and an office. Sallie may have:
a category-specific deficit.
Which type of game is MOST likely the prototype of the concept "sport"?
baseball
A _____ is a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli.
concept
When Janet sees a coffee mug, a tall juice glass, and a short whiskey glass, she probably categorizes all these objects together as the _____ of "cup."
concept
If Sascha has trouble acquiring _____, she might not understand that a lion, tiger, calico, and Siamese are all types of cat.
concepts
The _____ theory of categorization argues that people make category judgments by comparing a new instance with their memories for other instances of the category.
exemplar
The prototype theory would predict that a child living in the United States generally would recognize a blue jay as a type of bird _____ this same child would recognize a penguin as a type of bird.
faster than
A concept is a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared _____ of related objects, events, or other stimuli.
features
Victor is trying to convince his parents to buy him a car. He tells them that teenagers are 30% less likely to get into an accident in their own car than in a parent's car, rather than stating that teenagers are 70% more likely to get into an accident in their own car. This example illustrates the:
framing effect.
If Sahalia is consulting a doctor as to whether the mole she discovered on her arm is cancerous, it would be BEST to discuss the chances in terms of _____, rather than of _____.
frequencies; probabilities
_____ theory is more comprehensive than is prototype theory because it takes into account specific instances of categories in addition to the prototype of the category.
Exemplar
_____ assumes that people simplify available information, give great weight to outcomes that are sure things, and compare choices with a reference point.
Prospect theory
People with ______ are LEAST likely to defend their decision-making strategies by citing such adages as "Nothing ventured, nothing gained" or "High risk, high reward."
generalized anxiety disorder
According to family resemblance theory, categories are made based on:
if objects look like they belong together.
People are more likely to buy bananas when they are marked 2 pounds for a dollar than when they are marked 50 cents a pound. What concept does this example illustrate?
the framing effect
An artist can no longer tell the difference between a brush and an easel. The artist probably suffered damage to:
the region where the temporal lobe meets the parietal and occipital lobes.
Meaghan is staying in a very unhappy relationship because she has already lived with her partner for three years. What problematic decision-making process is she using?
the sunk-cost fallacy