Lecture Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function
What is a carrier that carries only one type of solute called? Multiple choice question. Uniport Aquaporin Symport Antiport
Uniport
The movement of water in and out of the renal tubules can be increased or decreased. The tubular cells are able to do this, by changing the number of water channels, also called ______________, in their membranes.
aquaporins
The rate of diffusion across the cell membrane is ______ at high temperatures than at low temperatures. Multiple choice question. the same slower faster
faster
Smaller molecules diffuse ______ larger molecules. Multiple choice question. faster than slower than at the same rate as
faster than
Match: flagella, cilia, microvilli increase surface area, as for absorption propulsion of cell move a substance along a cell surface
flagella: propulsion of cell cilia: move a substance along a cell surface microvilli: increase surface area, as for absorption
The organelle which controls cellular activity is the __________.
nucleus
About 98% of plasma membrane molecules are lipids. Of this 98%, about ______ are phospholipids
75% are phospholipids
What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called? Multiple choice question. An enzyme An MHC protein A carrier A self-identity marker
A carrier
Which carrier transports two or more solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane? Multiple choice question. Antiport Uniport Symport
Antiport
Mitochondria extract energy from organic compounds and transfer it to which of the following for use by the cell? Multiple choice question. Enzymes Fat ATP Glucose
ATP
Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier? Multiple choice question. Passive Diffusion Osmosis Active
Active
What do voltage-gated ion channels open in response to? Multiple choice question. The presence of specific chemicals Changes in membrane thickness A change in membrane potential Distortion of the cell membrane
Answer: A change in membrane potential The presence of specific chemicals Reason: Chemicals open ligand-gated ion channels, not voltage-gated ion channels. Membrane potential is measured in voltage. Therefore, changes in membrane potential open voltage-gated ion channels. Changes in membrane thickness Reason: Membrane potential is measured in voltage. Therefore, changes in membrane potential open voltage-gated ion channels. A change in membrane potential Reason: Membrane potential is measured in voltage. Therefore, changes in membrane potential open voltage-gated ion channels. Distortion of the cell membrane Reason: This would open mechanically-gated ion channels, not voltage-gated ion channels. Membrane potential is measured in voltage. Therefore, changes in membrane potential open voltage-gated ion channels.
Facilitated diffusion, primary, and secondary active transport are all mechanisms of which of the following? Multiple choice question. Carrier-mediated transport Passive transport Energy requiring processes Vesicular transport
Answer: Carrier-mediated transport Passive transport Reason: While facilitated diffusion is a form of passive transport, active transport require energy, and is therefore the opposite of passive transport. Energy requiring processes Reason: Facilitated diffusion is a form of passive transport, and therefore does not require energy. Vesicular transport Reason: Vesicular transport involves enclosing substances in a transport vesicle.
What is the branch of biology that investigates cells called? Cytology Histology Pathology Microscopy
Cytology
Within the plasma membrane, most transmembrane proteins will be comprised of what type of regions? Multiple choice question. Only hydrophilic Only hydrophobic Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
What is the general name for the network of structures within the cytoplasm which support the cell, determine its shape, and participate in movement? Multiple choice question. Nucleus Rough ER Golgi apparatus Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
Which of the following, found on the surface of epithelial cells within the respiratory tract, uterine tubes, testes, and ventricles of the brain, aid in moving fluids or cells through these structures? Microvilli Cilia Microtubules Flagella Axonemes
Cilia
What is a cell that is equally tall as it is wide called? Multiple choice question. Cuboidal Discoid Spheroid Polygonal Columnar
Cuboidal
Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process? Diffusion Filtration Active transport Phagocytosis
Diffusion
Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process? Multiple choice question. Active transport Filtration Phagocytosis Diffusion
Diffusion
What is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called? Multiple choice question. Active transport Diffusion Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
Diffusion
What is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called? Multiple choice question. Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Diffusion Active transport
Diffusion
Voltage-regulated gates respond to changes in what across the plasma membrane? Multiple choice question. Electrical potential Chemical messengers Physical stress
Electrical potential
Which are types of vesicular transport? Multiple choice question. Filtration and pinocytosis Active transport and osmosis Osmosis and diffusion Endocytosis and exocytosis
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Which membrane-bound organelle is the site of both protein and lipid synthesis? Multiple choice question. Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Intracellular vesicles Lysosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
In what process does a secretory vesicle...?
Exocytosis
In which process does a secretory vesicle fuse with a cell membrane and release its contents into the extracellular space? Multiple choice question. Transcytosis Phagocytosis Exocytosis Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
True or false: The cytoskeleton is composed of calcium salts.
False
Which of the following best defines chromatin? Multiple choice question. Fine threads of DNA and protein Tubular structures forming the centrioles Particles on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum Folds of the inner membrane within mitochondria
Fine threads of DNA and protein
Which organelle is comprised of stacked cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates? Multiple choice question. Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi complex Nucleus
Golgi complex
The physical force generated by a liquid, such as blood or tissue fluid, is known as ________________ pressure.
Hydrostatic
Which pressure allows for the filtration of fluid from blood vessels into the extracellular fluid? Multiple choice question. Atmospheric Osmotic Hydrostatic
Hydrostatic
Which are not essential to cell survival? Multiple choice question. Inclusions Organelles Cytoskeleton
Inclusions
Which factors would increase the rate of diffusion? Decreased temperature Increased concentration difference Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound Increased cell surface area
Increased concentration difference Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound Increased cell surface area
As temperature increases, what happens to the rate of diffusion? Multiple choice question. It decreases. It increases. It stays the same.
It increases.
Which membrane-bound organelle contains a mixture of enzymes that function in digesting foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles? Multiple choice question. Golgi complex Peroxisome Lysosome Ribosome
Lysosome
_______________ are the organelles that digest and dispose of worn-out mitochondria and other organelles by a process called autophagy.
Lysosomes
The nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex are examples of what type of organelles? Multiple choice question. Extracellular Membranous Non-membranous Inorganic
Membranous
Which organelle is has a double unit membrane? Multiple choice question. Centriole Villus Mitochondrion Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Which structure is perforated with pores to allow material to move in and out of the nucleus? Multiple choice question. Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear envelope
What is the large centrally-located organelle visible with a light microscope called? Multiple choice question. Nucleus Mitochondrion Centriole Nucleolus Golgi complex
Nucleus
Which is an example of a membranous organelle? Multiple choice question. Nucleus Centrosome Basal body Ribosome
Nucleus
What is the diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane called? Multiple choice question. Filtration Simple diffusion Osmosis Phagocytosis
Osmosis
Which membrane protein is not integral to the plasma membrane and is often attached to the cytoskeleton? Multiple choice question. Transmembrane Peripheral Intracellular
Peripheral
Which proteins do not protrude into the phospholipid layer but adhere to only one face of the membrane? Multiple choice question. Peripheral Extracellular Intracellular Transmembrane
Peripheral
Which organelle contains enzymes needed to neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and blood-borne toxins? Multiple choice question. Mitochondrion Lysosome Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Peroxisome
Peroxisome
What drives filtration through a membrane? Multiple choice question. Concentration gradients Electrical gradients Physical pressure ATP
Physical pressure Ex: Coffee Filter. Weight of water drives water and dissolved particles through the filter but holds back the larger particles, the coffee grounds.
What are the three types of endocytosis? Multiple select question. Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated Diffusion Phagocytosis Osmosis
Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis
Most of a cells proteins are broken down by which organelles? Multiple choice question. Centrioles Peroxisomes Ribosomes Proteasomes
Proteasomes
The plasma membrane is made up of phospholipids and which of the following? Multiple choice question. Carbohydrates Protein Cellulose Calcium
Protein
Which of the following are small granules of RNA and protein that provide a site for protein synthesis? Multiple choice question. Ribosomes Enzymes Centrioles Glycoproteins
Ribosomes
_____________ are the organelles that read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins.
Ribosomes
Where are proteins, such as enzymes, that are to be secreted from the cells produced? Multiple choice question. Ribosomes on ER Free ribosomes Golgi complex Mitochondria
Ribosomes on ER
What are three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport? Multiple select question. Secondary active transport Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Endocytosis Primary active transport
Secondary active transport Facilitated diffusion Primary active transport
Which membrane type allows some things through and restricts the passage of others? Multiple choice question. Impermeable Passively permeable Permeable Selectively permeable
Selectively permeable
Which endoplasmic reticulum has tubular, branched cisternae, and lacks ribosomes? Multiple choice question. Smooth Rough
Smooth
Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. What does this mean? Multiple choice question. No movement of compounds is allowed through the membrane. Some compounds can permeate (pass through) the membrane while others cannot. All compounds can freely pass through the membrane; but not all the time.
Some compounds can permeate (pass through) the membrane while others cannot.
What are cells that are thin and flat, such as found in the walls of the alveoli of the lungs, called? Multiple choice question. Fusiform Fibrous Squamous Stell
Squamous
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? Multiple choice question. To bind ligands To detoxify alcohol To synthesize lipids To synthesize proteins
Synthesize proteins Smooth ER will detoxify alcohol and synthesize lipids
Which of the following correctly defines tonicity? Multiple choice question. The ability of a solution to cause osmosis, affecting volume and pressure in the cell The generation of hydrostatic pressure that drives the movement of fluid across a membrane The degree of permeability of a cell membrane, related to number of channels present
The ability of a solution to cause osmosis, affecting volume and pressure in the cell
True or false: Nearly every human cell has a single, non-motile primary cilium a few micrometers long. True False
True
As a solute concentration rises, its rate of transport through a membrane increases up to the point where all the carriers are saturated. This point of saturation is called what? Multiple choice question. The transport maximum The isotonic point Equilibrium
The transport maximum
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Multiple choice question. To synthesize lipids To generate energy To synthesize proteins To bind ligands
To synthesize lipids
When all carriers are saturated, the transport of the molecule levels off at a rate called what? Transport threshold Transport minimum Transport capacity Transport maximum
Transport maximum
phospholipids are ________________ molecules that have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head
amphipathic- have polar and nonpolar regions; the tail is nonpolar
In blood capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall in a process called __________________
capillary filtration
In which process does a solute bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane? Multiple choice question. Reverse osmosis Simple diffusion Carrier-mediated transport Secondary active transport
carrier-mediated transport
cytology is the scientific study of ________________
cells
Which three organelles are not surrounded by membranes? Multiple select question. Centrosomes Ribosomes Centrioles Mitochondria Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum
centrosomes ribosomes centrioles
The fine thread-like genetic material (the form of DNA) found within the nucleus of a non-dividing cell is called ___________________.
chromatin
If an antiport carrier moves solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane without requiring energy, this is called _____________.
countertransport
If an antiport carrier moves solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane without requiring energy, this is called _________________.
countertransport
The fluid contained inside a cell is known as ____________ fluid.
cytosol
Oxygen passes into the bloodstream across the membranes in the lung by the process of ________________
diffusion
Match: "up a gradient," "down a gradient" region of high to low concentration region of low to high concentration
down a gradient: high to low conc up a gradient: low to high conc
The general term for the cell process in which the membrane invaginates, forming vesicles that bring extracellular particles or droplets of fluid into the cell, is known as _____________.
endocytosis
The general term for the cell process in which the membrane invaginates, forming vesicles that bring extracellular particles or droplets of fluid into the cell, is known as _______________
endocytosis
An extensive system of cytoplasmic tubules classified as rough or smooth is called the ______. Multiple choice question. endoplasmic reticulum centrosome cytoskeleton Golgi complex
endoplasmic reticulum
The vesicular transport process of discharging material from a cell is called ______________.
exocytosis
Vesicular transport that releases material from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell is called ______________.
exocytosis
Match: flagella, cilia, microvilli short 'hairs' with axoneme cores single long structure with an axoneme core folds of cell membrane; may have actin core
flagella: single long structure with an axoneme core cilia: short 'hairs' with axoneme cores microvilli: folds of cell membrane; may have actin core
Coming from words that mean "sugar coat", the layer of carbohydrates coating a cell membrane is called the _____________
glycocalyx
Components of the plasma membrane called ______ help form the glycocalyx. Multiple choice question. glucose proteins glycolipids lipids cholesterol
glycolipids glucose Reason: Glucose is not part of the cell membrane.
Most transmembrane proteins are ______. Multiple choice question. amino acids lipoproteins glycoproteins dipeptides
glycoproteins
Most transmembrane proteins are ______. Multiple choice question. dipeptides glycoproteins lipoproteins amino acids
glycoproteins
Most transmembrane proteins are ______. Multiple choice question. hemoglobin cytoskeleton components glycoproteins dipeptide
glycoproteins
When the concentration of a substance differs from one area to another, this creates a concentration _____________
gradient
Accumulated cell products such as glycogen granules, pigments, and fats are types of _______________.
inclusions
Foreign bodies such as viruses, bacteria, or dust particles that have been phagocytized by the cell form types of _________ within the cytoplasm. Multiple choice question. inclusions organelles clathrin pits lysosomes
inclusions
Cells can ______ the rate of osmosis by installing more aquaporins. Multiple choice question. decrease increase
increase
Tissue fluid is also called ________________ interstitial fluid intracellular fluid cytoplasm cytosol
interstitial fluid
Consider two solutions of different sodium concentrations separated by a selectively permeable membrane. The net movement of water across the membrane will be from the area of ______ sodium concentration to the area of ______ sodium concentration. higher, lower lower, higher
lower, higher (Think about the sodium concentrations vs the water concentrations. The H2O conc would be the opposite here... I think?)
A pair of membranes enclosing the nucleus with pores allowing the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus is the nuclear ________________.
membrane
Extensions of the cell membrane that serve to increase surface area are called ______________
microvilli
Extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area are called ______. Multiple choice question. microvilli cilia microtubules flagella
microvilli
The membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and oxygen used to oxidize organic material is the ___________.
peroxisome
The majority of the plasma membrane can be described as a bilayer of _______________ with associated proteins.
phospholipids
A cell uses organelles called ______________ to get rid of nonfunctional proteins.
proteasomes
The type of carrier protein that moves two solutes, such as glucose and sodium, in the same direction across a membrane is a(n) ___________.
symport
The concentration of solutes in a cell affects the fluid volume and pressure within the cell. This is referred to as the ________________ of the solution.
tonicity
A carrier that transports only one type of solute at a time is called a(n) _____________.
uniport
Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include ______. Multiple select question. vesicular transport passive diffusion active transport osmosis
vesicular transport active transport
