Lecture Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function

What is a carrier that carries only one type of solute called? Multiple choice question. Uniport Aquaporin Symport Antiport

Uniport

The movement of water in and out of the renal tubules can be increased or decreased. The tubular cells are able to do this, by changing the number of water channels, also called ______________, in their membranes.

aquaporins

The rate of diffusion across the cell membrane is ______ at high temperatures than at low temperatures. Multiple choice question. the same slower faster

faster

Smaller molecules diffuse ______ larger molecules. Multiple choice question. faster than slower than at the same rate as

faster than

Match: flagella, cilia, microvilli increase surface area, as for absorption propulsion of cell move a substance along a cell surface

flagella: propulsion of cell cilia: move a substance along a cell surface microvilli: increase surface area, as for absorption

The organelle which controls cellular activity is the __________.

nucleus

About 98% of plasma membrane molecules are lipids. Of this 98%, about ______ are phospholipids

75% are phospholipids

What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called? Multiple choice question. An enzyme An MHC protein A carrier A self-identity marker

A carrier

Which carrier transports two or more solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane? Multiple choice question. Antiport Uniport Symport

Antiport

Mitochondria extract energy from organic compounds and transfer it to which of the following for use by the cell? Multiple choice question. Enzymes Fat ATP Glucose

ATP

Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier? Multiple choice question. Passive Diffusion Osmosis Active

Active

What do voltage-gated ion channels open in response to? Multiple choice question. The presence of specific chemicals Changes in membrane thickness A change in membrane potential Distortion of the cell membrane

Answer: A change in membrane potential The presence of specific chemicals Reason: Chemicals open ligand-gated ion channels, not voltage-gated ion channels. Membrane potential is measured in voltage. Therefore, changes in membrane potential open voltage-gated ion channels. Changes in membrane thickness Reason: Membrane potential is measured in voltage. Therefore, changes in membrane potential open voltage-gated ion channels. A change in membrane potential Reason: Membrane potential is measured in voltage. Therefore, changes in membrane potential open voltage-gated ion channels. Distortion of the cell membrane Reason: This would open mechanically-gated ion channels, not voltage-gated ion channels. Membrane potential is measured in voltage. Therefore, changes in membrane potential open voltage-gated ion channels.

Facilitated diffusion, primary, and secondary active transport are all mechanisms of which of the following? Multiple choice question. Carrier-mediated transport Passive transport Energy requiring processes Vesicular transport

Answer: Carrier-mediated transport Passive transport Reason: While facilitated diffusion is a form of passive transport, active transport require energy, and is therefore the opposite of passive transport. Energy requiring processes Reason: Facilitated diffusion is a form of passive transport, and therefore does not require energy. Vesicular transport Reason: Vesicular transport involves enclosing substances in a transport vesicle.

What is the branch of biology that investigates cells called? Cytology Histology Pathology Microscopy

Cytology

Within the plasma membrane, most transmembrane proteins will be comprised of what type of regions? Multiple choice question. Only hydrophilic Only hydrophobic Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

What is the general name for the network of structures within the cytoplasm which support the cell, determine its shape, and participate in movement? Multiple choice question. Nucleus Rough ER Golgi apparatus Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton

Which of the following, found on the surface of epithelial cells within the respiratory tract, uterine tubes, testes, and ventricles of the brain, aid in moving fluids or cells through these structures? Microvilli Cilia Microtubules Flagella Axonemes

Cilia

What is a cell that is equally tall as it is wide called? Multiple choice question. Cuboidal Discoid Spheroid Polygonal Columnar

Cuboidal

Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process? Diffusion Filtration Active transport Phagocytosis

Diffusion

Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process? Multiple choice question. Active transport Filtration Phagocytosis Diffusion

Diffusion

What is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called? Multiple choice question. Active transport Diffusion Phagocytosis Pinocytosis

Diffusion

What is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called? Multiple choice question. Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Diffusion Active transport

Diffusion

Voltage-regulated gates respond to changes in what across the plasma membrane? Multiple choice question. Electrical potential Chemical messengers Physical stress

Electrical potential

Which are types of vesicular transport? Multiple choice question. Filtration and pinocytosis Active transport and osmosis Osmosis and diffusion Endocytosis and exocytosis

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Which membrane-bound organelle is the site of both protein and lipid synthesis? Multiple choice question. Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Intracellular vesicles Lysosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum

In what process does a secretory vesicle...?

Exocytosis

In which process does a secretory vesicle fuse with a cell membrane and release its contents into the extracellular space? Multiple choice question. Transcytosis Phagocytosis Exocytosis Pinocytosis

Exocytosis

True or false: The cytoskeleton is composed of calcium salts.

False

Which of the following best defines chromatin? Multiple choice question. Fine threads of DNA and protein Tubular structures forming the centrioles Particles on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum Folds of the inner membrane within mitochondria

Fine threads of DNA and protein

Which organelle is comprised of stacked cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates? Multiple choice question. Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi complex Nucleus

Golgi complex

The physical force generated by a liquid, such as blood or tissue fluid, is known as ________________ pressure.

Hydrostatic

Which pressure allows for the filtration of fluid from blood vessels into the extracellular fluid? Multiple choice question. Atmospheric Osmotic Hydrostatic

Hydrostatic

Which are not essential to cell survival? Multiple choice question. Inclusions Organelles Cytoskeleton

Inclusions

Which factors would increase the rate of diffusion? Decreased temperature Increased concentration difference Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound Increased cell surface area

Increased concentration difference Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound Increased cell surface area

As temperature increases, what happens to the rate of diffusion? Multiple choice question. It decreases. It increases. It stays the same.

It increases.

Which membrane-bound organelle contains a mixture of enzymes that function in digesting foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles? Multiple choice question. Golgi complex Peroxisome Lysosome Ribosome

Lysosome

_______________ are the organelles that digest and dispose of worn-out mitochondria and other organelles by a process called autophagy.

Lysosomes

The nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex are examples of what type of organelles? Multiple choice question. Extracellular Membranous Non-membranous Inorganic

Membranous

Which organelle is has a double unit membrane? Multiple choice question. Centriole Villus Mitochondrion Lysosome

Mitochondrion

Which structure is perforated with pores to allow material to move in and out of the nucleus? Multiple choice question. Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nuclear envelope

What is the large centrally-located organelle visible with a light microscope called? Multiple choice question. Nucleus Mitochondrion Centriole Nucleolus Golgi complex

Nucleus

Which is an example of a membranous organelle? Multiple choice question. Nucleus Centrosome Basal body Ribosome

Nucleus

What is the diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane called? Multiple choice question. Filtration Simple diffusion Osmosis Phagocytosis

Osmosis

Which membrane protein is not integral to the plasma membrane and is often attached to the cytoskeleton? Multiple choice question. Transmembrane Peripheral Intracellular

Peripheral

Which proteins do not protrude into the phospholipid layer but adhere to only one face of the membrane? Multiple choice question. Peripheral Extracellular Intracellular Transmembrane

Peripheral

Which organelle contains enzymes needed to neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and blood-borne toxins? Multiple choice question. Mitochondrion Lysosome Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Peroxisome

Peroxisome

What drives filtration through a membrane? Multiple choice question. Concentration gradients Electrical gradients Physical pressure ATP

Physical pressure Ex: Coffee Filter. Weight of water drives water and dissolved particles through the filter but holds back the larger particles, the coffee grounds.

What are the three types of endocytosis? Multiple select question. Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated Diffusion Phagocytosis Osmosis

Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

Most of a cells proteins are broken down by which organelles? Multiple choice question. Centrioles Peroxisomes Ribosomes Proteasomes

Proteasomes

The plasma membrane is made up of phospholipids and which of the following? Multiple choice question. Carbohydrates Protein Cellulose Calcium

Protein

Which of the following are small granules of RNA and protein that provide a site for protein synthesis? Multiple choice question. Ribosomes Enzymes Centrioles Glycoproteins

Ribosomes

_____________ are the organelles that read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins.

Ribosomes

Where are proteins, such as enzymes, that are to be secreted from the cells produced? Multiple choice question. Ribosomes on ER Free ribosomes Golgi complex Mitochondria

Ribosomes on ER

What are three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport? Multiple select question. Secondary active transport Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Endocytosis Primary active transport

Secondary active transport Facilitated diffusion Primary active transport

Which membrane type allows some things through and restricts the passage of others? Multiple choice question. Impermeable Passively permeable Permeable Selectively permeable

Selectively permeable

Which endoplasmic reticulum has tubular, branched cisternae, and lacks ribosomes? Multiple choice question. Smooth Rough

Smooth

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. What does this mean? Multiple choice question. No movement of compounds is allowed through the membrane. Some compounds can permeate (pass through) the membrane while others cannot. All compounds can freely pass through the membrane; but not all the time.

Some compounds can permeate (pass through) the membrane while others cannot.

What are cells that are thin and flat, such as found in the walls of the alveoli of the lungs, called? Multiple choice question. Fusiform Fibrous Squamous Stell

Squamous

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? Multiple choice question. To bind ligands To detoxify alcohol To synthesize lipids To synthesize proteins

Synthesize proteins Smooth ER will detoxify alcohol and synthesize lipids

Which of the following correctly defines tonicity? Multiple choice question. The ability of a solution to cause osmosis, affecting volume and pressure in the cell The generation of hydrostatic pressure that drives the movement of fluid across a membrane The degree of permeability of a cell membrane, related to number of channels present

The ability of a solution to cause osmosis, affecting volume and pressure in the cell

True or false: Nearly every human cell has a single, non-motile primary cilium a few micrometers long. True False

True

As a solute concentration rises, its rate of transport through a membrane increases up to the point where all the carriers are saturated. This point of saturation is called what? Multiple choice question. The transport maximum The isotonic point Equilibrium

The transport maximum

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Multiple choice question. To synthesize lipids To generate energy To synthesize proteins To bind ligands

To synthesize lipids

When all carriers are saturated, the transport of the molecule levels off at a rate called what? Transport threshold Transport minimum Transport capacity Transport maximum

Transport maximum

phospholipids are ________________ molecules that have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head

amphipathic- have polar and nonpolar regions; the tail is nonpolar

In blood capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall in a process called __________________

capillary filtration

In which process does a solute bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane? Multiple choice question. Reverse osmosis Simple diffusion Carrier-mediated transport Secondary active transport

carrier-mediated transport

cytology is the scientific study of ________________

cells

Which three organelles are not surrounded by membranes? Multiple select question. Centrosomes Ribosomes Centrioles Mitochondria Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum

centrosomes ribosomes centrioles

The fine thread-like genetic material (the form of DNA) found within the nucleus of a non-dividing cell is called ___________________.

chromatin

If an antiport carrier moves solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane without requiring energy, this is called _____________.

countertransport

If an antiport carrier moves solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane without requiring energy, this is called _________________.

countertransport

The fluid contained inside a cell is known as ____________ fluid.

cytosol

Oxygen passes into the bloodstream across the membranes in the lung by the process of ________________

diffusion

Match: "up a gradient," "down a gradient" region of high to low concentration region of low to high concentration

down a gradient: high to low conc up a gradient: low to high conc

The general term for the cell process in which the membrane invaginates, forming vesicles that bring extracellular particles or droplets of fluid into the cell, is known as _____________.

endocytosis

The general term for the cell process in which the membrane invaginates, forming vesicles that bring extracellular particles or droplets of fluid into the cell, is known as _______________

endocytosis

An extensive system of cytoplasmic tubules classified as rough or smooth is called the ______. Multiple choice question. endoplasmic reticulum centrosome cytoskeleton Golgi complex

endoplasmic reticulum

The vesicular transport process of discharging material from a cell is called ______________.

exocytosis

Vesicular transport that releases material from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell is called ______________.

exocytosis

Match: flagella, cilia, microvilli short 'hairs' with axoneme cores single long structure with an axoneme core folds of cell membrane; may have actin core

flagella: single long structure with an axoneme core cilia: short 'hairs' with axoneme cores microvilli: folds of cell membrane; may have actin core

Coming from words that mean "sugar coat", the layer of carbohydrates coating a cell membrane is called the _____________

glycocalyx

Components of the plasma membrane called ______ help form the glycocalyx. Multiple choice question. glucose proteins glycolipids lipids cholesterol

glycolipids glucose Reason: Glucose is not part of the cell membrane.

Most transmembrane proteins are ______. Multiple choice question. amino acids lipoproteins glycoproteins dipeptides

glycoproteins

Most transmembrane proteins are ______. Multiple choice question. dipeptides glycoproteins lipoproteins amino acids

glycoproteins

Most transmembrane proteins are ______. Multiple choice question. hemoglobin cytoskeleton components glycoproteins dipeptide

glycoproteins

When the concentration of a substance differs from one area to another, this creates a concentration _____________

gradient

Accumulated cell products such as glycogen granules, pigments, and fats are types of _______________.

inclusions

Foreign bodies such as viruses, bacteria, or dust particles that have been phagocytized by the cell form types of _________ within the cytoplasm. Multiple choice question. inclusions organelles clathrin pits lysosomes

inclusions

Cells can ______ the rate of osmosis by installing more aquaporins. Multiple choice question. decrease increase

increase

Tissue fluid is also called ________________ interstitial fluid intracellular fluid cytoplasm cytosol

interstitial fluid

Consider two solutions of different sodium concentrations separated by a selectively permeable membrane. The net movement of water across the membrane will be from the area of ______ sodium concentration to the area of ______ sodium concentration. higher, lower lower, higher

lower, higher (Think about the sodium concentrations vs the water concentrations. The H2O conc would be the opposite here... I think?)

A pair of membranes enclosing the nucleus with pores allowing the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus is the nuclear ________________.

membrane

Extensions of the cell membrane that serve to increase surface area are called ______________

microvilli

Extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area are called ______. Multiple choice question. microvilli cilia microtubules flagella

microvilli

The membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and oxygen used to oxidize organic material is the ___________.

peroxisome

The majority of the plasma membrane can be described as a bilayer of _______________ with associated proteins.

phospholipids

A cell uses organelles called ______________ to get rid of nonfunctional proteins.

proteasomes

The type of carrier protein that moves two solutes, such as glucose and sodium, in the same direction across a membrane is a(n) ___________.

symport

The concentration of solutes in a cell affects the fluid volume and pressure within the cell. This is referred to as the ________________ of the solution.

tonicity

A carrier that transports only one type of solute at a time is called a(n) _____________.

uniport

Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include ______. Multiple select question. vesicular transport passive diffusion active transport osmosis

vesicular transport active transport