Legal

The United States has 4% of the world's population and ________ of its prisoners. 2% 5% 10% 22%

22%

How does the Brawner rule differ from the M'Naghten rule? Brawner incorporates an emotional as well as a cognitive determinant of criminal action. Brawner does not require a total lack of appreciation by offenders for their conduct. Brawner includes a volitional element. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct

When can the government forcibly administer psychotropic medication to render a mentally ill defendant competent to stand trial? When the treatment is medically appropriate When the treatment is unlikely to have side effects that may undermine the trial's fairness When the treatment is necessary to significantly further important government trial-related interests. All of these are correct..

All of these are correct

Which of the following has been cited as a justification of plea bargaining? A guilty plea means that the case doesn't have to go to trial in an already overloaded court system. Taking responsibility for one's crime can be a step toward rehabilitation. The victim doesn't have to relive the trauma in open court. All of these are correct

All of these are correct

Which of the following interrogation procedures can lead to false confessions? Social isolation Fabricating evidence against suspect Confrontation and expression of belief in guilt All of these are correct.

All of these are correct

Which of the following represents differences between commonsense justice and black-letter law? People tend to consider a wider context than the law. As compared to the law, people tend to take a more subjective view of the actions of the defendant and victim. People, when compared to the law, tend to take a proportional approach to punishment. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct

Who tends to be most influential during jury deliberations? Males Extraverts Relatively tall people All of these are correct.

All of these are correct

Individuals will perceive a decision-making process as fair if they believe they have a voice in the process. are treated with respect during the process. believe authorities in the process are motivated by fairness. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Which of the following is a feature of observational learning? Attention to important features of modeled behavior. Learning but not reproducing the features of modeled behavior. Only peer group influences the observed behavior. All of these are correct.

Attention to important features of modeled behavior

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics stated as a psychological quality desirable for police officers? Incorruptible Well-adjusted Logical Authoritative

Authoritative

Police detectives often begin an interrogation with a belief that the suspect is guilty. This presumption of guilt can apparently influence the way a detective conducts the questioning. The danger here is that, under these conditions, the detectives will seek out information that verifies that belief and overlook information that does not fit. Suspects, in turn, act more defensively and are more likely to look guilty. This process is referred to as interrogation proper. behavioral confirmation. a preinterrogation "softening up" of the suspect. the interrogator's arsenal.

Behavioral confirmation

Jurors who received pretrial instructions were able to ____. focus more during the trial follow evidence better over the course of trial Neither A nor B Both A and B

Both A and B

One of the best-known U.S. Supreme Court cases decided during the last century, Miranda v. Arizona (1966) dealt with the problem of coerced confessions. voluntary confession. brain-based lie detection. cognitive load.

Coerced confessions

If a polygraph examiner asks a subject, "Did you ever steal anything?" the examiner is administering what type of polygraph test? Relevant/irrelevant Control question Directed lie Concealed knowledge

Control question

The severity of an injury or accident is legally relevant to which decision in a civil case? Liability Guilt Damages All of these are correct.

Damages

BONUS QUESTION: Let's see how well you REALLY read your textbook. Dr. Edkins' research was cited in one of the chapters of the book. What was the finding of her study? Defense attorneys are willing to recommend that their African American clients accept plea bargains that have longer sentences attached than those they would recommend Caucasian clients accept. It is nearly impossible to coerce innocent individuals to plead guilty to a crime that they did not commit, especially if implicating another innocent individual is involved. Men receive better plea deals than women, unless those women are attractive and perceived as friendly.

Defense attorneys are willing to recommend that their African American clients accept plea bargains that have longer sentences attached than those they would recommend Caucasian clients accept.

The ruling that competence to stand trial is a "sufficient present ability to consult with [one's] attorney with a reasonable degree of rational understanding, and...a rational, as well as factual understanding of the proceedings" stems out of which Supreme Court case? Ford v. Wainwright (1986) Dusky v. United States (1960) Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Dusky v. United States (1960)

Which of the following is a basic characteristic of the crime control model of the criminal justice system? The system should present obstacles to the conviction of defendants. The suspect is assumed to be innocent. Emphasis in the courts should be for efficient detection and prosecution of criminals. Greater control needs to be exerted over the police in their investigation of suspects.

Emphasis in the courts should be for efficient detection and prosecution of criminals.

Pretrial publicity reflects a clash between the _______________________ Amendments. Second and Sixth First and Sixth Fourth and Fifth Fifth and Sixth

First and Sixth

Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure? First Fourth Fifth Sixth

Fourth

Which of the following are considered justifications for transfer of an adolescent into the criminal system? Charged with theft Charged with drunken driving Having a history of prior juvenile offending All of these are correct.

Having a history of prior juvenile offending

In theory, the decision in the case of Jackson v. Indiana (1972) stopped which practice? Judges' refusal to allow mental health professionals to testify regarding the defendant's competence Defense attorney's refusal to inform the court of incompetency on the part of the defendant Having the defendant confined in a mental institution for extended periods of time Attempts by defendants to claim incompetence to avoid being tried for their crimes

Having the defendant confined in a mental institution for extended periods of time

Which of the following has been cited as a criticism of plea bargaining? The assigned sentence is often too strict. Innocent defendants might feel compelled to plead guilty because they think that a trial will result in a worse outcome. Prosecutors do not exert much power in the negotiations. All of these are correct

Innocent defendants might feel compelled to plead guilty because they think that a trial will result in a worse outcome.

During an extremely stressful situation, how is encoding affected? It becomes more accurate. It is often incomplete. It gets more thorough and detailed. It is not affected, but storage and retrieval are.

It is often incomplete.

Which of the following is true of a verdict-driven deliberation? Jurors take a straw poll very early in their discussion to establish the factions that see things in different ways. Each faction of jurors attempts to amend its stand in order to assimilate with other factions by exploring common ground. Jurors review crucial pieces of evidence in order to reach an agreed-upon consensus about how to interpret that evidence. The processes are time-consuming but are ultimately more satisfying for jurors.

Jurors take a straw poll very early in their discussion to establish the factions that see things in different ways.

"Distinguishing between right and wrong" is central to which definition of insanity? Durham rule Brawner rule M'Naghten rule None of these are correct.

M'Naghten Rule

A study of the duties of a police officer showed that one activity was conducted more frequently than others. Which of the following is the most frequently conducted activity? Crime fighting Maintaining order Detective work Providing services

Providing services

Samuel has committed several violent offenses and feels no remorse for what he has done. He finds his victims by deceiving them; he approaches a young woman and says he needs directions across town, and then leads her to his car. He then forces the woman into his car and later kills her. If we were to characterize Samuel's problem by claiming that he has a personality defect, which of the following best describes this condition? Anomie Low level of autonomic arousal Criminal thinking pattern Psychopathy

Psychopathy

In civil cases, what procedure parallels plea bargaining? Damages negotiation Settlement negotiation Plaintiff/defendant agreement Conflict resolution

Settlement negotiation

The right to trial by jury for criminal cases is provided by state constitutions and which amendment to the U.S. Constitution? Second Fourth Sixth Seventh

Sixth

Dickerson v. United States (2000) represented a challenge to the Miranda decision. What was the outcome of Dickerson v. United States? The Supreme Court reaffirmed Miranda. The Supreme Court struck down Miranda. The defendant in this case requested a review by the U.S. Supreme Court, but the Court refused to hear the case. A State Court of Appeals reaffirmed Miranda.

The Supreme Court reaffirmed Miranda.

Researchers recommend that a person conducting a lineup should tell the witness that the culprit may or may not be present in the lineup. Without this instruction, what tends to happen? False identifications tend to decrease. The eyewitness may feel the pressure to choose someone. The eyewitness may assume that their task is to pick someone so tends to choose the person who most resembles the person they witnessed. None of these are correct.

The eyewitness may assume that their task is to pick someone so tends to choose the person who most resembles the person they witnessed.

Which of the following is true of sympathy hypothesis? The general public is sympathetic to civil plaintiffs. The jury is suspicious of civil plaintiffs. The general public is suspicious of corporate defendants. Both B and C

The general public is suspicious of corporate defendants.

The question of a defendant's competence can be raised by __________. the police officer who arrested the defendant a forensic expert the presiding judge All of these are correct.

The presiding judge

Which of the following is a characteristic of the inquisitorial approach to justice? An intensely competitive atmosphere Separate witnesses for each side The presiding judge questions witnesses Opposing parties prepare the witnesses before the trial

The presiding judge questions witnesses

What is the current status of the rights of the press to be present in the courtroom? The press are currently not allowed to be present during criminal trials. The press cannot be excluded from any court proceedings. The press may not be excluded from actual trials, but they may be excluded from pre-trial hearings. The press may not be excluded from pre-trial hearings, but they may be excluded from actual trials.

The press may not be excluded from actual trials, but they may be excluded from pre-trial hearings.

The Daubert decision listed four factors that judges should consider in assessing the validity and subsequent admissibility of the expert's testimony. Which of the following is not one of these four factors? Whether the expert's theory or technique can and has been tested The strength of the argument for the pertinent side Whether the expert's theory or technique has been evaluated by peer review The extent to which the expert's technique and claims have been generally accepted by the relevant scientific community

The strength of the argument for the pertinent side

If a mental-health expert on the witness stand provides an opinion about the defendant's sanity, this expert is said to have given a/an _______________. APA approved testimony ultimate opinion testimony scientific evidence ABA approved testimony

Ultimate opinion testimony

Last night Laura was robbed at gunpoint. When asked to describe the perpetrator, she found that all she could remember was the gun and not the way the perpetrator looked. Which of the best following describes this circumstance? Forced weapon encoding Weapon present effect Crime attention effect Weapon focus effect

Weapon focus effect

The police are questioning Stuart and they tell him that they have a witness who saw him outside the victim's apartment. This is not true; they have no such witness. Are the police allowed to use a trick like this when they are trying to get a confession? Yes, it is legal for police to consider evidence ploys in eliciting confessions. No, it is illegal for the police to use evidence ploys during interrogation. Yes, the police are allowed to lie to get the confession they want from Stuart without making him aware of his rights and using coercion. No, interrogators can't use lies but can trick Stuart into confession through other harsh methods.

Yes, it is legal for police to consider evidence ploys in eliciting confessions.

Jury nullification refers to excluding certain persons from a jury because of their personal beliefs. choosing a bench trial (or trial by judge) over a jury trial. commonsense justice in which a jury refuses to convict a defendant who is legally guilty of the crime charged. None of these are correct.

commonsense justice in which a jury refuses to convict a defendant who is legally guilty of the crime charged.

Jurors should decide liability on the basis of defendant's ________. intent conduct guilt neglect

conduct

Researchers who have conducted field studies of the effects of naturally occurring publicity have found that those exposed to pre-trial publicity have more knowledge about the event. are more likely to be confused about the case. are more knowledgeable of other jurors' perspective. All of these are correct.

have more knowledge about the event.

Question 59 1 / 1 pts The story model refers to ____. how jurors construct a story regarding the case in question the stories jurors provide during voir dire how prior record evidence contributes to a juror's story of the events in dispute a juror's defensive attribution

how jurors construct a story regarding the case in question

In Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the Supreme Court held that persons with _________________ are exempted from the death penalty. severe mental illness intellectually disability traumatic brain injury None of these are correct.

intellectually disability

The Bill of Rights is a part of the Declaration of Independence. is a collection of Supreme Court decisions dealing with 13 individual rights. is the term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. is Amendments 1-10 plus Amendment 14 to the U.S. Constitution.

is the term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

During the jury selection process, the attorneys have a specific predetermined number of challenges for cause. peremptory challenges. voir dire challenges. questions they can ask the prospective jurors.

peremptory challenges

In Ake v. Oklahoma (1985), the Supreme Court ruled that _____________. all are entitled to a speedy trial poor defendants who plead insanity are entitled to psychiatric assistance at state expense the guilty but insane plea is to be allowed in federal court the burden of proof in insanity cases is on the prosecution

poor defendants who plead insanity are entitled to psychiatric assistance at state expense

Which of the following is not included in the definition of the M'Naghten rule? Not knowing the difference between right and wrong Suffering from a disease of the mind Possession of evil spirits Suffering from a defect of reason

possession of evil spirits

Available research suggests that the majority of defendants found not guilty by reason of insanity have been diagnosed with __________. bipolar disorder major depression intellectual disability psychosis

psychosis

One reason the courts ruled that juries should be more representative of the population is that verdicts will be more likely to be accepted by the judge. prosecution. defense. public.

public

The Supreme Court has held that it is forbidden to exercise peremptory challenges solely on the basis of a juror's race and gender. gender and religion. religion only. Only A and C

race and gender

ForsterLee and Horowitz (2003) found that mock jurors who received instructions at the beginning of the trial ________________rather than after the trial. reported greater satisfaction with their trial experiences reported less satisfaction with their trial experiences recalled and used more of the evidence recalled and used less of the evidence

recalled and used more of the evidence

Implicit personality theories sometimes lead to a reliance on ________________ in the selection of jurors. stereotypes social psychological evidence specific personality traits None of these are correct.

stereotypes

Intelligence tests tend to correlate _________________ with the performance of police recruits in the police academy; intelligence tests tend to correlate _____________ with actual police performance in the field. strongly; strongly weakly; weakly strongly; weakly weakly; strongly

strongly; weakly

A victim-precipitated death that occurs when the police are forced to kill a hostage taker is commonly referred to as entrapment. Correct! suicide by cop. negligent homicide. None of these are correct.

suicide by cop

Exculpatory evidence is evidence that tends to show the defendant to be not guilty as charged. that tends to show the defendant to be guilty as charged. that the defense must hand over to the prosecution before the trial begins. None of these are correct

that tends to show the defendant to be not guilty as charged.

Which of the following is not identified as a type of hostage situation? The hostage taker is a terrorist with political motivations. The hostage taker wants money. The hostage taker has a mental disorder. The hostage taker, caught in the act of a crime, uses the hostages to bargain for freedom.

the hostage taker wants money

Meta-analyses of 53 studies showed that the longer the retention interval, the less memory loss for previously-seen faces. the more memory loss for previously-seen faces. the less memory loss for newly-seen faces. There is no change in memory for previously-seen faces.

the more memory loss for previously-seen faces.

In Coy v. Iowa (1988) the Supreme Court overturned Coy's conviction because the one-way screen placed in front of him caused the jury to presume he was guilty. the one-way screen placed in front of him deprived him of his opportunity to confront his accusers. the one-way screen placed in front of him did not allow him his right of cross-examination. All of these are correct.

the one-way screen placed in front of him deprived him of his opportunity to confront his accusers.

Bob was attacked by a drunken man with a knife. It is possible that the presence of this weapon affected Bob's memory of the perpetrator's face and what he did. what the perpetrator said and had in another hand. the perpetrator's face and what he said. the perpetrator's face only.

the perpetrator's face and what he said.

During the preliminary hearing the defendant is required by law to testify. the defense attorney is required to present his or her case to the judge. the jury is selected. the prosecuting attorney presents evidence against the defendant.

the prosecuting attorney presents evidence against the defendant.

When determining verdicts in civil trials, jurors place considerable weight on ________________. a plaintiff's appearance pretrial publicity the severity of the plaintiff's injury the plaintiff's background

the severity of the plaintiff's injury

In Maryland v. Craig (1990), the court upheld a Maryland law permitting hearsay testimony from a child witness. placement of a one-way screen in front of the accused. use of a one-way closed-circuit television to present a child's testimony. use of the cognitive interview when questioning children.

use of a one-way closed-circuit television to present a child's testimony.

According to Kalven and Zeisel's (1966) liberation hypothesis, jurors are most likely to consider extralegal evidence when the prosecution's evidence is strong. weak. unusual. unexpected.

weak

According to Kalven and Zeisel (1966), in criminal cases, juries ___________________ than judges, who convicted defendants in _________ of cases while juries convicted them in ________ of cases. were less lenient; 83.3%; 64.2% were more lenient; 64.2%; 83.3% were more lenient; 24.6%; 64.2% were less lenient; 64.2%; 24.6%

were more lenient; 64.2%; 83.3%