Lifespan Development CH 4

Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers.

multiple

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as

personality

In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as _______ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as _______ emotions

positive, negative

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.

reciprocal

Which terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? (Choose every correct answer.)

reciprocal and synchronous

An important form of reciprocal socialization is _______ , in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.

scaffolding

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?

self-conscious

In which category did Chess and Thomas place children who are somewhat negative and exhibit a low activity level and low mood intensity?

slow to warm up

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal

socialization

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______.

temperament

______ is the term used to describe individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding.

temperament

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as

transactional

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

true

About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care.

2 million

In general, infant fear first emerges at ________ months and peaks at about _______ months

6, 18

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?

7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

Which statement is true of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age.

Which statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Choose every correct answer.)

It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

Bowlby's phases

P1: attachment to human figures P2: attachment focused on one human figure P3: specific attachments develop P4: becomes aware of feelings, goals, plans

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

Positive or negative

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months? (Choose every correct answer.)

abuse and neglect

the term stranger ________ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

Which types of behavior represent an infant's biological tendency to elicit attachment behavior from caregivers? (Choose every correct answer.)

cooing, clinging, following

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of _____ diversity on emotional development

cultural

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ______ child

difficult

More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults

don't receive paid leave

According to Chess and Thomas' classification, a child who generally adapts well to new experiences and exhibits a positive mood is classified as a(n) _____ child

easy

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ___________child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ______ child

easy

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an

emotion

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their wellbeing is known as a/an

emotion

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

emotions

________ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

emotions

True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.

f

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

face to face

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

goodness of fit

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?

goodness of fit influences cultural influences

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to ______ with her parents

interact

Which statement is true about cultural influences on emotional development?

East Asian parents are more likely to encourage emotional reserve in their children.

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.