Psychology Chapter 12, 15, 16

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?

How you think determines how you feel.

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

Which of the following is a set of symptoms or behaviors that you might see in a person diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing a(n) ________ episode.

manic

Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except________.

manic episodes

Those symptoms that involve noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives in those afflicted with schizophrenia are called ________ symptoms.

negative

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

overgeneralization

The amount of time a client spends in psychotherapy is determined by the client's needs as well as his or her ________.

personal goals

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

play therapy

Dr. Kaplan is working with a Japanese-American client, and regards the client's silence as an indication that he is not happy to be in therapy. He fails to consider that his client has learned that authority figures should be shown deference and that his silence is a sign of respect. Dr. Kaplan is demonstrating ________.

poor cultural competence

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of ________.

reciprocity

What is a main feature of the jigsaw classroom?

students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different ability sets

The ________ perspective of psychological disorders attributed symptoms of such ailments to forces that were beyond scientific understanding, such as black magic or evil spirits.

supernatural

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

unconditional positive regard

A psychological disorder is a ____.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Christine and Susan have been together for 3 years and are thinking about getting married. Lately all they seem to do is fight, as they have trouble communicating over the slightest issue. Both are unhappy and are each thinking that they may need to call off the wedding. They go to see a(n) ________ therapist who might help them work through these communication issues and to help them build collaborative problem-solving strategies.

couples

Anti-anxiety agents work by ________.

depressing central nervous system activity

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ____.

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill?

psychiatric hospitals

Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________.

that applies to women who experience major depressive symptoms during or in the four weeks after a pregnancy.

What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?

thoughts affect actions

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.

Dispositionism

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?

Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

Which statement about groupthink is correct?

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

Group polarization

Addiction is often viewed as a(n) ________ disease that can rewire the sufferer's brain.

chronic

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her distorted ways of thinking and self-defeating actions by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Roscoe suffers from cocaine use disorder as well as bipolar disorder. The fact that he has two psychiatric diagnoses at once would make his a ________ situation.

comorbid

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around, it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ____.

diffusion of responsibility

Which pair of neurotransmitters has received the most attention as a potential explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia?

dopamine and serotonin

Dr. Xavier encourages his client to relax and say whatever comes to mind at the moment. Dr. Xavier is using ________ to treat his client.

free association

A particular benefit of ________ therapy is the possibility of decreasing a client's sense of shame and isolation about the problem they face, while also letting them offer support to others.

group

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.

prejudice

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?

repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________.

scapegoating

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

Autism spectrum disorder is marked by all but which of the following categories of symptoms?

severe depressive symptoms

____ refers to the reduced motivation and effort when working in a group versus working alone. For example, when a group member does not pull their weight when working on a class project.

social loafing

What kind of family therapy involves the therapist guiding the therapy session and developing treatment plans for each family member's specific problem?

strategic

How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?

In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.

During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.

Intake

Kaz wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make his nails taste bad. What technique is Kaz using to stop biting his nails?

aversive conditioning

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?

confidentiality

Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but they reoccur a few months later. Once again, the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ____?

episodic

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot-in-the-door technique

Of the following substances or substance groups, which is the only one where illicit use patterns are higher in those between 12 and 17 years old than those who are 18 to 25 years of age?

inhalants

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?

involuntary

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in the development of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

orbitofrontal cortex

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring Cordelia's left arm. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing ________ disorder.

posttraumatic stress

Martha and Mikey go to meet with a psychotherapist and other parents to learn about their adult son's symptoms of schizophrenia. They spend time discussing the illness, learning to understand his challenges, and getting information about how to most effectively help him recover. This approach is called a ________ group.

psychoeducational

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during the fall and winter months when she gets less direct exposure to sunlight What kind of depression does Alexis have?

seasonal pattern

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.

severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

Dr. Piccolo is working with a family and determines that the parents do not make rules together and often contradict each other. This leads to confusion among the children who act out because they don't understand what is expected of them in the home. She helps them to get "on the same page" with regard to each family member's place in the home and helps the parents work on their own relationship as co-parents. This is called ________ family therapy.

structural

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a hierarchy of stimuli related to her phobia. Which form of therapy is she using?

systematic desensitization

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Adderall

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?

Becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self

What is a social role?

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________.

a token economy

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

active listening

Piper is terribly afraid of a number of different situations. She doesn't like riding on public busses or subways, finds open spaces very intimidating, does not like feeling "lost in a crowd," and prefers the safe and secure feeling of her own home. If these symptoms cause disruptions in her life, Piper might be diagnosed with ________.

agoraphobia

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and worry that is accompanied by disturbances in behaviors.

anxiety

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Among older Korean Americans, approximately 14% polled felt that having a mentally ill family member would

bring shame to the family.

What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship?

the amount of contact you have with people

What is meant by the term etiology?

the cause of a disorder

In the African American community, what has been found to play a significant role as an alternate source of support to mental health services?

the church

Which of the following choices is an emphasis of humanistic approaches to psychotherapy?

the client's present and future

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________.

the fundamental attribution error

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?

1) Simon bites his mother

Research finds that when receiving treatment for a substance use problem, the treatment has to last for at least ________ month(s) before a positive outcome is likely to be achieved.

3

About _______ percent of those who seek treatment for a substance use problem tend to relapse and return to using drugs or alcohol after a period of abstinence.

40 to 60

Researchers have found that approximately _____ percent of those with dissociative identity disorder were physically and/or sexually abused in childhood, leading to the conclusion that trauma can be a cause of this disorder.

95

Which of the following is an example of hopelessness theory?

Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it—this leads her to become depressed.

In a study of several thousand women, it was found that rates of bulimia nervosa was more prevalent among _________ women when compared to non-Hispanic whites.

Hispanic and African American

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory?

People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love.

Which child is most likely to receive treatment for her or his psychological challenge?

Stavros, who suffers from ADHD

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?

avoidant personality disorder

In Medieval times, what would be the most likely form of treatment for someone suffering the symptoms of a psychological illness?

exorcism

During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence?

when the correct choice is unclear

How long does traditional psychoanalysis typically take?

years