LING 1: Phonetics and Phonology

Matrix

array that features are listed in

Bilabial

both lips (Mouth)

Four Naming Factors in Vowels

1. Height 2. Backness 3. Tenseness (not for low vowels) 4. Rounding

Stridents

= Sibilants, noisier fricatives and affricates non strident - quieter ones

Segment

Individual speech sound

Semantics

Interpretation of words and sentences

Glottis

Space between the vocal cords

Phones

Speech sounds

Linguistics

Study of how the 6,912 languages today work

Articulatory Phonetics

Study of the physiological mechanisms of speech production

Allophonic Distribution

certain elements are predictable under certain phonemic conditions

Natural Classes

classes of sounds that share a feature or features and pattern together in sound systems

Syllable

combined segments, consists of a syllabic element and preceding and following segments associated with it

Phonetic Representation

consists of predictable variants or allophones

Phonemic Representation

consists of the phonemes to which allophones belong

Major Class Features

consonantal, syllabic or sonorant

Fricatives

consonants produces with continuous airflow through the mouth, part of a class called continuants (also includes vowels and glides) (Van, THin)

Closed Syllable

syllable with a coda

Open Syllable

syllable without a coda

Dental

tongue against teeth (Dire)

Interdental

tongue between teeth (THis)

Mid Vowels

tongue is neither raised nor lowered

Alveopalatal

tongue to palette (meaSure)

Alveolar

tongue to ridge (Neck)

Uvular

tongue touching uvula (hanging thing in throat) (french r)

Velar

tongue touching velum (soft palette) (hanG)

Minimal Pair

two forms with distinct meaning that differ by only one segment in the same position - established by sound not spelling

Complementary Distribution

two sounds always occur in different environments and never in the same one

Suprasegmental Units

units above the segment i.e. syllables because they organize segments

Liquids

variants of the consonants l and r

Laterals

varieties of l, generally voiced - unvoiced l's receive diacritic [little circle below letter] (cLear)

Voiced

vocal cords are brought together so passing air vibrates them to create voiced sounds v, z

Laryngeal States

voiced or not

Simple Vowels/Monophthongs

vowels that do not show a noticeable change in quality during their articulation (pIt, sEt, cAt)

Diphthongs

vowels that exhibit a change in quality within a single syllable, usually as the tongue moves towards a glide. if extreme it is a major diphthong (bUY, bOY, nOW) vs a minor diphthong (plAY, gO)

Sonorant

vowels, glides, liquids and nasals, singable

Allophones

when 2 or more segments are phonetically distinct but phonologically the same of one phoneme

Distinctive Feature

when a feature is the source of phonemic contrasts in a language

Flap R

where tongue strikes alveolar ridge (bitTER) transcribed as [r]

Phonemic Transcription

word transcribed using only phonemes /plaw/

Phonetic Transcription

word transcribed using the allophones of each phoneme [pl(with circle under it)aw], gives more phonetic info

Glottal

(heave)

Three Naming Factors in Consonants

1. Voice 2. Place of Articulation 3. Manner of Articulation

Order of Syllable Formation

1. nucleus-formation 2. onset-formation 3. coda-formation

Linguistic Competence

Ability to produce and understand an unlimited number of utterances as well as recognize what is not acceptable and doesn't belong in a given language

Phonetics

Articulation and perception of speech sounds

International Phonetic Alphabet

Best known system for transcribing speech sounds

Broad v. Narrow Transcription

Broad uses the same symbol to represent more 2 sounds. The more elaborate the set of symbols and diacritics the narrower the transcription is

Is Linguistics descriptive or prescriptive?

Descriptive: it is the study of observing language not determining what is "correct" or "wrong" and fixing it

5 places air flows through to create speech

Lungs -> Larynx (vocal folds/cords) -> Pharynx -> Oral cavity -> Nasal cavity

Acoustic Phonetics

Measuring and analyzing the physical properties of the sound waves produced with speech

Grammar

Mental systems that allow humans to interpret sounds

Phonology

Patterning of speech sounds

Reduced Vowel

Schwa (mid central unrounded, upside down e), lax and brief

Syntax

Sentence formation

Voiceless

Vocal cords are pulled apart so air passes through the glottis with minimal interference -> no vibration f, s

Tense Vowels

Vowels produced with a placement of the tongue that results in greater vocal tract constriction, also longer than lax vowels (bEEt)

3 sound classes

Vowels, Consonants and Glides

Morphology

Word formation

Systematic Gaps

exclusion of certain sequences because they are unacceptable to native speakers

Aspiration

lag or brief delay after stops beforea following vowel - transcribed by [^h] - stops are either aspirated or unaspirated pill v spill v bill

Labiodentals

lip and teeth (Fire)

Syllabic Liquids and Nasals

liquids and nasals are sonorous enough to sometimes act as syllabic nuclei (bottle)

Pharyngeal

modifying airflow by contracting tongue (often in arabic)

Free Variation

no difference in meaning an final consonants are phonetically similar, in other words even though they are phonetically distinct they don't change the definition

Accidental Gaps

non-occurring but possible (according to phonotactics) forms in a language

3 Main Parts of a Syllable

onset (O) rhyme (R): nucleus (N) and coda (Co)

Near-Minimal Pairs

pairs in nearly identical environments auTHor v eiTHer

Environment

phonetic context of a sound

Manners of Articulation

positioning of lips, tongue, velum and glotis to produce different sound types

Retroflex R

r used in US and Canada, transcribed as [upside down and backwards r] (caR)

Lax Vowels

roughly the same tongue position as tense vowels but with a less constricted articulation - applis to high and mid vowels only (bIt)

Contrast

segments contrast when their presence alone results in a change of meaning [s] and [z] in sip and zip

Phonemes

segments that contrast belong to different phonemes, represented by / /

Phonotactics

set of constraints on how sequences of segments pattern

Feature

smaller structural unit of a segment

Affricates

stop + fricative non-continuant consonants that show a slow release of the closure after a stop (CHurch)

Unreleased Stops

stops that are not released transcribed as [top right corner of square? like two sides of a triangle type thing]

Obstruents

stops, fricatives and affricates