ling past quizzesThe aim of the study of linguistics is best described as:

In the word "densify," what does the segment "-ify" represent?

"-ify" is a derivational morpheme and its insertion results in the formation of verbs.

The innateness hypothesis is most strongly supported by: . Poverty of the stimulus

. Poverty of the stimulus

Consider the first two lines in Beyoncé's song Texas Hold 'EmLinks to an external site. This ain't Texas / ain't no Hold 'Em They show evidence that... a. negative concord is incorrect English. b. Beyoncé uses ungrammatical structures as a poetic device. c. the verb be in African American Vernacular English is deleted where the verb be is contracted in Standard North American English. d. certain varieties of English exhibit both Negative Inversion and Negative Concord.

. certain varieties of English exhibit both Negative Inversion and Negative Concord.

Select the answer that best describes the characteristic features of Wernicke's aphasia.

.The semantic meaning of their utterance does not make sense. They produce some fake words. Their speech is generally fluent and their syntax is intact.

Which of the following statements best justifies the claim that children do not depend on direct instruction in acquiring their native language? a. There are cultures where adults do not typically direct speech to children, but the children fully acquire the language anyway. b. Children produce grammatical sentences even in the case they never heard them before.

A and B

what holds true for all languages

A dialect is a speech form that may be restricted to speakers from a certain geographical area. A dialect is a speech form that may be shared by members of the same socio-economic class. The most educated and least educated native speakers of a language all speak some dialect.

Based on the reading, which of the following best describes Acquired Dyslexia?

Acquired Dyslexia is defined as a disorder that causes disrupted reading ability due to brain damage to the left hemisphere.

Infants begin to "babble" at:

Around 6 months

Why do we think that Universal Grammar plays a central role in first language acquisition? a. The Abundance of the Stimulus proves that. b. The rapidity of acquisition and the depth of grammatical knowledge attained c. Similar stages of language acquisition for both spoken and signed languages

B and C

Why is it significant that there are particular kinds of grammatical errors that children do not make? a. This provides support for the idea that children acquire language through very explicit instruction. b. It suggests that language acquisition is guided by an innate mechanism. c. This is evidence that even very young children have grammars, although those grammars may be different than the adult grammar.

B and C

Why would we not want to say that reinforcement/correction plays a major role in first language acquisition? a. Children tend not to create grammatical sentences, giving parents no opportunity for reinforcement. b. Adults do not systematically correct children if they say something ungrammatical. c. Adults often provide positive feedback, regardless of whether the child's utterance is grammatical or ungrammatical.

B and C

Consider the following sentence and the phrase structure tree that would be used to represent it: The astronaut danced on the moon. A Ling 1 student runs constituency tests on this sentence and reaches some conclusions. Which are correct? a. There is one VP in this sentence. b. "danced on the moon" is not a constituent. c. The NP "the astronaut" is sister to a VP. d. The string "on the moon" is a constituent.

C and D are correct.

Comparing the cases of Genie and Chelsea, which one is more likely a better candidate to test the Critical Period Hypothesis for Language? Genie is better. The abuse provides us a clearer picture of what can be attained linguistically under such extreme circumstances. Genie is better. Dichotic listening tests show that her language is right-lateralized. The Critical Period Hypothesis predicts this to be the case. Genie is better. She did not receive explicit language training, unlike Chelsea. Chelsea is better because her first linguistic input preceded the onset of puberty. Her level of attainment is a direct test of the Critical Period Hypothesis. Chelsea is better because she was given explicit language training, unlike Genie. Therefore we know exactly how much progress she made. Chelsea is better. She was brought up in a non-abusive environment so we know that psychological factors do not play a role.

Chelsea is better. She was brought up in a non-abusive environment so we know that psychological factors do not play a role.

Select the true statement about first language acquisition. Children learn their native tongue by memorizing sentences. Children learn their native tongue by memorizing phrase structure rules that they are taught. Children automatically extract rules of grammar from their linguistic environment and use this information to create their own grammar.

Children automatically extract rules of grammar from their linguistic environment and use this information to create their own grammar.

In the video, the narrator says, "Uptalk is simply the sound of your voice going up at the end of a sentence or a thought, instead of down." Is this a descriptive or prescriptive statement? Choose the most correct answer.

Descriptive - he is providing a basic explanation on what "uptalk" is based on its usage by the speakers.

Does the case of Genie provide evidence for or against the existence of a critical period for language? .

For. Genie began receiving language input only at puberty near the end of the critical period. She has not been able to acquire English to native-like levels

Which of the following is not a contributing factor to language death? Language policy (e.g., a government declaring an official language) Grammatical complexity inhibiting proper acquisition during the critical period Younger generations adopting the dominant/hegemonic language(s) Stigmatization of non-dominant language use Cultural identity attrition

Grammatical complexity inhibiting proper acquisition during the critical period

According to the Philadelphia Inquirer article, the utterance "Don't nobody go over there!" can be interpreted in two ways. Which ones?

Imperative "Nobody must/should go over there!" as well as declarative/observational "Nobody goes over there."

Consider an 11 year old student; let's call her 'Yvonne'. Yvonne succeeds and even excels in sports and subjects as diverse as history and math. Yvonne also loves biology and enjoys drawing and classifying birds and butterflies she encounters. In one of her classes, someone heard Yvonne saying utterances like "We has many books," "Her like dogs," and "You like cat?" What do these facts suggest about Yvonne?

It's likely that Yvonne has Specific Language Impairment. Her visual/spatial abilities show no problems and her IQ seems to be in the typical range. Yet, Yvonne has problems with grammar.

in the video in module 3, Joe's case study tells us what?

Joe can name items that are presented in his right visual field, because an item in the right visual field will be processed in the left hemisphere.

Is Joe able to describe objects that appear in his left visual field?

Joe cannot name items in his left visual field, because given the contralateral nature of brain function, stimuli in the left visual field are processed in the right hemisphere.

This week you learned about the Wada Test. What does this test tell us?

Language is lateralized to the left hemisphere.

Speakers can produce an infinite set of utterances from a finite set of lexical items and grammatical rules. This is called:

Linguistic Creativity

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a creole? Native speakers No bi-/multi-lingual speakers of the creole and the sub-/super-/ad-strate languages Complex grammar Grammatical and/or lexical characteristics adopted from 2 or more languages via contact

No bi-/multi-lingual speakers of the creole and the sub-/super-/ad-strate languages

Consider the sentence (1) and then answer the question below. (1) Last week made Mary a cake for Jon. (intended meaning: 'Last week Mary made a cake for Jon'.) Would this sentence be a correct sentence of English according to a descriptive grammarian? Choose the most correct answer.

No. A descriptive grammarian would flag this sentence to be incorrect, since native speakers of English would reject this sentence as an "incorrect" (or ungrammatical) sentence of English.

You see that the Oxford English Dictionary has added several new verbs since 2018. Should this be surprising?

No. Verbs are an open category. Therefore, finding new verbs created since 2018 is not surprising.

which answer most accurately characterizes the McGurk Effect?

Our perception of speech is not necessarily just based on sounds, but also visuals.

In this video at some point "uptalkers" are advised to "make sentences a little bit shorter" and make sure to "come down at the end". Which approach to speech and language does this specific advice reflect? Choose the most correct answer.

Prescriptivism: The narrator suggests how language should / must be spoken.

What did you learn this week about the neurolinguistic processing of signed languages?

Signed languages activate Wernicke's Area and Broca's Area, just as spoken ones do.

how can singlish be described

Singlish can be described as a non-standard variety of English and non-standard varieties of a given language can exhibit grammatical phenomena that are not attested in the standard variety.

English disallows word-initial sequences like /zdr/; however, Slavic languages do not exhibit this constraint. This suggests that:

Speakers of different languages have specific, unconscious rules about how sounds are organized in that language.

First language acquisition involves something linguists have dubbed the "logical problem". Which of the following best explains that problem? It is difficult to understand children when they begin to acquire language. The problem is how they end up being comprehensible adult native speakers. The speed and depth of first language acquisition make it incompatible with the rate of development in other cognitive domains like vision and hearing. Children are strongly resistant to grammatical correction from adults. Thus, it is not clear how they end up acquiring the language. Children are born ready to acquire any human language. However, they typically only acquire the one(s) in their environment. The kinds of input that a child receives does not seem commensurate with the grammatical knowledge that native speakers possess.

The kinds of input that a child receives does not seem commensurate with the grammatical knowledge that native speakers possess.

We have seen data in this course from both Singlish and Standard North American English (SNAE). Which of the following statements is/are true?

The meaning associated with reduplication in Singlish varies according to the part of speech of the reduplicated item. In Standard North American English, "contrastive focus" reduplication cannot apply to nouns.

Patient Y is seeing a speech therapist. The specialist gives Patient Y a basket, which Patient Y describes as follows: "It is a sort of container; it is usually used to hold things or carry objects. I'd say it's typically made from interwoven strips of cane or even wire. I have one of those at home and it's orange. But I can't recall what they call it." What diagnosis is likely, given what you have learned this week?

The patient has Anomia because they have difficulties naming objects, but the syntax is fine.

A dichotic listening experiment is conducted on your friend with standard lateralization. He hears "be" is in the right ear and "tee" in the left ear. Which do we assume he will have heard?

The patient will report hearing "be".

What—if any—is the connection between the meaning of a word and the way it is pronounced

The relation is arbirtary: the same objects are called different names in different languages

Select the accurate statement about [s], [z], and [ɪz] in English plurals.

Their appearance is predictable; they are allomorphs of the same single morpheme because they all express the value "plural" .

Choose the best answer describing the relationship between language and intelligence.

There is no inherent link between language and intelligence.

Your roommate has been struggling with a data set. He tells you "I've been trying for hours and I think I've come up with a syntastic analysis—I mean syntactic analysis. Sorry, I'm exhausted." How would we characterize this error?

This is an issue of linguistic performance: Your friend knows English grammar and recognizes that she has made a speech error.

What statement is correct about the possible structural ambiguity of the following sentence: The kittens are tickling the unicorn with a wand. This sentence shows no structural ambiguity. This sentence does show structural ambiguity and that is due to the structure of the DP "the kittens". This sentence does show structural ambiguity and that is due to the height/structural position of the PP.

This sentence does show structural ambiguity and that is due to the height/structural position of the PP.

The aim of the study of linguistics is best described as:

To study human language from a scientific perspective.

Watch The Linguists from this week's module before answering. Which of the following is not a reason that linguists carry out fieldwork?

To teach linguistic communities the correct way to speak their language.

Speech Therapist: "Were you checking your weather app?"Patient X: "I hate my habits low and hands for they weather. I would happy and triple umbrella. Also talking with her and his thinking." This patient most likely has what type of aphasia?

Wernicke's aphasia

Select the true statement about SNAE and CE.

Where SNAE has a word-final [r], this [r] is not pronounced in CE.

This week you learned about Williams Syndrome. What does this tell us about language and the brain?

Williams Syndrome shows that there is a dissociation between language and other cognitive abilities, as people with Williams Syndrome generally have good language skills despite a low IQ.

Languages allow their speakers to able to produce and comprehend novel words, such as Googleable; however, other novel words like fallable seem uninterpretable. This tells us what about morphology?

Words can be created by combining individual morphemes, but this is constrained by the rules of the language.

Is Yvonne's case useful for proving the lack of relationship between language ability and general intelligence?

Yes, because Yvonne has intelligence within the typical range for her age but impaired language abilities.

Consider the following utterances by a 20-month-old child. [waɪt] 'light' [sʌk] 'sock' [gis] 'geese' [ʃip] 'sheep' [pɛk] 'pig' [tis] 'cheese' [bis] 'bees' [bɪp] 'bib' [kɪt] 'kid' Does this data provide evidence that children have phonological rules?

Yes. For this child, word final voiced fricatives and stops become voiceless.

Does independent evidence exist for the division of morphemes into the `lexical' and `functional' categories?

Yes. Independent evidence comes from both Specific Language Impairment as well as Broca's Aphasia. These conditions do not affect lexical morphemes, while they involve the processing of the functional morphemes.

Broxton transcription

[brakstɪn]

Doheny transcription

[dohɛni]

The word `lawyer' (time: 01:42) is pronounced by the speaker as:

[lɔjə]

Tujunga transcription

[təhuŋgə]

Which of the following statements are true about the following sentence? The postman gave a postcard to my neighbor.

a. The constituent "a postcard" can be clefted.

Which of the following linguistic features can be borrowed? Words Sounds Affixes Syntactic Constructions All of the above

all of the above

After pointing their toy, a child says: "Gigi breaked that!". Which of the following is likely true?

b. The child currently has a grammar that simply does not match the adult grammar.

Consider the following sentence: Julia baked a cake for Pedro on Friday. What are some of the conclusions that the student should reach about the constituency of this sentence based only on the "do-so" substitution test results? a. "baked a cake" is a constituent. b. "for Pedro on Friday" is a constituent. c. "Julia baked a cake" is a constituent. d. "baked a cake for Pedro" is a constituent. e. The results would support both (a) and (d).

e. The results would support both (a) and (d).

Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization?

foots

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a pidgin? Restricted semantic scope of vocabulary items (e.g., few or no terms for abstract concepts) Simplified grammar Native speakers

native speakers

When children first produce multi-word utterances, they use unbound functional morphemes (i.e. function words like the, on, they, us, etc.) inconsistently. Many of their utterances consist only of open-class or content words. For example, they might utter something like 'Dog stand up table" which can be interpreted as "The dog is standing up on the table". What is this period of development called?

telegraphic stage

Why can he exclusively read words and name items that appear in his right visual field?

the stimulus presented to the right visual field will be processed in the left hemisphere.

Studies of the acquisition of American Sign Language suggest that...

theres a critical period