Linguistics Fill-in-the-blanks -> +some short answer Q's, only a few words

According to Ethnologue, there are roughly ___ languages in the world.

7,000

'So' and 'sew' are examples of... a. homophones b. synonyms c. homographs d. hyponyms

A

Are any of the following assertions true from a linguistic point of view? a. Standard American English is a dialect. b. Standard American English is more logical, eloquent, and better than other varieties. c. Dialects other than SAE are ungrammatical. d. Linguistic homogeneity is possible.

A

Which one of the following is NOT a bilabial sound? a. [f] b. [b] c. [m] d. [p]

A

Factors affecting second language acquisition:

Age, affect, learning style, learning strategies

___: A word's meaning assumes a positive connotation over time.

Amelioration

Name the 3 tribes from Northern Europe who are responsible for bringing these dialects to England.

Anglos, Saxons, Jutes

_____ is the phonological process in which one sound becomes more like an adjacent sound. This process explains the different pronunciations of the plural -s on 'bits' and 'bids.'

Assimilation

The suffix 'er' added to an adjective is called the... a. superlative b. comparative c. possessive d. participle

B

Which word corresponds to the following transcription: /liv/ a. live b. leave c. leaf d. lift

B

____ located in the lower rear portion of the left frontal lobe, it is associated with motor control of speech.

Broca's Area

Language is best defined as ____. a. a principled study b. the study of language used to communicate c. a conventional system of signs that allows for creative communication of meaning d. the study of sound

C

What type of rule is a description of how language is spoken and written? a. prescriptive rule b. communicative rule c. grammar rule d. descriptive rules

D

The vowels in 'buy,' 'bough,' and 'boy' are all _____.

Diphthongs

____: A word with negative connotations used in place of a neutral term.

Dysphemism

____: A word with mild connotations replaces a word that may be considered too harsh.

Euphemism

What are these two sentences an example of?: Do you have a 'solve' for the problem? What is the 'ask'?

Functional Shift

___: A word's meaning broadens.

Generalization

English has it's roots in ___ dialects brought to England in the ___ century.

German, 5th

____: The system underpinning word formation and word order in a language.

Grammar

After ____ developed the printing press in the 15th century, languages began to stabilize.

Gutenburg

Transformations: He attended the college his father attended.

He attended the college that his father attended.

___ is a proto-language. It is the hypothesized original language that served as the source for many languages in India and ___.

Indo-European, Europe

A ___ is a person who writes or edits dictionaries.

Lexicographer

____ is the study of language as a ___.

Linguistics, system

Adverbs

Modify the verb, or can modify an adjective, or another adverb.

____ is the study of word structure.

Morphology

Is the following sentence in passive voice? I have been sitting on the couch all day.

No

Is the following sentence in passive voice? There are thirty students in this class.

No

____ authored the first dictionary in the United States.

Noah Webster

What are the four open-class lexical categories?

Noun, Verb, Adj, Adverb

___: A word's meaning assumes a negative connotation over time.

Pejoration

___ employs personal pronouns.

Personal deixis

A _____ is the smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit.

Phoneme

_____ is the study of speech sounds regardless of any sound system

Phonetics

____ is the study of speech sounds within a sound system.

Phonology

____ refers to the rate of vibration of the vocal cords.

Pitch

____ is the capacity of language to embed an infinite number of elements into grammatical structures (as in the story The House That Jack Built).

Recursion

____ authored the most influential dictionary of the 18th century.

Samuel Johnson

____ employs demonstrative pronouns.

Spatial deixis

____ is the study of sentence structure (how words combine systematically to form meaningful strings).

Syntax

___ employs adverbs of time.

Temporal deixis

Name 4 of the closed-class categories.

The 4 easiest ones: Prep, conj, pronoun, det

Transformations: They are the colleagues I depend on.

They are the colleagues whom I depend on.

Transformations: The document was written by Thomas Jefferson.

Thomas Jefferson wrote the document.

____: Accepted or approved practice.

Usage

Transformations: We did not go.

We went.

___ located in the rear portion of the left hemisphere, at the temporal lobe, it is important for language comprehension and speech.

Wernicke's Area

Is the following sentence in passive voice? Schedules are distributed on the first day of each month.

Yes

Is the following sentence in passive voice? The elevator in L&L is being repaired.

Yes

Is the following sentence in passive voice? The poem was written in 1604.

Yes

Transformations: Where are you going?

You are going where.

Transformations: Did you eat something garlicky?

You ate something garlicky.

The term ___ refers specifically to pronunciation.

accent

SURC, UNESCO, ISIS, and NATO are all examples of ____.

acronym

Name the lexical category and inflectional information for the following morpheme: high'er'

adjective comparative

Name the lexical category and inflectional information for the following morpheme: eas'iest'

adjective superlative

Temporal diexis employs ___

adverbs of time

The [p] in spot and the [p^h] in 'pot' are _____.

allophones

Children start __ at seven or eight months (sometimes as early as six months).

babbling

People who speak two dialects are called ___.

bidialectal

flexitarian, malware, infotainment are all examples of ____.

blend

A ___ is a syntactic unit having both a subject (NP) and a predicate (VP).

clause

exec, info, rep, phone are all examples of ___.

clipping

___ is the most productive way to make new words.

combining morphemes

Noam Chomsky made the distinction between linguistic ___ and linguistic ___.

competence, performance

Spatial deixis employs ___.

demonstrative pronouns

A ___ is a variety of a language used by a particular social group.

dialect

___ is the use of nonstandard spelling to capture a person's dialect.

eye dialect

Language in the Brain: ___: planning, prediction, speech

frontal lobe

DNA, PDF, HTML, IBM are all examples of ____.

initialism

____ refers to pitch variations that affect the meaning of a sentence.

intonation

___ is a conventional system of signs that allows for the creative communication of ____.

language, meaning

___ are classes of words that share similar features and that take similar places in word strings. Traditionally, they are called ___.

lexical categories, parts of speech

____ is the branch of semantics dealing with word meaning.

lexical semantics

Semantics is the study of ___ in a language.

meaning

A ___ is a change in a phonological system that occurs when two or more phonemes collapse into one, thereby reducing the number of phonemes in that language.

merger

A/An _____ is the smallest meaningful unit in the language.

morpheme

Generally, dialects are ___.

mutually comprehensible.

Name the 2 types of methodology used to study first language acquisition: ___.

naturalistic approach, experimental studies

Name the lexical category and inflectional information for the following morpheme: computer's'

noun plural

Name the lexical category and inflectional information for the following morpheme: editor' 's '

noun possessive

Language in the Brain: ___: visual processing

occipital lobe

At around 18, children begin to produce strings of words. These strings include primarily ___ words (nouns, verbs, adj, and adv), but they do not always include all the parts of a complete sentence.

open class

____ occurs when a child's use of a word goes beyond an adult's concept.

overextension

Language in the Brain: ___: reading ability, sensation

parietal lobe

Personal deixis employs ___.

personal pronouns

Sometimes dialects are called languages for ___ reasons.

political

Lexical meaning is clearly referential, but it is also ___.

relational

When children are about a year old, they start ____.

saying their first words.

According to Ferdinand de Saussure, the relationship between the ___ and the ___ is ___.

signifier, signed, arbitrary

Linguists use ___ and ___ to understand the systematic nature of language.

specific methodologies, theoretical framework

Although there is variation in acquisition order, infants aged 11 to 12 months generally can produce 12 of the 24 consonant sounds in English: ____. (give types)

stops, nasals, glides, fricatives

Language in the Brain: ___: hearing, some memory processing

temporal lobe

What are the demonstrative pronouns?

this, that, these, those

___ occurs when a child's use of a word is more limited.

underextension

Name the lexical category and inflectional information for the following morpheme: give's'

verb 3rd person singular

Name the lexical category and inflectional information for the following morpheme: tak'en'

verb past participle

Name the lexical category and inflectional information for the following morpheme: skipp'ing'

verb progressive participle

Name the lexical category and inflectional information for the following morpheme: cook'ed'

verb simple past