Linking Simple Sugars with Glycosidic Bonds

Fructose

Known as fruit sugar, contains six carbons and a ketone group classified as ketohexose

Starch

A mixture of amylose and amylopectin (polysaccharides) and is found in plant foods

Structural Polysaccharides

Contain only beta-glucose units Two important ones are cellulose and chitin (chitin contains a modified beta-glucose unit)

Glycogen

A storage polysaccharide found in animals Is stored in the liver and muscles ITs structure is identical to amylopectin, except that alpha (1 —> 6) branching occurs about every 12 glucose units. When glucose is needed, glycogen is hydrolysis in the liver to glucose.

Blood Types Determined by Carbs

ABO blood types refer to carbohydrates on red blood cell.s These chemical markers are oligosaccharides that contain either three or four sugar units. Sugar building blocks are - D-galactose - L-fucose - N-acetylgucosamine - N-acetylgalactosamine

Polysaccharides, Proteins, DNA, and RNA

Are all made from their building blocks by condensation reactions

Monosaccharides

Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and have the general formula Cn(H2O)n, where n is a whole number 3 or greater

Disaccharides

Consist of two monosaccharide units joined together and they can be split into two monosaccharides.

Oligosaccharides

Contain anywhere from three to nine monosaccharide units

Cellulose

Contains glucose units bonded to beta (1 —> 4) This glycosidic bond configuration changes the three-dimensional shape of cellulose compared with that of amylose. The chain of glucose units is straight. This allows chains to align next to each other to form a strong rigid structure. Water insoluble, so we can't digest it (dietary fiber)

Storage Polysaccharides

Contains only alpha-glucose units Three important ones are starch, glycogen, and amylopectin

Aldohexose and Ketopentose

Differ in the number of carbon atoms and in the type of carbonyl group they contain

Alpha

Down

Condensation

Joints two molecules and yields water Link, water as product

Sucrose

Known as table sugar Most abundant natural disaccharide Found in sugar cane and sugar beets Glycosidic bond between glucose and fructose is beta (1 —> 2) Both anomeric carbons of the monosaccharides in sucrose are bonded, therefore, sucrose is not a reducing sugar.

Polysaccharides (Storage and Structural)

Large molecules of monosaccharides that are connected to each other through their anomeric carbons

Starch Structure

Long chains of amylose tend to coil

Chitin (Structural Polysaccharide)

Makes up the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans and cell walls of some fungi Made up of N-acetylglucosamine containing beta (1 —> 4) glycosidic bonds Structurally strong Used as surgical thread that biodegrade as a wound heals

Heparin (Polysaccharide)

Medically important polysaccharide because it prevents clotting in the bloodstream Highly ionic polysaccharide of repeating disaccharide units of an oxidized monosaccharide and D-glucosamine. Heparin also contains sulfate group that are negatively charged. It belongs to a group of polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans.

Aldose

Monosaccharide that contain an aldehyde group

Ketose

Monosaccharide that contains a ketone group

Pentose

Monosaccharide that contains five carbons

Tetrose

Monosaccharide that contains four carbons

Hexose

Monosaccharide that contains six carbons

Triose

Monosaccharide that contains three carbons

Hydrolysis

Reaction with water that splits molecules Break, water as reactant

Monosaccharides (Carbohydrate)

Simplest carbohydrates and they cannot be broken down to smaller carbohydrates without breaking C-C bonds.

Glucose

The most abundant monosaccharide found in nature, contains six carbons and an aldehyde group classified as an aldohexose

Glycosidic Bond

The new bond joining the building blocks by OH on anomeric carbon replaced by hydroxyl oxygen from another building block The sugar ring can no longer open up and is no longer a reducing sugar

Blood Types Compatibility

Type O blood is considered the universal donor while type AB blood is considered the universal acceptor.

Beta

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