Lymphatic System 5 A&P

MHC proteins

"Identification tags" 1. MHC-1 present on surface of bodies' cells 2. Recognized by T 3. histocompatibility antigens

What is the function of interferons

Warns neighboring cells to make anti-viral proteins to stop protein synthesis, DO NOT prevent entry 1. (alpha): virus-infected cell, attract and stimulate NK 2. (beta): fibroblasts, slow inflammation 3. (gamma): T and NK cells, stimulate macrophage activity

Immune surveillance against cancer is: (need a response that stops intracellular infected cells)

a function of cell-mediated immunity

What is a lacteal?

a lymph tubule located in the villus of the small intestine that absorbs fatty acids.

A second reaction to an allergen would stimulate

a stronger response

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following (4)

a) destruction of target cell plasma membranes. b) stimulation of inflammation. c) enhanced phagocytosis. d) histamine release.

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

adaptive (specific) immunity

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called

agglutination

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

an antibody attached to an organ

A condition in which the body attacks itself as if it were a microbe is: for example, the body forms antibodies against its own red blood cells

an auto-immune disease

Proteins specific to the antigen that stimulated their production

antibodies

Where does the thoracic duct begin?

at the cisterna chyli (L2 vertebral level)

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

Lymph nodes do all of the following except a) produce antibodies b) monitor the contents of lymph c) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph d) detect pathogens e) remove excess nutrients from the lymph

e) remove excess nutrients from the lymph

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate innate = inborn; natural

Which nonspecific defense mechanism increases the resistance of cells to viral infection and slows the spread of disease?

interferons

Antigen-detecting cells are found chiefly in the:

lymph nodes Epitopes on MHC-1 present to Tc-cells for destruction endogenously (intracellular; infected cell) *Infected APCs may present if infected Epitopes on MHC-2 present to Th-cells by Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) exogenously (extracellular; phagocytosis). APCs: Dendritic, macrophages, and B-cells)

The lymphatic system is composed of (3)

lymphatic vessels, spleen, lymph nodes

The most immediate reaction launched against a bacterial infection involves:

memory B cells

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens

produce a fever Pyrogens are secreted when gram-negative bacteria are ingested. Induce hypothalamus to synthesize prostaglandins to raise thermostatic set point.

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

remove excess nutrients from the lymph

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the

right breast; drained by the lymphatic duct

Defense of the body against particular pathogen is provided by

specific (adaptive) immunity

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

tears Also secreted in breast milk and mucous membranes

The thymus produces several complementary hormones called

thymosins. Important for functional T-cell development

Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen?

viruses

B cells are most effective against

viruses and bacteria that are circulating in the blood (outside of the intercellular space) B activate a humoral-mediated response

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it a) activates B cells. b) reaches its greatest relative size before puberty. c) involutes after puberty. d) produces T cells. e) lies in the anterior mediastinum.

A.

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except

B and T cells Includes interferons, skin, complement, and inflammation

Which lymphocytes are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

B cells, proliferate into plasma cells

First line of defense against pathogens

Hair prevents abrasion and hazardous materials from contact; stratified squamous e. (skin), MALT (mucosa-assoicated lymphoid tissue), etc. Cellular defenses: phagocytes: macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils

What is the effect of histamine release? (Module 20.12C)

Histamine increases local inflammation, increasing blood flow to the area.

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are

IgA

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

IgE

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK cells

Of the following types of cells, the type that bind to cells bearing foreign antigens and kill them directly (no prior exposure to the antigen is required) is called:

Natural Killing (NK) cells

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

Naturally acquired - passive

When surface antigens of a bacteria have combined with antibodies:

Phagocytosis increases

Function of the Thymus gland in T-cell production

Septa divide the left and right lobes into lobules. 1 lobule contains Cortex FXN regulate T-cell development and function Leave and enter Medulla (lighter central area)-> Enter medullary blood vessel OR lymphatic vessels through efferent lymphatic.

Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way?

They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.

Large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx are

Tonsils

Characteristics of Specific (Adaptive) defenses include

Versatility, tolerance, memory, specificity

Transplanted tissue may be tolerated if:

1. the tissue involves few cells or has a limited blood supply 2. lymphatic tissue is destroyed by irradiation or chemicals 3. the histocompatibility antigens of donor and recipient are very similar

During an inflammatory response

Capillary permeability and vasodilation increases caused by secretion of histamines by mast cells and basophils. S/S: erythema, edema, and heat

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except

brain Stored in thymus, lymphoid nodules, lymph node organs, and the spleen

T cells are important in

detecting cancer cells

T cells are important in:

detecting cancer cells

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis

An overreaction of the body's immune system can occur in some instances after a second exposure to a foreign antigen. Mild instances might include hay fever, a more serious reaction may produce anaphylactic shock. This is called:

hypersensitivity (type 1)

Suppressor T cells act to

inhibit T and B cell activities.

Cells that enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time are

memory cells Type 1 MHC presented by any nucleated cell to Tc Type 2 MHC by Adaptive phagocytic cells (dendritic cells on skin or fixed or free moving macrophages) to Th T-cells stimulate B-cells proliferate plama, antibody producing cells

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as

neutralization

Which type of blood cell is migratory and phagocytic, acting as a ready body defense against infection, and comprises 50% to 70% of all leukocytes?

neutrophil

The most immediate reaction launched against a bacterial infection involves:

neutrophils (phagocytes; micro-)

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization 'seasons the food'