Mammalogy final

pinnipeds

Caniform: > marine carniforms > big , thermoregulation > thick blubber > thick fur > flippers mostly only hand > countercurrent exchange for heat > homodont cheek teeth > caniform incisors > some can dive very deep > fusiform body shape > no clavicle > need the air out of the lungs so that nitrogen bubbles do not form on the way back to the surface > seals live in large groups (especially in pupping season) > delayed implantation

walrus

Caniform: > monotypic > entirely in artic seas > 2 forms : subspecies of each other > no pinnae

procyonids

Caniform: > sister group of mustelids > new world > most are tropical > arboreal groups have prehensile tails

mustelids

Caniform: > sister group to mephitidae > diverse group: weasels, minks, badger, otters, wolverines. > short limbs, long body > follow prey into holes > some forms aquatic > delayed implantation > short rostrums > flattened skull

mephitidae

Caniform: > skunks > 12 species > well developed scent glands > omnivores > mostly nocturnal > dens

red pandas

Caniform: >monotypic > eat bamboo

castoridae

Castorimorpha: _____: > 2 species of beavers > extended family groups

heteromyidae

Castorimorpha: _____: > 60 species > NA > kangaroo and pocket rats > sautorial locomotion > cheeck pouches > convergent with jumping mice

geomyidae

Castorimorpha: _____: > north american gophers > related to beavers > pocket gophers > solidary > teeth to chisel dirt > convergent with tuco tuco and mole rats >

mystcieti

Cetacea (whales): > thinner skulls > eat smaller food > have migrations > no teeth > 1 nostril

balaenopteridae

Cetacea (whales): Mysticeti: > biggest whales > humpback and blue whale. Grey Whale > rouqual - whales with pleated throats > form bubble nets and tail for prey > migrate > grey whale > spends time on floor and eats off floor

pigmy right whale

Cetacea (whales): Mysticeti: > monotypic > smallest whale

balaenidae

Cetacea (whales): Mysticeti: > right and bowhead whales > huge arch in skull > no dorsal fin > no grooves in throat > in temperate seas > only females migrate

beaked whale

Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: > 19 species > one of the most diverse > teeth on all jaws > beaks > small dorsal fin > few grooves > not notched tail > divided stomach (8-14 sections)

tooth

Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: > ____ whales > more diverse > have blunt tip "teeth" > dont make deep dives > some are entirely fresh water > monophyodont > single blow hole > echolocators > delicate inner ear

sperm whale

Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: > head is massive compared to body > teeth only on lower jaw > sexual dimorphism > blowhole at front of skull > ambergris used in the perfume industry

river dolphins

Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: > indies and ganges rivers > entirely freshwater mostly > reduced eyesight > echolcation > highly endangered > flexible > 2-3 m > can detect a little light > hunted for meat and oil > teeth on all jaws

pygmy sperm whale

Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: > monotypic > might confuse for porpus

river dolphin

Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: > yangtze river > SA > 2 monotypic families > bristled hair on snouts > eyes > not hunted > moved back into salt water

monodonts

Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: Delphioidae: > 2 species (beluga) > reduced number of teeth > very vocal (echolocation and communication) > narwhal > modified tooth > larger in males > sperate social groups per sex

Delphinidae

Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: Delphioidae: > 40 species > rapid swimming > great jumpers > highly social > very vocal > altruism (sacrifice ones wellbeing for others) > not as threatened as other whale groups > high mortality by commercial fishing > unusual forms: pilot whales

porpoises

Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: Delphioidae: > 5-6 species > artic and temperate seas > snort beak > near shores

primates

Euarchonta: ____: > diverse group > tropical and arboreal or semi- > research > habitat lost --> species concern > paleocene > most tropical

dermoptera

Euarchonta: ____: > the flying lemurs > not lemurs > glissant > single young > holds onto patagium

strepsirrhini

Euarchonta: primates: _______: >lemurs and like relatives > have eyeshine = nocturnal > smaller brain than other primates > large olfactory lobes > vomernasal organ - pheromones > bicornate uterus > long rostrum

tarsius

Euarchonta: primates: haplorrhini: > SE asia > rat like size > 180 degrees head >large eyes >

lemurs

Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > all extinct lemurs were large >

woolly lemurs

Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > big lemurs > bouncing pattern

sportive leamurs

Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > engangered > herbivores > coprophagy > "weasel leamurs"

aye ayes

Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > monotypic > no tooth comb > middle digit extremely long >

loris

Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > short rostrum > capture prey with hands > nocturnal >

galagos

Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > squirrel like primates > bush babies > "toilet claw"

lemurs

Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > true lemurs > large female dominated social groups > endangered and threatened

scandentia

Euarchontoglires: _____: > tree shrews > arboreal > bushy tails > SE asia > upper incisors are canine like > omnivores > large eyes > excellent hearing > very social

herbivory

Foraging Lifestyles: > grazers (grass) and browsers (woody) > Pros: easy to find > Cons: hard to digest > Adaptations: >> coevolution with grass >> dentition >> digestive systems >> antipredator (ie. rostrum)

Granivory

Foraging lifestyles: > grains and seeds > pros: easy to digest and lots of nutrients > cons: patchy food resource (only near plants that drop it) > adaptations: cheek pouch and caching

chinchilla rats

Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: > 10 species > high plains and mountains

tuco tuco

Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: > monotypic > like gophers > name from sound

Eretizontidae

Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: > north american porcupines > 12 species > pliocene land bridge > arboreal >

chinchilla

Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: > upland areas of mountains > threatened by CC > social units > very rare > lab animals

PACA

Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: >2 species > related to porcupines > huge chamber on zygomatic arch (rumbling sound)

agouti

Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: >9 species > rabbit like > hoard food > central and SA forest > hunted for food > scream when chased

cavies

Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: >Guinea pigs > 23 species > food in india > lab studies > form herds in wild > capybara > largest rodent > > convergent with small hippos

pacarana

Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: >monotypic > huge > herbivorous > slow > 2nd largest rodent >

degu

Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: >rock rats > males involved in parental care > sugar = dabetes

mole rats

Hystricomorpha: Phiomorpha (african rats): _____: > gopher like apperance > naked (1 member of the group) > usocial (give up reproduction for the good of colony) > fossorial > incisors of digging > lips close behind incisors > large infraorbial foramin > form digging chains > important lab animals (resistant to cancer)

Dassie rats

Hystricomorpha: Phiomorpha (african rats): _____: > monotypic > rocks > large bulla > flexible ribs > bask in sun

cane rats

Hystricomorpha: Phiomorpha (african rats): _____: > semi-aquatic > used for food

Gundi

Hystricomorpha: _____: > african rodents > mountainous > morphology like lagomorphs

hysticidae

Hystricomorpha: _____: > old world porcupine > quills for defense and communication > african and asia

Echimyidae

Hystricomorpha: _____: >spiny rodents > 78 species > nutria (myocastor) > hutias

oriental dormice

Myomorpha: ____: > 3 species > nocturnal > fruit

pouched rats

Myomorpha: ____: > africa and madagascar > endangered

splacids

Myomorpha: ____: > fossorial rodents > very converent

dipodidae

Myomorpha: ____: > jumping mice > sautorial locomotion > very convergent with kangaroo rats

mouse like hamsters

Myomorpha: ____: > middle east >

cricetidae

Myomorpha: ____: > new world mice > 680 species >

muridae

Myomorpha: ____: > old world rats and mice > 750 species > 32% of all rodents

sciuridae

Sciuromorpha: ____: > 278 species > some are hihly colonial > flying formed seperately > all have zygomatic plate

mountain beavers

Sciuromorpha: ____: > monotypic > generally terrestial > protrogomorphus condition (primitave condition)

dormice

Sciuromorpha: ____: > small semi arboreal > brushy tails > tail break off (some regenration) > harvested for food > mymorphic >

web

Trap Arrays for small mammals: • Can calculate density using distances . Less efficient

transect

Trap Arrays for small mammals: • Convenient • Cannot calculate density • Biased if transects aren't random

grid

Trap Arrays for small mammals: • Efficient • High captures • Examine movements and density • Effective trap area may be larger than grid

strategies

Trap _____: > attract animals to trap > passively capture animal > actively capture animal

meridaungulata

Ungulate: > both animals extinct (Notoungulates and litopterna) > only SA Ungulate > most went extinct when the Pliocene land bridge opened > camel like characteristics > in SA > similar to horses > browsers > hunted by smilodon and humans

Mesonychia

Ungulate: > predatory > the earliest unguligrade animal > linkage between carnivores and unguilgrade

artiodactyla

Ungulate: > prominent 3rd and 4th toe forms hoof > major economic group > also important game species

Perissodactyla

Ungulate: > rhinos, tapirs, horses > enlarges 3rd digit > simple digestive system > horses have hindgut digestion

brontotheres

Ungulate: Perissodactyla: > horns for male-male competition > early lineage > convergent with rhinos > horn was just a bony projection

chalicotheres

Ungulate: Perissodactyla: >massive animals > not fully ungulate > sloth like apperance > bony skull projections

equiidae

Ungulate: Perissodactyla: >sister group to brontotheres > horses, zebras, donkeys > arose in NA > horse are social (harems) > > zebras too > reintroduction of horses caused range damage

tapairidae

Ungulate: Perissodactyla: >sister group to chalicotheres > 4 species > weird distribution > all tropical today > short limbs > eat succulents > wet habitats and forests

rhinoceridae

Ungulate: Perissodactyla: >sister group to chalicotheres > had ancestors that were common and went extinct > prominent middle toe > digitigrade > keratin horn > low reproductive rates > super endangered due to poaching for medical beliefs

suidae

Ungulate: artiodactyla: > 18 species > bunodont > tusks prominent > digitigrade and plantigrade > 2 chambered stomach > form herds > many young per litter > cause habitat damage

ruminants

Ungulate: artiodactyla: > have a 4 chambered stomach > giraffes, deer, cattle, camels, antelope > herbivorous > chew cud > forestomach is the true stomach > takes 70 - 100 hours > extracts 60% of cellulose > upper incisors missing

hippos

Ungulate: artiodactyla: > large face with prominant tusks > 2 species > do not ruminate > 3 chambered stomach > semi-aquatic > forage on land at night > herbivores > very aggressive

camels and llama

Ungulate: artiodactyla: >fairly basal > selenodont > complex digestive system (chew cud) > unguligrade or digitigrade > camels can control their temperature (heterothermy)

entelodonts

Ungulate: artiodactyla: >grew to size of rhinos > would grab each others snouts and fight

bovidae

Ungulate: artiodactyla: Ruminantia: > antelope, bison, sheep, goats, cattle > provide meat and milk to humans > significant > horns often used for defense > canines always absent

giraffes

Ungulate: artiodactyla: Ruminantia: > closest relative to the pronghorns > 4 species > browsing > okapi > > mule like animal

musk deer

Ungulate: artiodactyla: Ruminantia: > dog like > prominant canines > omnivore > hunted for meet and skin

antiocapridae

Ungulate: artiodactyla: Ruminantia: > monotypic > some of the fastest animals on the planet

chevrotains

Ungulate: artiodactyla: Ruminantia: > mousedeer > very small >

cellulose

Ungulates adaptations for _____ digestion: > Dental adaptations for mastication of cell walls and lignified plant structures: 1.) the hypsodont (high crowned) molar, ever growing or "rootless" in some species 2.) Selenodont occlusal surface: a rasping grinding surface, highly resistant to wear > Digestive adaptations: Cecum (hindgut) and rumen (foregut)

anal glands

__ ___ used to mark territory, communicate, defense

3

__ families of seals

carnivores

___ have a diet rich in animal material.

carnassial

___ teeth are a defining trait in carnivores (not aquatic)

pakicetus

___ was the first while > were digitigrade > homodont teeth > dog size > wades in shallow streams > ears shows traits that hear underwater

philodota

____ - pangolin > have 1 family > > 8 species

browsers

____ eat primarily woody-leaves, twigs

parent

young carnivores are taught to hunt by their _____

ok

differences between land and marine caniforms

clavicale

loss of a ____ make caniform run faster.

tongue

philodota (pangolins) actually have a very stickly long ____. It is also large than their head and body. gizzard like stomach to help pulverize insects. large claws tear up termite mounds and old logs to get to insects.

carnivora

philodota (pangolins) are a sister group to

one

philodota (pangolins) have __ young and have a long gestation. They are very endangered because the scales are thought to have medicinal value. Tripod fighting posture.

odor

philodota (pangolins) spray ___ like skunks

ok

stance differences

ok

study

paternal

there is a tendency towards ___ care in caniform

sexual dimorphism

there is massive ___ ___ in carnivores. Strongest in harem situations

philodota

these skull are very convergent of the zinarthid anteaters. almost no dentary.

hippos

whales (cetacea) are most closely related to _____

ok

why whale?

baculums

carnivores have very robust ______

mouths

carnivores mostly kill prey will their _____

Amphicyonidae

Caniform: > bear-dog > plantigrade > whole carnivore

plantigrade and digitigrade

carnivores that are not marine are ___ and ____

nimravid saber-tooths

Feliform: > woodland species > used probably for effective killing

Ursidae

Caniform: > bunodont teeth > long rostrum (smell) > bears > 8 species > some entirely carnivores some almost entirely herbivorous but most are omnivores > Giant pandas have a bony projection (convergent on the 5 digits most carnivores have) > not long distance hunters > winter lethargy

otarridae

Caniform: > eared-seals > better able to move on land than other seals > highly social > males form harems > delayed implantation

rostrum

carnivores that hunt by smell have a larger ____ than the carnivores that hunt by sight

ok

interactions of Feliform with humans

felidae

Feliform: > sister of Barbourofelis > 40 species (divided to large and small cats) > everywhere but Australia and Madagascar > digitigrade > many are arboreal > capable of short bursts of speed

Herpestid mongooses

Feliform: > weasel like in form > meerkats are social (usocial) > solitary forms have acetylcholine receptors resistance to snake venom

ambulocetus

2nd on whale tree > similar to alligator > gave birth on land

remintonocetus

3rd on whale tree > tail becoming more flat

rhodocetus

4th on whale tree > tail more flat

basilosaurus

5th on whale tree > very long > ate little sharks

creodonts

> look like modern carnivores > went extinct > arboreal, wolf like > carnassial formed by first molar on skull OUTGROUP OF CARNIVORES

front

Adaptaions of carnovores: > function and control of retractile claws in felids > eyes towards the __ of the skull, large brain case > C- shaped mandibular fossa > prominent ridges and processes in skull > Carnassial - more developed in more carnivores (to shear meat)

rapid

Adaptations of Carnivores

springhare

Anomaluromorpha: ____: > look like rabbits and kangaroo rat > large ears (thermoregulatuion) > sautorial movement

scaly-tailed flying squirrels

Anomaluromorpha: ____: > not really squirrels > have scales at the base of the tails (hold position to tree) >

Earless seals

Caniform: > artic and antartic seas > large > airholes in ice > young have dense fur coat > Caribbean Monk Seal was the only seal found in LA (extinct now)

lagomorpha

Euarchontoglires: _____: > 2nd tiny incisor > fenestrated rostrum > superorbital processes > 2 families (leopidae and ochotonidae) > leporidae > have scrotum anterior to penis > long ears (thermoregulation) > found everywhere but artic > running and freezing as defense > important part of food chains > not much parental care > coprophagy (eat own excement) > hind gut fermenters > not well social structures > important game species > introduced to australia and new zeland. > ochotonidae (pikas) > fenestration > no superorbital process > 2nd incisor > mountanous reagons > short ears

rodentia

Euarchontoglires: _____: > the largest order of mammals > most are herbivores > 1 pair of evergrowing incisors > no canines > 4 basic types of skulls > animals with zygomatic plates use incisors more for mastication > animals w/o zygomatic plate uses cheekteeth more > protogomorphous condition > small infraorbital foramen > masseter muscles start on zygomatic arch > sciuromorphous condition > small infraorbital foramen > originate from rostrum hystriocomorphus condition: > big infraorbital foramen > pass through foramen myomorphous condition: > slit like infraorbital foramen > part passes through

Panthera leo

Feliform: > African lions > social (can take bigger prey)

Barbourofelis

Feliform: > a sabretooth > grasslands

asiatic linsang

Feliform: > arboreal > Southeast Asia/Indo-Pacific > nocturnal > solitary > distinct coat patters > banded tail that is nearly as long as its body

Malagasy carnivorans

Feliform: > euplerids > got to Madagascar > Fossa > threatened due to habitat loss > female has pseudopenis > land rafts brought animals to Madagascar

African palm civet

Feliform: > extant basal member of the feliforma tree > monotypic > sub-Saharan

Viverrids

Feliform: > fairly diverse > SE Asia, Africa, S Europe > range from 1 pound to 20 Kg > long body short legs > arboreal > partially retractible claws > glands > longer muzzle

Hyenas

Feliform: > similar to a canid > robust skulls > no baculum > females has pseudo-penis > sibilside occurs between kids >

larynx

ossification of the ___ in Feliforms help to split between big and small cats

cursorial

____ lifestyle: > unguligrade (stand on toenails) > longer limbs (to create a longer stride) > fusion of metatarsals and metacarpals (cannon bone) > Reduction/loss of clavicle ( less scapula rotate better for a longer stride) > Extendable spine for forestride > 4 joints in legs (hip, knee, ankle, joint with cannon bone) > Large shoulder and thigh muscle > Reduction of muscle mass at the ends of limbs > Reduction of the number of digits > Joints locked into anterior - posterior plane. > Large skulls with nuchal ligaments (reduces burden on neck muscles) > springing ligament connecting the hoof and cannon bone.

hunting

____ systems: > sit and wait (rare) -> lots of investment > search and chase (most common) -> active search for clues -> short distance - stealth and ambush -> long distance -> chase and wear down > group hunting -> catch prey larger than themselves (chimps, orcas, lions, wolves)

trapping

_____ considerations • Main reasons for trapping > Tag/Track (transmitted, PIT, ear tag) > Mark (#, band, color, toe clip) > Tissue collection Is capture required? > Non-invasive methods > Is trapping technique appropriate? > How will you keep the animals and yourself safe? > > Physical vs. chemical restraint Species-specific considerations • Time of day • Time of year • Burrow/den locations • Food preference • Will animals go into trap

saltorial

_____ lifestyle: > long hind feet > long tail (for balance) > springing ligaments

Arboreal

_____ lifestyle: > opposable pullox and/or hallux > prehensile tail > claws (to grasp branches better)

fossorial

______ lifestyle: > torpedo-shaped (fusiform) > Nothing hanging off body (e.g. scrotum, pinnae, etc.) > Robust humerus (for digging) > reduced eyesight and enhanced smell

ungulates

artiodactyla, perissodactyla, and afrotheria are all ______`

threatened

carnivores as a group are usually ____

grass

grazers eat primarily ___

______

hoofed animals are ungulates

keystone

humans causing extinction: > ____ species removal > species that have a large impact on their environment and getting rid of them caused big problems

climate change

humans causing extinction: > changes in environment

Sitzkrieg

humans causing extinction: > habitat degradation > humans were using fire to change land

Blitzkrieg

humans causing extinction: > overkill > human hunted animals to extinction leading to other animals to die

hyperdisease

humans causing extinction: > people carry diseases that transfer to wildlife