Mammalogy final
pinnipeds
Caniform: > marine carniforms > big , thermoregulation > thick blubber > thick fur > flippers mostly only hand > countercurrent exchange for heat > homodont cheek teeth > caniform incisors > some can dive very deep > fusiform body shape > no clavicle > need the air out of the lungs so that nitrogen bubbles do not form on the way back to the surface > seals live in large groups (especially in pupping season) > delayed implantation
walrus
Caniform: > monotypic > entirely in artic seas > 2 forms : subspecies of each other > no pinnae
procyonids
Caniform: > sister group of mustelids > new world > most are tropical > arboreal groups have prehensile tails
mustelids
Caniform: > sister group to mephitidae > diverse group: weasels, minks, badger, otters, wolverines. > short limbs, long body > follow prey into holes > some forms aquatic > delayed implantation > short rostrums > flattened skull
mephitidae
Caniform: > skunks > 12 species > well developed scent glands > omnivores > mostly nocturnal > dens
red pandas
Caniform: >monotypic > eat bamboo
castoridae
Castorimorpha: _____: > 2 species of beavers > extended family groups
heteromyidae
Castorimorpha: _____: > 60 species > NA > kangaroo and pocket rats > sautorial locomotion > cheeck pouches > convergent with jumping mice
geomyidae
Castorimorpha: _____: > north american gophers > related to beavers > pocket gophers > solidary > teeth to chisel dirt > convergent with tuco tuco and mole rats >
mystcieti
Cetacea (whales): > thinner skulls > eat smaller food > have migrations > no teeth > 1 nostril
balaenopteridae
Cetacea (whales): Mysticeti: > biggest whales > humpback and blue whale. Grey Whale > rouqual - whales with pleated throats > form bubble nets and tail for prey > migrate > grey whale > spends time on floor and eats off floor
pigmy right whale
Cetacea (whales): Mysticeti: > monotypic > smallest whale
balaenidae
Cetacea (whales): Mysticeti: > right and bowhead whales > huge arch in skull > no dorsal fin > no grooves in throat > in temperate seas > only females migrate
beaked whale
Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: > 19 species > one of the most diverse > teeth on all jaws > beaks > small dorsal fin > few grooves > not notched tail > divided stomach (8-14 sections)
tooth
Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: > ____ whales > more diverse > have blunt tip "teeth" > dont make deep dives > some are entirely fresh water > monophyodont > single blow hole > echolocators > delicate inner ear
sperm whale
Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: > head is massive compared to body > teeth only on lower jaw > sexual dimorphism > blowhole at front of skull > ambergris used in the perfume industry
river dolphins
Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: > indies and ganges rivers > entirely freshwater mostly > reduced eyesight > echolcation > highly endangered > flexible > 2-3 m > can detect a little light > hunted for meat and oil > teeth on all jaws
pygmy sperm whale
Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: > monotypic > might confuse for porpus
river dolphin
Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: > yangtze river > SA > 2 monotypic families > bristled hair on snouts > eyes > not hunted > moved back into salt water
monodonts
Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: Delphioidae: > 2 species (beluga) > reduced number of teeth > very vocal (echolocation and communication) > narwhal > modified tooth > larger in males > sperate social groups per sex
Delphinidae
Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: Delphioidae: > 40 species > rapid swimming > great jumpers > highly social > very vocal > altruism (sacrifice ones wellbeing for others) > not as threatened as other whale groups > high mortality by commercial fishing > unusual forms: pilot whales
porpoises
Cetacea (whales): Odontoceti: Delphioidae: > 5-6 species > artic and temperate seas > snort beak > near shores
primates
Euarchonta: ____: > diverse group > tropical and arboreal or semi- > research > habitat lost --> species concern > paleocene > most tropical
dermoptera
Euarchonta: ____: > the flying lemurs > not lemurs > glissant > single young > holds onto patagium
strepsirrhini
Euarchonta: primates: _______: >lemurs and like relatives > have eyeshine = nocturnal > smaller brain than other primates > large olfactory lobes > vomernasal organ - pheromones > bicornate uterus > long rostrum
tarsius
Euarchonta: primates: haplorrhini: > SE asia > rat like size > 180 degrees head >large eyes >
lemurs
Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > all extinct lemurs were large >
woolly lemurs
Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > big lemurs > bouncing pattern
sportive leamurs
Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > engangered > herbivores > coprophagy > "weasel leamurs"
aye ayes
Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > monotypic > no tooth comb > middle digit extremely long >
loris
Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > short rostrum > capture prey with hands > nocturnal >
galagos
Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > squirrel like primates > bush babies > "toilet claw"
lemurs
Euarchonta: primates: strepsirrhini: > true lemurs > large female dominated social groups > endangered and threatened
scandentia
Euarchontoglires: _____: > tree shrews > arboreal > bushy tails > SE asia > upper incisors are canine like > omnivores > large eyes > excellent hearing > very social
herbivory
Foraging Lifestyles: > grazers (grass) and browsers (woody) > Pros: easy to find > Cons: hard to digest > Adaptations: >> coevolution with grass >> dentition >> digestive systems >> antipredator (ie. rostrum)
Granivory
Foraging lifestyles: > grains and seeds > pros: easy to digest and lots of nutrients > cons: patchy food resource (only near plants that drop it) > adaptations: cheek pouch and caching
chinchilla rats
Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: > 10 species > high plains and mountains
tuco tuco
Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: > monotypic > like gophers > name from sound
Eretizontidae
Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: > north american porcupines > 12 species > pliocene land bridge > arboreal >
chinchilla
Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: > upland areas of mountains > threatened by CC > social units > very rare > lab animals
PACA
Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: >2 species > related to porcupines > huge chamber on zygomatic arch (rumbling sound)
agouti
Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: >9 species > rabbit like > hoard food > central and SA forest > hunted for food > scream when chased
cavies
Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: >Guinea pigs > 23 species > food in india > lab studies > form herds in wild > capybara > largest rodent > > convergent with small hippos
pacarana
Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: >monotypic > huge > herbivorous > slow > 2nd largest rodent >
degu
Hystricomorpha: Caviomorphia (SA rats): _____: >rock rats > males involved in parental care > sugar = dabetes
mole rats
Hystricomorpha: Phiomorpha (african rats): _____: > gopher like apperance > naked (1 member of the group) > usocial (give up reproduction for the good of colony) > fossorial > incisors of digging > lips close behind incisors > large infraorbial foramin > form digging chains > important lab animals (resistant to cancer)
Dassie rats
Hystricomorpha: Phiomorpha (african rats): _____: > monotypic > rocks > large bulla > flexible ribs > bask in sun
cane rats
Hystricomorpha: Phiomorpha (african rats): _____: > semi-aquatic > used for food
Gundi
Hystricomorpha: _____: > african rodents > mountainous > morphology like lagomorphs
hysticidae
Hystricomorpha: _____: > old world porcupine > quills for defense and communication > african and asia
Echimyidae
Hystricomorpha: _____: >spiny rodents > 78 species > nutria (myocastor) > hutias
oriental dormice
Myomorpha: ____: > 3 species > nocturnal > fruit
pouched rats
Myomorpha: ____: > africa and madagascar > endangered
splacids
Myomorpha: ____: > fossorial rodents > very converent
dipodidae
Myomorpha: ____: > jumping mice > sautorial locomotion > very convergent with kangaroo rats
mouse like hamsters
Myomorpha: ____: > middle east >
cricetidae
Myomorpha: ____: > new world mice > 680 species >
muridae
Myomorpha: ____: > old world rats and mice > 750 species > 32% of all rodents
sciuridae
Sciuromorpha: ____: > 278 species > some are hihly colonial > flying formed seperately > all have zygomatic plate
mountain beavers
Sciuromorpha: ____: > monotypic > generally terrestial > protrogomorphus condition (primitave condition)
dormice
Sciuromorpha: ____: > small semi arboreal > brushy tails > tail break off (some regenration) > harvested for food > mymorphic >
web
Trap Arrays for small mammals: • Can calculate density using distances . Less efficient
transect
Trap Arrays for small mammals: • Convenient • Cannot calculate density • Biased if transects aren't random
grid
Trap Arrays for small mammals: • Efficient • High captures • Examine movements and density • Effective trap area may be larger than grid
strategies
Trap _____: > attract animals to trap > passively capture animal > actively capture animal
meridaungulata
Ungulate: > both animals extinct (Notoungulates and litopterna) > only SA Ungulate > most went extinct when the Pliocene land bridge opened > camel like characteristics > in SA > similar to horses > browsers > hunted by smilodon and humans
Mesonychia
Ungulate: > predatory > the earliest unguligrade animal > linkage between carnivores and unguilgrade
artiodactyla
Ungulate: > prominent 3rd and 4th toe forms hoof > major economic group > also important game species
Perissodactyla
Ungulate: > rhinos, tapirs, horses > enlarges 3rd digit > simple digestive system > horses have hindgut digestion
brontotheres
Ungulate: Perissodactyla: > horns for male-male competition > early lineage > convergent with rhinos > horn was just a bony projection
chalicotheres
Ungulate: Perissodactyla: >massive animals > not fully ungulate > sloth like apperance > bony skull projections
equiidae
Ungulate: Perissodactyla: >sister group to brontotheres > horses, zebras, donkeys > arose in NA > horse are social (harems) > > zebras too > reintroduction of horses caused range damage
tapairidae
Ungulate: Perissodactyla: >sister group to chalicotheres > 4 species > weird distribution > all tropical today > short limbs > eat succulents > wet habitats and forests
rhinoceridae
Ungulate: Perissodactyla: >sister group to chalicotheres > had ancestors that were common and went extinct > prominent middle toe > digitigrade > keratin horn > low reproductive rates > super endangered due to poaching for medical beliefs
suidae
Ungulate: artiodactyla: > 18 species > bunodont > tusks prominent > digitigrade and plantigrade > 2 chambered stomach > form herds > many young per litter > cause habitat damage
ruminants
Ungulate: artiodactyla: > have a 4 chambered stomach > giraffes, deer, cattle, camels, antelope > herbivorous > chew cud > forestomach is the true stomach > takes 70 - 100 hours > extracts 60% of cellulose > upper incisors missing
hippos
Ungulate: artiodactyla: > large face with prominant tusks > 2 species > do not ruminate > 3 chambered stomach > semi-aquatic > forage on land at night > herbivores > very aggressive
camels and llama
Ungulate: artiodactyla: >fairly basal > selenodont > complex digestive system (chew cud) > unguligrade or digitigrade > camels can control their temperature (heterothermy)
entelodonts
Ungulate: artiodactyla: >grew to size of rhinos > would grab each others snouts and fight
bovidae
Ungulate: artiodactyla: Ruminantia: > antelope, bison, sheep, goats, cattle > provide meat and milk to humans > significant > horns often used for defense > canines always absent
giraffes
Ungulate: artiodactyla: Ruminantia: > closest relative to the pronghorns > 4 species > browsing > okapi > > mule like animal
musk deer
Ungulate: artiodactyla: Ruminantia: > dog like > prominant canines > omnivore > hunted for meet and skin
antiocapridae
Ungulate: artiodactyla: Ruminantia: > monotypic > some of the fastest animals on the planet
chevrotains
Ungulate: artiodactyla: Ruminantia: > mousedeer > very small >
cellulose
Ungulates adaptations for _____ digestion: > Dental adaptations for mastication of cell walls and lignified plant structures: 1.) the hypsodont (high crowned) molar, ever growing or "rootless" in some species 2.) Selenodont occlusal surface: a rasping grinding surface, highly resistant to wear > Digestive adaptations: Cecum (hindgut) and rumen (foregut)
anal glands
__ ___ used to mark territory, communicate, defense
3
__ families of seals
carnivores
___ have a diet rich in animal material.
carnassial
___ teeth are a defining trait in carnivores (not aquatic)
pakicetus
___ was the first while > were digitigrade > homodont teeth > dog size > wades in shallow streams > ears shows traits that hear underwater
philodota
____ - pangolin > have 1 family > > 8 species
browsers
____ eat primarily woody-leaves, twigs
parent
young carnivores are taught to hunt by their _____
ok
differences between land and marine caniforms
clavicale
loss of a ____ make caniform run faster.
tongue
philodota (pangolins) actually have a very stickly long ____. It is also large than their head and body. gizzard like stomach to help pulverize insects. large claws tear up termite mounds and old logs to get to insects.
carnivora
philodota (pangolins) are a sister group to
one
philodota (pangolins) have __ young and have a long gestation. They are very endangered because the scales are thought to have medicinal value. Tripod fighting posture.
odor
philodota (pangolins) spray ___ like skunks
ok
stance differences
ok
study
paternal
there is a tendency towards ___ care in caniform
sexual dimorphism
there is massive ___ ___ in carnivores. Strongest in harem situations
philodota
these skull are very convergent of the zinarthid anteaters. almost no dentary.
hippos
whales (cetacea) are most closely related to _____
ok
why whale?
baculums
carnivores have very robust ______
mouths
carnivores mostly kill prey will their _____
Amphicyonidae
Caniform: > bear-dog > plantigrade > whole carnivore
plantigrade and digitigrade
carnivores that are not marine are ___ and ____
nimravid saber-tooths
Feliform: > woodland species > used probably for effective killing
Ursidae
Caniform: > bunodont teeth > long rostrum (smell) > bears > 8 species > some entirely carnivores some almost entirely herbivorous but most are omnivores > Giant pandas have a bony projection (convergent on the 5 digits most carnivores have) > not long distance hunters > winter lethargy
otarridae
Caniform: > eared-seals > better able to move on land than other seals > highly social > males form harems > delayed implantation
rostrum
carnivores that hunt by smell have a larger ____ than the carnivores that hunt by sight
ok
interactions of Feliform with humans
felidae
Feliform: > sister of Barbourofelis > 40 species (divided to large and small cats) > everywhere but Australia and Madagascar > digitigrade > many are arboreal > capable of short bursts of speed
Herpestid mongooses
Feliform: > weasel like in form > meerkats are social (usocial) > solitary forms have acetylcholine receptors resistance to snake venom
ambulocetus
2nd on whale tree > similar to alligator > gave birth on land
remintonocetus
3rd on whale tree > tail becoming more flat
rhodocetus
4th on whale tree > tail more flat
basilosaurus
5th on whale tree > very long > ate little sharks
creodonts
> look like modern carnivores > went extinct > arboreal, wolf like > carnassial formed by first molar on skull OUTGROUP OF CARNIVORES
front
Adaptaions of carnovores: > function and control of retractile claws in felids > eyes towards the __ of the skull, large brain case > C- shaped mandibular fossa > prominent ridges and processes in skull > Carnassial - more developed in more carnivores (to shear meat)
rapid
Adaptations of Carnivores
springhare
Anomaluromorpha: ____: > look like rabbits and kangaroo rat > large ears (thermoregulatuion) > sautorial movement
scaly-tailed flying squirrels
Anomaluromorpha: ____: > not really squirrels > have scales at the base of the tails (hold position to tree) >
Earless seals
Caniform: > artic and antartic seas > large > airholes in ice > young have dense fur coat > Caribbean Monk Seal was the only seal found in LA (extinct now)
lagomorpha
Euarchontoglires: _____: > 2nd tiny incisor > fenestrated rostrum > superorbital processes > 2 families (leopidae and ochotonidae) > leporidae > have scrotum anterior to penis > long ears (thermoregulation) > found everywhere but artic > running and freezing as defense > important part of food chains > not much parental care > coprophagy (eat own excement) > hind gut fermenters > not well social structures > important game species > introduced to australia and new zeland. > ochotonidae (pikas) > fenestration > no superorbital process > 2nd incisor > mountanous reagons > short ears
rodentia
Euarchontoglires: _____: > the largest order of mammals > most are herbivores > 1 pair of evergrowing incisors > no canines > 4 basic types of skulls > animals with zygomatic plates use incisors more for mastication > animals w/o zygomatic plate uses cheekteeth more > protogomorphous condition > small infraorbital foramen > masseter muscles start on zygomatic arch > sciuromorphous condition > small infraorbital foramen > originate from rostrum hystriocomorphus condition: > big infraorbital foramen > pass through foramen myomorphous condition: > slit like infraorbital foramen > part passes through
Panthera leo
Feliform: > African lions > social (can take bigger prey)
Barbourofelis
Feliform: > a sabretooth > grasslands
asiatic linsang
Feliform: > arboreal > Southeast Asia/Indo-Pacific > nocturnal > solitary > distinct coat patters > banded tail that is nearly as long as its body
Malagasy carnivorans
Feliform: > euplerids > got to Madagascar > Fossa > threatened due to habitat loss > female has pseudopenis > land rafts brought animals to Madagascar
African palm civet
Feliform: > extant basal member of the feliforma tree > monotypic > sub-Saharan
Viverrids
Feliform: > fairly diverse > SE Asia, Africa, S Europe > range from 1 pound to 20 Kg > long body short legs > arboreal > partially retractible claws > glands > longer muzzle
Hyenas
Feliform: > similar to a canid > robust skulls > no baculum > females has pseudo-penis > sibilside occurs between kids >
larynx
ossification of the ___ in Feliforms help to split between big and small cats
cursorial
____ lifestyle: > unguligrade (stand on toenails) > longer limbs (to create a longer stride) > fusion of metatarsals and metacarpals (cannon bone) > Reduction/loss of clavicle ( less scapula rotate better for a longer stride) > Extendable spine for forestride > 4 joints in legs (hip, knee, ankle, joint with cannon bone) > Large shoulder and thigh muscle > Reduction of muscle mass at the ends of limbs > Reduction of the number of digits > Joints locked into anterior - posterior plane. > Large skulls with nuchal ligaments (reduces burden on neck muscles) > springing ligament connecting the hoof and cannon bone.
hunting
____ systems: > sit and wait (rare) -> lots of investment > search and chase (most common) -> active search for clues -> short distance - stealth and ambush -> long distance -> chase and wear down > group hunting -> catch prey larger than themselves (chimps, orcas, lions, wolves)
trapping
_____ considerations • Main reasons for trapping > Tag/Track (transmitted, PIT, ear tag) > Mark (#, band, color, toe clip) > Tissue collection Is capture required? > Non-invasive methods > Is trapping technique appropriate? > How will you keep the animals and yourself safe? > > Physical vs. chemical restraint Species-specific considerations • Time of day • Time of year • Burrow/den locations • Food preference • Will animals go into trap
saltorial
_____ lifestyle: > long hind feet > long tail (for balance) > springing ligaments
Arboreal
_____ lifestyle: > opposable pullox and/or hallux > prehensile tail > claws (to grasp branches better)
fossorial
______ lifestyle: > torpedo-shaped (fusiform) > Nothing hanging off body (e.g. scrotum, pinnae, etc.) > Robust humerus (for digging) > reduced eyesight and enhanced smell
ungulates
artiodactyla, perissodactyla, and afrotheria are all ______`
threatened
carnivores as a group are usually ____
grass
grazers eat primarily ___
______
hoofed animals are ungulates
keystone
humans causing extinction: > ____ species removal > species that have a large impact on their environment and getting rid of them caused big problems
climate change
humans causing extinction: > changes in environment
Sitzkrieg
humans causing extinction: > habitat degradation > humans were using fire to change land
Blitzkrieg
humans causing extinction: > overkill > human hunted animals to extinction leading to other animals to die
hyperdisease
humans causing extinction: > people carry diseases that transfer to wildlife