Management and Organizational Behavior Midterm #1
What are some of Hofstede's cultural values?
-Countries differ on key values -Managers should take into account how cultural values might differ in an international setting - Power Distance: the degree to which people accept hierarchy and unequal distribution of power
What are some examples of when people judge others in organizations?
-Employment Interview -Performance Expectations -Performance Evaluations -Employment Effort
Why are personalities important to organizations?
-Selecting employees for specific jobs -good to have different personalities working together, more ideas to solve issues
What are 5 reasons that values are important?
1) Adopt values by being in a particular culture 2) Provides understanding of the attitudes motivation and behaviors of individuals and cultures 3) Influence our perception of the world around us 4) Represent interpretations of right and wrong 5) Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are preferred over others
How does personality relate to being an effective worker? (3)
1) Conscientiousness effects: Performance and org citizenship 2) Extroversion effects: Performance for managers and sales 3) openness to experience effects: Training proficiency
What are the 3 personality determinants?
1) Heredity 2) Environment 3) Situation
Most emotionless societies
1) Singapore 2) Russia 3) India
How is job satisfaction?
1) Single Global Rating: Response to "How satisfied are you with your job?" 1-5 2) summation of job facets - identifies key elements in a job: type of jobs, skills needed, supervisions, pay, promotion opportunities, culture, relationship with workers Both of these approaches work well
When are individuals more motivated to reduce dissonance?
1) When attitudes are important 2) When they believe the dissonance is something they can control
Ch.4 Describe the 5 main facts about moods
1) cause is often unclear 2)lasts longer than emotions 3) More general - pos or neg 4) no distinct expressions 5) cognitive in nature
What are employees four responses to job dissatisfaction?
1) exit 2)neglect 3)loyalty 4)voice
What are the 4 main causes of job satisfaction?
1) job conditions 2) personality 3) pay 4) corporate responsibility
Why does job satisfaction lead to organizational citizenship behavior?
1) one reason is TRUST. Managers reciprocate OCB with trusting behaviors of their own. 2) if employees feel support from their coworkers they are more likely to be helpful 3) personality matters too- an employee with agreeableness and conscientiousness are more satisfied with their job and in turn engage in more OCB
What are the 3 most emotional countries?
1) phillippines 2) USA 3) UK
Ch.4 Describe the 5 main facts about emotions
1) short in duration 2) from a specific event 3) specific and numerous in nature 4) facial expressions 5) action oriented
What 4 main job conditions are related to job satisfaction? along with the other 4 important ones
1) training 2) variety 3)independence 4) control 5) interdependence 6)feedback 7)social support 8)interaction with coworkers
What are a couple examples of mitigating CWB?
1) you can poll your employees to identify what needs improvement 2) tailoring tasks to an employees abilities and values 3)create strong teams
What are the 4 outcomes of job satisfaction?
1)Higher productivity rates 2) better organizational citizenship behavior - people talking positively about job, helping others going beyond expectations 3) higher customer satisfaction 4) high life satisfaction
What is an example of heredity and environments effect on personality?
2 twins separated at birth, grew up in different environments, they both had similar personalities because of heredity, they also had similar levels of job satisfaction
What is perception? What is it important/example?
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment Importance /example: You as the manager believe that your employees will talk to you, your employees behavior may be different. What can I do as a manager to have them perceive my real intention
What type of relationship does absenteeism and job satisfaction have?
A strong relationship
Describe the voice response to employee dissatisfaction?
Actively trying to improve conditions by suggesting improvements, discussing problems, getting involved with union.
CH.4 What are the defs of affect, emotions and moods
Affect: generic term that carries a broad range of feelings including feelings and emotions- it encompasses emotions and moods emotions: intense feelings towards someone or something moods: less intense feeling without a specific event occurring
Attribution theory def and example
Attribution Theory: Tries to explain the ways we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to the behavior Example: You may arrive to an interview a few minutes late, when the interviewer meets you, they have already formed a judgement on you -Are they considerate of my time? Internal -Was there an accident? External
Why cant an emotions be neutral?
Being neutral is nonemotional
What type of mood helps employees be most creative?
Both positive and negative have a positive effect on creativity Positive: more flexible and open minded negative: people who worry more may come up with more ideas Activating moods lead to more creativity deactivating moods lead to less
What countries embrace positive emotions?
Brazil and MExico
Counterproductive work behavior follow what?
CWB follow longstanding attitudes- people are unhappy with their work, they become frustrated, lowering their performance, making them more likely to commit CWB
What attitude components are in the following statement? Imagine you realize someone is treating you unfairly
Cognitive and affective components are intertwines in this example. You have the realization while having feelings about it at the same time
Cases of attitudes following behavior illustrate the effect of WHAT
Cognitive dissonance: Contradictions people may perceive between their attitudes and behavior
Consensus def/example
Consensus def: Does the person react the same way as others in the same situation? -This means its external, such a stressful situation that anyone would yell
Consistency def/example
Consistency def: Is the person likely to respond the same way over time? -This suggests its more externally caused
Of the four responses to employee dissatisfaction, which ones are constructive and which one ares deconstructive?
Constructive: Voice, Loyalty Deconstructive: Exit, Neglect
Decision making in organizations include what:
Decision making in organizations include: 1) Bounded rationality: reducing complexity to something people can take in Example: If there are 300 applications for an employee to go through, finding a way to simplify this process 2) Intuition: gut feeling based on real life experiences patterns
What is positive offset? and what do people typically experience at positive offset?
Def: when nothing is going on - people typically experience relatively positive moods
Distinctiveness Def/Example
Distinctiveness Def: Does the person show different behaviors in different situations? Example: Imagine interviewing with the boss, they are very nice during interview. On your first day, the boss is yelling at their employees, are they just moody (internal) or are they upset at a situation (external)
When do levels of negative affect peak?
Does not fluctuate as much as positive- but it generally increases throughout the day- lowest in morning, highest in evening
How is EI measured?
EI is not easy to measure, its typically measure by self reported inventories
CH.4 What is more likely to lead to action, emotions or moods?
Emotions may be more action orientated
What is moral disgust?Example?
Feeling disgusted in a different way because it offends your sense of right and wrong Example: watching a video of a police making a sexist or racial slur
Felt emotions def and displayed emotions def? Examples
Felt emotions: are our actual emotions Displayed emotions: the org requires workers to show appropriate emotions Example of displayed emotions: Effective managers have learned to look serious when they give an employee an negative evaluation
Does organizational citizenship behavior effect customer satisfaction?
For employees that have regular contact with customers yes- it also increases customer loyalty
Why are emotions critical to the workplace?
For example, happier employees have higher performance, organizational citizenship behavior, fewer CWB, less turnover, **particularly when they feel supported
In the US, what day do people experience the best moods? worst?
Friday and the weekend - best Monday - Worst
When do levels of positive affect tend to peak?
From 10 to noon and then remains at same level until 7
How do you get rid of CWB in an organization?
Get to the source of the problem: dissatisfaction and solve it instead of controlling the problem.
Where is POS low? Where is POS high?
High POS- USA, employees like to feel supported Low POS- China, pos perceptions aren't based on fairness, support etc
What is an example of a country that expresses emotions differently than in the US?
Himba participants don't agree with western participants that crying means sadness or a growl meant anger
Whats an ex of expressing your attitude about work?
I like my job
Where is POS important?
In countries with power distance- the degree that people accept power is distributed unequally is lower
Individuals with higher job satisfaction tend to perform WHAT and the organization tends to be WHAT
Individuals withe higher job satisfaction tend to perform better and the organizations tend to be more effective
If you are hiring for a sales job, would you want to hire someone with internal or external locus of control? High or low mach? example of mach
Internal- if youre in sales you need to try to convince people and take control of the situation Mach- if you have a high level you can be a good manipulator ex: if you believe that the product you're selling will be good for your career family and company, so you may tell more white lies because the end game is whats important
How does our understanding of emotions and moods affect aspects of OB?
It can effect the following: selection process, decision making, creativity, motivation, leadership, negotiation, customer service, job attitudes, deviant workplace behavior, and safety
What does the desire to decrease dissonance depend on?
It depends on three things, 1) the importance of the elements creating dissonance 2) the DEGREE of influence we believe we have over the situation 3) the REWARDS of dissonance Example of Rewards: dissonance is less distressing if it comes with something good like higher pay raise than expected
How much does pay effect job satisfaction?
It does effect job satisfaction but only to a certain extent after reaching a certain level. Money does motivate but what motivates doesn't equate to job satisfaction
What does increased regular sleep do?
It enhances creativity, performance and career success
What countries embrace negative emotions?
Japan and Russia
Someone who defends their company in the face of external criticism most likely has what type of employee dissatisfaction response?
Loyalty response
What is representative bias?
Making a decision based on the average stereotype of something Example: The best student in my introductory MBA class this past semester writes poetry and is rather shy and small in stature. What was the student's undergraduate major: Chinese studies or psychology? prob chinese studies
What are decision making heuristics
Making decisions based on sterotypes- using shortcuts Example: Which co is worth more? Costco or mkesson? Many would think costco - availability bias
Who plays a big role in job satisfaction?
Managers
What countries have the highest job satisfaction? lowest?
Mexico and Switzerland South Korea
When does Japan experience the most positive affect?
Monday !
Mounting levels of BLANK can worsen our moods
Mounting levels of stress can worsen our moods
Negative emotions can lead to what? why?
Negative emotions can lead to negative moods. Possibly because people think about events that create negative thoughts 5 times longer than positive ones
Does cognition always cause affect that then causes behavior?
No not always, they are not always together and they are hard to separate
Are moral emotions universal? Why or why not?
No, they are not universal like innate emotions because morality differs from culture to culture
Older people experience less what ?
Older people experience less negative emotions. Younger people experience it longer
What is Perceived Organizational support (POS) and an example
One of the 5 attitudes OB focuses on DEF: how much employees think that their employee values them and cares about them Example: An employee is diagnosed with cancer and the CEO and coworkers raised money to pay for treatment
of the four responses to employee dissatisfaction, which ones are passive and which one are active?
Passive :loyalty, neglect Active: Voice, Exit
How does personality effect job satisfaction?
People who have positive core self evaluations- who believe in their inner worth and self competence are more satisfied with their job
What are peoples behavior based on?
Peoples behaviors are based on their perception of that reality is , not reality itself
What is personality job fit theory?
Personality job fit theory is satisfaction and intent to stay in ones job depend on match between personality and job
What types of moods and emotions help people make good decisions?
Positive emotions and moods help people make sound decisions, but negative emotions also are involved in sound decision making
What is power distance? What do you believe if you live in a country with high power distance?
Power distance is the degree people accept hierarchy and unequal distribution of power If you live in a country with high power distance you believe as a cultural value to have people with different levels of power
What are instrumental values?Examples:
Preferable values: How will you achieve your terminal values ( your end goals) Examples: Broad minded, ambitious, cheerful, clean, loving
What are shortcuts used in judging others? Def/Example
Selective perception and the Halo Effect are shortcuts used in judging others. Selective Perception def: People see what they want to see through the lens of their own self interests, background, and experience Example: Two teams, each team blames things on the opposing team -We often select what we want to see Halo effect: A general impression of a person based on a single characteristic Example: You just meet a guy that dresses very well, so you assume he is very professional -You don't have full info on a person you just meet, but you base your impression of them based on one thing about them
Explain how self fulfilling prophecy is connected with performance evaluations
Self fulfilling prophecy is the lower or higher expectations of employees reflects the leaders expectations of the employees capabilities Example: If your boss thinks you will not do well on a task, you are more likely not to do well on the task - IF you aced your interview, you boss has high expectations of you
For a job that demands interfacing with many different stake holders, consider mach or self monitoring?
Self monitoring because your used to looking at situations and seeing what a situation demands and becoming that - you change your behavior accordingly - like a chameleon
What does sleep quality affect?
Sleep quality affects moods and decision making, increased fatigue puts workers at risk of disease, injury and depression
Why are facial expressions difficult to interpret?
Some emotions are too complex to be easily represented on our faces
How can corporate social responsibility lower job satisfaction?
Some people may not care about the cause and be expected to volunteer and get burned out
What is internal locus control?
Someone who has internal locus control believes that they have control over what happens to them - Things that you do matter!
What is external locus control?
Someone who has this believes there are external forces that control what happen to you - whatever happens happens
Why is it sometimes good to have external locus of control?
Sometimes internal takes on too much when sometimes its better to accept the situation
What are the main 5 attitudes focused on in OB?
TOP 3 1) Job satisfaction 2) Job involvement 3) Organizational commitment Other 2 4) employee engagement 5) perceived organizational support
What are terminal values? Examples:
Terminal goals: end goals Example: a comfortable life, an exciting life, a sense of accomplishment, a world at peace, mature love, close companionship
LEON Festinger argued what about attitude? What is an example of this?
That attitude follows behavior Example: Your friend always argued that her apartment complex is better than yours, until another friend in your complex asked her to move in with him. Once she moved to your apartment complex, her attitude towards her old complex became more critical. this is an example of attitude following behavior
What is an example of a country with lower power distance? How does it work taking low power distance approach to a high power distance country?
The US is an example of a low power distance country If you use a low power distance approach to a hgh power distance country like mexico, it will not work! "They are the managers they shouldn't be asking us for our opinion!"
What is the boss effect?
The boss effect suggests that the amount of power and status one has over another will dictate who will smile Bosses don't smile as much as employees
What is the rational decision making model?
The rational decision making model is a decision making model that describes how people should behave in order to maximize a certain outcome 1) Problem clarity 2) Known Options 3) Clear Preferences 4) Constant Preferences 5) No time or cost constraints
What are the three components of creativity
The three components of creativity: 1) expertise 2) creative thinking skills 3) Intrinsic task motivation
What type of relationship does absenteeism and satisfaction have?
They have a negative relationship
For a job that requires creativity, type A or B?
Type A - more structured and organized Type B - tends to be more laid back and playful, has a strong relationship with creativity, trying things in different ways
What do we divide emotions into?
We divide emotions into felt or displayed emotions
What is weathers effect on people?
Weather has little effect on people
What do we tend to underestimate when we judge others behavior?
When judging others behaviors, we tend to underestimate external factors, and overestimate internal factors -Giving too much blame on the person!
Attribution Theory: When people observe behavior it is:
When people observe behavior, it is: Internally caused: The person's fault ( Is it coming from them?) Externally caused: Due to a situation ( not their fault)
When should managers consider a potential employee's EI?
When they have high customer interaction
How do moral emotions differ from other emotions?
When we feel moral anger we are more likely to confront the situation
When do emotions become mood states?why?
When we group them into pos and neg groups because we are looking at them more generally instead of isolating on particular emotion
Determining whether you judge behavior as internal or external, depends on:
Whether you judge behavior as internal or external depends on: -distinctiveness -Consensus -Consistency Distinctiveness def: Does the person show different behaviors in different situations? Consensus def: Is the persons response the same as others in the same situation? Consistency def: Does the person respond they same way over time?
Is this representative or availability bias?
Which of the following causes more deaths in the United States each year: Stomach cancer or car accidents? Availability bias
Imagine judging your own behavior, do you underestimate the role of internal factors? Example
YES! Its a self serving bias.we do underestimate the role of internal factors, and we like to blame it on things other than ourselves. Example: Got a ticket. Why would they put signs on a road im going 60+ on??
Are individuals experience of emotions culturally shaped?
Yes
What is an example of dissonance ?
You know its bad texting while driving but you do it anyway and hope nothing bad happens OR giving someone advice that you have hard time doing yourself
Whats an example of a company that experiences increased customer satisfaction from employee job satisfaction?
Zappos has 75% repeat customers
cognitive component DEF and example
a description or a belief of the way things are Example: My pay is low
What is Employee Engagement?
a person's involvement, satisfaction,and enthusiasm with their job
What is emotional intelligence? Example
a persons ability to perceive emotions in the self and others, understand the meaning of emotions, regulate their emotions Example: someone who knows their emotions and get emotional ques :knowing why they are angry and how to handle themselves
What is organizational commitment? Employees who have organizational commitment are less likely to engage in what?
an employee who has this identifies with a co and wishes to remain apart of it Less likely to engage in withdrawal because they are loyal
What is emotional labor?
an employees expression of organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions during work
in many countries men experience what emotion more than women
anger
CH.4 Examples of emotions
anger, enthusiasm, fear, love, pride,
behavioral DEF and example
behaving a certain way towards someone or something Example: I'm going to look for another job that pays better
What is the definition of personality traits?
characteristics that describe a persons behavior
When are moral emotions typically learned ?
childhood
What are the 16 moods included in the structure of mood
clockwise : High Positive Affect: AEEH 1) Alert 2)Excited 3)Elated 4)Happy Low Negative Affect: CSRC 5) Content 6) Serene 7) Relaxed 8)Calm Low Positive Affect: FBDS 9)Fatigued 10) Bored 11) Depressed 12) Sad High Negative Affect : USNT 13) Upset 14) Stressed 15) Nervous 16) Tense
What are the three components of attitudes?
cognitive, affective, behavioral
What is counterproductive work behavior? Example?
deviant behavior in the workplace/ withdrawal Example: substance abuse, stealing at work, gossiping, absenteeism, tardiness
What is emotional labor a key component of?
emotional labor is a key component of effective job performance
affective DEF and example
emotional or feeling part of an attitude reflected in a statement Example: I am angry over how little I am paid
What do emotions do to our thinking? why?
emotions make us more rational. Emotions help provide info about how we understand the world and help guide our behaviors
CH.4 Affect can be experienced in the form of
emotions or moods
moral emotions Example:
emotions that have moral implications because of our instant judgement of of the thing that evokes them Example: sympathy for those suffering, guilt about immoral behavior, anger from injustice, contempt for those who behave unethically
What are attitudes?
evaluative statements about objects people or events
Evidence shows that women are more or less emotional than men?
evidence confirms women experience emotions more intensely, hold onto emotions longer, and display more frequent expression of emotions neg and pos except anger
Affectively intense people experience what
experience both positive and negative emotions more deeply Example: When they are sad they are really sad and vis versa
Higher levels of employee engagement leads to
higher levels of customer satisfaction More productive lower turnover levels
What is an example of a way emotions can make us more rational?
individuals in a bad mood may be able to better discern truthful from accurate info than happy people
Lowered job satisfaction is the best predictor or what
intent to leave or turnover
Describe the exit response to job dissatisfaction?
leaving a position and looking for a new one
What generation really values corporate social responsibility?
millennials: are seeking out employees focusing on the triple bottom line: people, planet, revenue
Employees perform best under what kindof display rules?
moderate
Are moral emotions universal
no because they are learned in childhood so they differ from person to person culture to culture
What is an important point about counterproductive work behavior?
often times employees have one or more of these behaviors because of idiosyncratic factors in other words they like to get even in several different ways.
Describe the Neglect response to employee dissatisfaction
passively allows conditions to worsen and includes absenteeism, lateness, reduced effort, an increase in error rate
Describe the Loyalty response to employee dissatisfaction?
passively and optimistically waiting for conditions to improve. they think that management will do the right thing
What moods and emotions lead to higher motivation?
postive mood more motivated - Giving people performance feedback effects motivation leading to better perfromance which leads to better feedback
Positive moods and emotions enhance peoples what?
problem solving skills
Whats a closely related term to job involvement?
psychological empowerment or employees beliefs in how much they influence their work environment, meaningfulness of their job
What is satisficing?
satisficing is seeking the first alternative that solves the problem Example: You cant always look at every applicant or every business opportunity, so you have to pick one that meets main requirements
How does corporate social responsibility effect job satisfaction? DEF and Example
self regulated things to benefit community, society above and beyond Example: nonprofit, charitable work, sustainability If your values match your company's CSR you are more likely to be more satisfied with your job
How do they measure the exit response to employee dissatisfaction?
study terminations and turnover (the loss to an organization of knowledge, skills, abilities, other traits)
What is the more critical part of an attitude?
the affective component
What attitude component is most important in organizations?
the behavioral component-If workers believe that the accountants in executives are in a conspiracy to make employees worker harder for less money, its important to understand: HOW the attitude was formed, the IMPACT on the job, HOW it may be CHANGED
What is job involvement?
the degree to which people identify themselves with their job and their job performance is important to their self worth
What is the most important job condition?
the intrinsic nature of the work itself - supervision and interaction
affect intensity
the same emotions to different degrees of intensities
What helps us understand the complexity of attitudes and the potential relationship between attitudes and behavior?
the three components of attitudes: cognitive, affective, behavioral
How are job satisfaction and life satisfaction related?
they are positively correlated, attitudes in life spill over to your job Example: life satisfaction decreases when someone is unemployment
Why would you want to hire someone with Internal locus control?
they would be more proactive! If something is not going well they will think , hmm how can we improve this?
Affective Events theory definition and example
this theory proposes that employee react emotionally to things that happen to them at work this reaction influences their job performance satification Example: Say you hear your company is downsizing, you are insecure and fearful that you may lose your job. You spend so much time worrying it takes aways from your job and your job satisfaction has decreased