marine biology exam 2
polar bears
According to your book, in addition to sea otters, what other marine mammal lacks a thick layer of blubber?
no, the sirenians are herbivores
Are all marine mammals carnivores? Explain.
yes
Are walruses pinnipeds?
bony fishes have operculum and no spiracles, jawless have no scales
Can you distinguish between jawless fishes, cartilaginous and bony fishes using anatomy and ecology?
baleen whales sieve prey from water, toothed whales have actual teeth
Can you distinguish between toothed and baleen whales? How are they different?
dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, caudal, adipose
Can you identify the fins of a fish?
sharks have a large oil-filled liver that reduces their density, bony fish use swim bladders
Compare and contrast how sharks maintain buoyancy with how bony fish do.
well developed eyes, large mouths for feeding, countershading
Describe adaptations fish have for catching prey?
nostrils start at the front of head, but migrate to the top of the head into the blowhole
Describe how a Cetaceans' blowhole develops.
snakes have no limbs, are highly venomous, and have over 50 species compared to iguana's one
Describe how a marine iguana is different from a sea snake.
sharks are caught, have their fins cut off, and are thrown back into the ocean to slowly die
Describe shark finning.
cookiecutter sharks attach to prey with jaws and carve out circle shaped cuts of meat, thresher sharks can stun prey with tail and hunt in packs
Describe some example of shark diversity (e.g. different sharks, thresher vs cookie cutter).
early fossils show whale ancestors that have hind limbs
Describe the various evidence that supports the statement that whales evolved from terrestrial mammals?
all fish have vertebrate, not all have bones
Do all fish have bones? Vertebrae?
no, some are omnivores but others don't eat algae, for the most part both ocean and partly land because all are air breathers
Do all marine reptiles eat the same thing? Explain. Do they all live in the same habitats?
some eat squids and penguins
Do all pinnipeds eat fish?
most are omnivores, eat algae or smaller marine organisms
Do all sea turtles eat the same type of food?
they are hydrozoans, more closely related to jellyfish and have medusa stage
How are fire corals different from hermatypic corals and soft corals?
all fish are vertebrates in phylum chordata, class is determined by type of fish (jawless, bony, cartilaginous)
How are fish classified? What characteristics are used to put them into their Phylum and Class?
humpbacks eat fish and zooplankton, gray whales eat bottom invertebrates, zooplankton, and deep swimming fish
How are gray whale diets different from humpback whales?
delayed implantation, blubber or dense fur
How are marine mammals adapted to life in water?
crocodiles regulate salt with salt glands on tongue, iguanas regulate salt with glands in nostrils, turtles regulate salt with glands in tear ducts
How are marine reptiles adapted to a marine environment? For example, how does each group regulate the salt concentration in their body.
skates are oviparous and have rostrum, rays have whip like tail and are viviparous
How are rays and skates different from each other?
apneustic breathing, more blood, higher concentration of erythrocytes, blood to non-vital organs is reduced
How are some marine mammals adapted for diving? Think about adaptations relating to their circulatory systems.
sea lions have external ears and longer necks, can rotate anterior flippers, both are carnivores
How are true seals and sea-lions different? How are they similar?
countershading, false eye spots, camouflaging coloring
How do fish avoid predators?
use internal fertilization, produce amniotic egg
How do marine reptiles reproduce?
release of gametes, fertilization, planula stage (planktonic coral larva), coral larva settles on hard surface, metamorphosis into polyp, polyp divides into two individuals
How do reefs form?
dolphin has more pronounced beak, pointier dorsal fin, longer tail, sharper teeth
How is a dolphin different from a porpoise?
reptiles have dry scaly skin, amphibians can breathe through skin, reptiles can breathe out of water, fish cannot, reptiles lay eggs, mammals have live births
In what ways are marine reptiles different from amphibians? Fish? Mammals?
false, all are ectotherms but one
Is the following statement true or false? All Marine reptiles are homeothermic (endotherms). Explain your answer.
humpback whale
Provide an example of a baleen whale.
killer whale
Provide an example of a toothed whale.
odontoceti
Toothed whales like dolphins and porpoises
butterflyfish, some have spines
What are some examples of fish that have protective body coverings, that are herbivores, that eat or damage coral?
fringing, barrier, atoll
What are the 3 types of reefs discussed in class?
radial symmetry, oral surface, aboral surface, central mouth with tentacles, lack medusa stage
What are the characteristics of Cnidarians?
endothermic, viviparous, air breathing, vertebrates
What are the characteristics of a mammal?
warm temperatures, intense sunlight (shallow water), low turbidity, low sedimentation, solid substrate, normal salinity (33 ppt)
What are the conditions for reef growth?
tail provides both lift and thrust, while flat pectoral fins also provide lift to keep the head up in sharks
What are the different fins used for?
reef flat, reef crest, reef slope, rubble, lagoon
What are the different reef characteristics...e.g. spur and groove or reef flat?
fishing gear, nest destruction, plastic, beach erosion
What are the greatest threats facing marine reptiles?
chelonia, squamata, crocodilia
What are the orders of marine reptiles?
overfishing
What are the threats of this coral ecosystem? For example, how are humans impacting these ecosystems?
aquatic plants like seagrass
What do Sirenians eat?
zooplankton, fish, squid, shellfish, sea grass, some eat other mammals
What do marine mammals eat?
fish, have strong venom that kill prey instantly so it doesn't drift away to die
What do sea snakes eat? How are they adapted for catching and killing their prey?
large squid
What do sperm whales eat?
sharks, killer whales, leopard seals, polar bears
What eats pinnipeds?
too warm water, corals stress and zooxanthellae leave
What is coral bleaching and some of the causes for it?
defense that organisms use to camouflage their appearance, butterflyfish
What is cryptic coloration? Provide examples of organisms that exhibit this.
waters are shallower, coral reefs often help make the waters clearer
What is meant by the statement "clear blue tropical waters are the deserts of the ocean"?
triggers rapid growth of algae which makes water murky and cuts off light
What is nutrient pollution and how can it destroy a reef?
to feed in productive waters, migrate as temperature changes, eat when they get there, some give birth
What is the function of whale migration? When do they migrate? What do they do when they get there?
lives in the coral, gives coral 90-95% of its food and central nutrients, mutualism
What is the relationship between coral and zooxanthellae?
producers
What is the role of macro-algae on the reef?
predators fish, sharks, squids, snails, herbivores, urchins, snails, fish, detritus feeders, cucumbers, worms, amphipods, coral feeders sea stars, fish, crabs, plankton feeders, producers coral, algae, zooxanthellae
What is the trophic structure of a reef? For example, what are some predators and their prey along with examples of producers and deposit feeders. Do any organisms eat coral? Which ones?
heterocercal tail
What kinds of tails do sharks have?
fluoroapatite
What mineral is in a shark's outer enamel on the tooth?
temperature of sand (warmer means more females)
What regulates the sex of sea turtle hatchlings?
gorgonians, sea whips, and sea fans
What three corals have skeletons that are made mostly of protein but do not contribute to reef formation?
southern summer
What time of the year are whales feeding around Antarctica?
beneath tentacles
Where is a polyp's mouth?
coral reef
Where is the greatest species diversity of marine fish found?
crocodilia
Which marine reptile order contains alligators, caimans, and crocodiles?
squamata
Which marine reptile order has lizards and snakes?
chelonia
Which marine reptile order has turtles, tortoises, and terrapins?
they are all land-living vertebrates
Why are amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals considered tetrapods?
depends on warmth, water clarity, salinity
Why are coral reefs distributed where they are?
sharks are slow breeders, increased fishing, finning
Why are shark populations declining?
barrier reef
a coral reef running parallel to the shore but separated from it by a channel of deep water
fringing reef
a coral reef that lies close to the shore.
atoll
an island consisting of a circular coral reef surrounding a lagoon
polyp
anemone-like animal with tentacles facing upward, individual but part of the same coral with others
osteichthyes
bony fish class
chrondrichthyes
cartilaginous fish class
coral
cnidarians that typically live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps
oviparous
egg laying
ovoviviparous
eggs hatch within the body
simultaneous hermaphrodite
has working male and female reproductive organs
endosymbiosis
in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other
agnatha
jawless fish class
viviparous
live birth
soft corals
non reef builders
hard corals
reef builders, form skeleton of calcium carbonate
symbiosis
relationship in which two species live closely together
sand cays
small sandy islands on reefs that are not elongated and are parallel to the shore
sequential hermaphrodite
start life as one sex, but changes to another
protogyny
starts as female, changes to male
protandry
starts as male, changes to female
fluke
the horizontal tail fin of a cetacean
echolocation
the use of reflected sound waves to determine distances or to locate objects
ambergris
waxy substance secreted by the sperm whale and found floating at sea or washed ashore
