marine biology exam 2

polar bears

According to your book, in addition to sea otters, what other marine mammal lacks a thick layer of blubber?

no, the sirenians are herbivores

Are all marine mammals carnivores? Explain.

yes

Are walruses pinnipeds?

bony fishes have operculum and no spiracles, jawless have no scales

Can you distinguish between jawless fishes, cartilaginous and bony fishes using anatomy and ecology?

baleen whales sieve prey from water, toothed whales have actual teeth

Can you distinguish between toothed and baleen whales? How are they different?

dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, caudal, adipose

Can you identify the fins of a fish?

sharks have a large oil-filled liver that reduces their density, bony fish use swim bladders

Compare and contrast how sharks maintain buoyancy with how bony fish do.

well developed eyes, large mouths for feeding, countershading

Describe adaptations fish have for catching prey?

nostrils start at the front of head, but migrate to the top of the head into the blowhole

Describe how a Cetaceans' blowhole develops.

snakes have no limbs, are highly venomous, and have over 50 species compared to iguana's one

Describe how a marine iguana is different from a sea snake.

sharks are caught, have their fins cut off, and are thrown back into the ocean to slowly die

Describe shark finning.

cookiecutter sharks attach to prey with jaws and carve out circle shaped cuts of meat, thresher sharks can stun prey with tail and hunt in packs

Describe some example of shark diversity (e.g. different sharks, thresher vs cookie cutter).

early fossils show whale ancestors that have hind limbs

Describe the various evidence that supports the statement that whales evolved from terrestrial mammals?

all fish have vertebrate, not all have bones

Do all fish have bones? Vertebrae?

no, some are omnivores but others don't eat algae, for the most part both ocean and partly land because all are air breathers

Do all marine reptiles eat the same thing? Explain. Do they all live in the same habitats?

some eat squids and penguins

Do all pinnipeds eat fish?

most are omnivores, eat algae or smaller marine organisms

Do all sea turtles eat the same type of food?

they are hydrozoans, more closely related to jellyfish and have medusa stage

How are fire corals different from hermatypic corals and soft corals?

all fish are vertebrates in phylum chordata, class is determined by type of fish (jawless, bony, cartilaginous)

How are fish classified? What characteristics are used to put them into their Phylum and Class?

humpbacks eat fish and zooplankton, gray whales eat bottom invertebrates, zooplankton, and deep swimming fish

How are gray whale diets different from humpback whales?

delayed implantation, blubber or dense fur

How are marine mammals adapted to life in water?

crocodiles regulate salt with salt glands on tongue, iguanas regulate salt with glands in nostrils, turtles regulate salt with glands in tear ducts

How are marine reptiles adapted to a marine environment? For example, how does each group regulate the salt concentration in their body.

skates are oviparous and have rostrum, rays have whip like tail and are viviparous

How are rays and skates different from each other?

apneustic breathing, more blood, higher concentration of erythrocytes, blood to non-vital organs is reduced

How are some marine mammals adapted for diving? Think about adaptations relating to their circulatory systems.

sea lions have external ears and longer necks, can rotate anterior flippers, both are carnivores

How are true seals and sea-lions different? How are they similar?

countershading, false eye spots, camouflaging coloring

How do fish avoid predators?

use internal fertilization, produce amniotic egg

How do marine reptiles reproduce?

release of gametes, fertilization, planula stage (planktonic coral larva), coral larva settles on hard surface, metamorphosis into polyp, polyp divides into two individuals

How do reefs form?

dolphin has more pronounced beak, pointier dorsal fin, longer tail, sharper teeth

How is a dolphin different from a porpoise?

reptiles have dry scaly skin, amphibians can breathe through skin, reptiles can breathe out of water, fish cannot, reptiles lay eggs, mammals have live births

In what ways are marine reptiles different from amphibians? Fish? Mammals?

false, all are ectotherms but one

Is the following statement true or false? All Marine reptiles are homeothermic (endotherms). Explain your answer.

humpback whale

Provide an example of a baleen whale.

killer whale

Provide an example of a toothed whale.

odontoceti

Toothed whales like dolphins and porpoises

butterflyfish, some have spines

What are some examples of fish that have protective body coverings, that are herbivores, that eat or damage coral?

fringing, barrier, atoll

What are the 3 types of reefs discussed in class?

radial symmetry, oral surface, aboral surface, central mouth with tentacles, lack medusa stage

What are the characteristics of Cnidarians?

endothermic, viviparous, air breathing, vertebrates

What are the characteristics of a mammal?

warm temperatures, intense sunlight (shallow water), low turbidity, low sedimentation, solid substrate, normal salinity (33 ppt)

What are the conditions for reef growth?

tail provides both lift and thrust, while flat pectoral fins also provide lift to keep the head up in sharks

What are the different fins used for?

reef flat, reef crest, reef slope, rubble, lagoon

What are the different reef characteristics...e.g. spur and groove or reef flat?

fishing gear, nest destruction, plastic, beach erosion

What are the greatest threats facing marine reptiles?

chelonia, squamata, crocodilia

What are the orders of marine reptiles?

overfishing

What are the threats of this coral ecosystem? For example, how are humans impacting these ecosystems?

aquatic plants like seagrass

What do Sirenians eat?

zooplankton, fish, squid, shellfish, sea grass, some eat other mammals

What do marine mammals eat?

fish, have strong venom that kill prey instantly so it doesn't drift away to die

What do sea snakes eat? How are they adapted for catching and killing their prey?

large squid

What do sperm whales eat?

sharks, killer whales, leopard seals, polar bears

What eats pinnipeds?

too warm water, corals stress and zooxanthellae leave

What is coral bleaching and some of the causes for it?

defense that organisms use to camouflage their appearance, butterflyfish

What is cryptic coloration? Provide examples of organisms that exhibit this.

waters are shallower, coral reefs often help make the waters clearer

What is meant by the statement "clear blue tropical waters are the deserts of the ocean"?

triggers rapid growth of algae which makes water murky and cuts off light

What is nutrient pollution and how can it destroy a reef?

to feed in productive waters, migrate as temperature changes, eat when they get there, some give birth

What is the function of whale migration? When do they migrate? What do they do when they get there?

lives in the coral, gives coral 90-95% of its food and central nutrients, mutualism

What is the relationship between coral and zooxanthellae?

producers

What is the role of macro-algae on the reef?

predators fish, sharks, squids, snails, herbivores, urchins, snails, fish, detritus feeders, cucumbers, worms, amphipods, coral feeders sea stars, fish, crabs, plankton feeders, producers coral, algae, zooxanthellae

What is the trophic structure of a reef? For example, what are some predators and their prey along with examples of producers and deposit feeders. Do any organisms eat coral? Which ones?

heterocercal tail

What kinds of tails do sharks have?

fluoroapatite

What mineral is in a shark's outer enamel on the tooth?

temperature of sand (warmer means more females)

What regulates the sex of sea turtle hatchlings?

gorgonians, sea whips, and sea fans

What three corals have skeletons that are made mostly of protein but do not contribute to reef formation?

southern summer

What time of the year are whales feeding around Antarctica?

beneath tentacles

Where is a polyp's mouth?

coral reef

Where is the greatest species diversity of marine fish found?

crocodilia

Which marine reptile order contains alligators, caimans, and crocodiles?

squamata

Which marine reptile order has lizards and snakes?

chelonia

Which marine reptile order has turtles, tortoises, and terrapins?

they are all land-living vertebrates

Why are amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals considered tetrapods?

depends on warmth, water clarity, salinity

Why are coral reefs distributed where they are?

sharks are slow breeders, increased fishing, finning

Why are shark populations declining?

barrier reef

a coral reef running parallel to the shore but separated from it by a channel of deep water

fringing reef

a coral reef that lies close to the shore.

atoll

an island consisting of a circular coral reef surrounding a lagoon

polyp

anemone-like animal with tentacles facing upward, individual but part of the same coral with others

osteichthyes

bony fish class

chrondrichthyes

cartilaginous fish class

coral

cnidarians that typically live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps

oviparous

egg laying

ovoviviparous

eggs hatch within the body

simultaneous hermaphrodite

has working male and female reproductive organs

endosymbiosis

in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other

agnatha

jawless fish class

viviparous

live birth

soft corals

non reef builders

hard corals

reef builders, form skeleton of calcium carbonate

symbiosis

relationship in which two species live closely together

sand cays

small sandy islands on reefs that are not elongated and are parallel to the shore

sequential hermaphrodite

start life as one sex, but changes to another

protogyny

starts as female, changes to male

protandry

starts as male, changes to female

fluke

the horizontal tail fin of a cetacean

echolocation

the use of reflected sound waves to determine distances or to locate objects

ambergris

waxy substance secreted by the sperm whale and found floating at sea or washed ashore