mastering bio ch 10

Mutations are always __________.

a change in an individual's DNA; Mutations are rare genetic changes that can be neutral, beneficial, or detrimental depending on an individual's circumstances. A dark-color fur mutation is good for a rock pocket mouse living on black lava and bad for one living in the sandy desert.

hominin

a human or human ancestor.

what is a phylogenic tree

a scientific hypothesis of the evolutionary relationship among organisms. Relationship information is contained in the branching structure of the tree.

homology

ex)Hands in humans are made up of five digits, as are the bones within the flippers of a sea lion

micro-

extremely small.

True or false: The universality of the DNA code can be used to support the hypothesis of separate types.

false, The universality of DNA supports the hypothesis that all organisms evolved from a common ancestor.

homini-

human-like.

homolog-

in agreement or from a shared origin.

Darwin and Wallace made independent observations in different parts of the world. Which statements are true?

Both observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time. Both collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary within species.Both witnessed nature up close and realized it was a battlefield with massive casualties.

When dark-colored fur gives mice a 1% competitive advantage and 1% of the population begins with dark fur, in about 1000 years, 95% of the population will have dark fur. Which of the following statements is true?

If dark-colored rock pocket mice had a competitive advantage of 0.1%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have dark fur. A small evolutionary advantage can lead to large changes in a population. The larger the advantage, the faster the changes occur.

What did Wallace conclude from observing that the bones in manatee flippers look similar to the bones in a human arm and hand?

Manatees' arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals

Which change is an example of biological evolution?

Many kinds of bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. Resistance to antibiotics is the result of a change in allele frequency in the population

When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, what did he and most of his contemporary scientists think about the origin of species?

Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time. (Special creation was the prevailing idea of the time. Darwin, like most other scientists, began his journey believing species were unchanging and specially created by God.)

What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, "while mutation is random, natural selection is not"?

Natural selection acts on traits; Natural selection favors some mutations; Mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation. Natural selection can only work on variation existing in a population. Mutation creates variation randomly. Natural selection is not random; by determining which traits are passed to the next generation, it can shape populations.

What conclusion resulted from Darwin's observations on the voyage of the HMS Beagle?

Similar species share a common ancestor; Darwin formulated his hypothesis of common descent based on his observations onboard the HMS Beagle.

Why is special creation not considered a scientific explanation for the diversity of life on earth?

Special creation involves a supernatural creator, which is not observable or measurable in the material universe; Special creation is based on belief in a supernatural creator. Beliefs in the supernatural cannot be tested scientifically

As Wallace traveled the Malay Archipelago, he noticed that western islands had placental mammals, like monkeys. Eastern islands had marsupial mammals, like kangaroos. How did Wallace explain this distribution?

The western islands were once connected to Asia and the eastern islands had been connected to Australia. The islands had never been connected to each other.

Why did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light-colored rock pocket mice?

They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color.; The rock pocket mice that Dr. Nachman catches in the film have a mutation in a gene that leads to the dark fur color

True or false: The appendix had a useful function in some human ancestor.

True, A vestigial trait is a trait that was modified from a functional trait in an ancestor.

True or false: The Linnaean classification system did a good job of classifying organisms according to evolutionary relationships, even before the theory had been widely accepted.

True, Even though Linnaeus believed in special creation and developed his system before the theory of evolution, his classifications were effective at capturing evolutionary relationships.

macro-

large scale

age of a fossil can be estimated by

radiometric dating

microevolution

refers to changes that occur in the characteristics of populations as a result of natural selection.

radio-

refers to radiation.

macroevolution

refers to the diversification of life that results from the emergence of new species from ancestral species.

What evidence shows the similarities between humans and apes?.

the DNA, development, and adult anatomy;There is a great deal of data supporting the close evolutionary relationship between humans and apes

Which alternative to the theory of evolution proposes that today's living things evolved from multiple common ancestors?

the hypothesis of separate types

How is a biological population different from the population of a whole ecosystem, such as a rainforest?

A biological population consists of all one species instead of many species

Which of these statements are supported by this phylogenetic tree?

African monkeys share a common ancestor with gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans; African monkeys are equally related to gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.

When Darwin referred to the Linnaean classification system, what did he suggest?

All members of the same family have more in common than all members of the same order

After his journey on the HMS Beagle, Darwin made this now-famous sketch in his notebook. Which ideas does it represent?

All species are connected to one another in a "family tree." Species descend from other species just as naturally as children come from parents.All species are linked to one another by common ancestry.

Darwin and Wallace independently arrived at the same conclusion that species change over time. Which observations supported their conclusions?

Birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island. The bony shells of armadillos resembled fossilized shells from the extinct Glyptodon. The fossilized remains of giant sloths were similar to the smaller, living sloths Darwin encountered. Mockingbirds from different Galapagos islands had subtle, consistent differences. Bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the Americas. Tortoises from different Galapagos islands have distinct shells.(The resemblance between species and the variations among distant species led both Darwin and Wallace to conclude that species change over time.)

Humans and chimpanzees have a common ancestor that lived approximately 5 million years ago. Scientists have amassed an impressive collection of fossils for ancestors to modern humans and placed these ancestors in chronological order to observe the changes that occurred as these organisms evolved more human-like characteristics. Which lines of evidence provide the basis for stating that humans and chimps have a common ancestor that lived approximately 5 million years ago?

DNA sequence similarity; According to the molecular clock hypothesis, the amount of time required to generate a 1% difference in overall DNA sequence (about the difference between modern humans and modern chimpanzees) is approximately 5 to 6 million years

What is one characteristic that differentiates the subfamily Homininae from other organisms in the family Hominidae?

Elongated skull (The members of Homininae have all of the features listed. The only feature listed that they do not have in common with the Orangutan (a member of family Hominidae but not subfamily Homininae) is an elongated skull.)

True or false: Darwin was the only scientist of his time to propose a mechanism for evolutionary change.

False, Alfred Russel Wallace detailed a mechanism for evolutionary change that was nearly identical to Darwin's theory of natural selection, and Darwin just barely published his ideas first.

What is meant by consilience, which supports the theory of common descent?

Observations from many different sources support the theory. A theory that demonstrates consilience is supported by evidence from a variety of different sources.

Which observations led Darwin to establish a relationship between extinct and living animals?

The fossilized remains of giant sloths were found in places where smaller sloths now live; The bony shells of armadillos resembled the shells of ancient Glyptodon fossils.

The genes responsible for controlling cell growth, DNA replication, and cell division (mitosis) are highly similar in organisms ranging from single-celled yeast to complex humans. The protein made from one of these genes, cyclin B, has been extensively studied in yeast and shown to be specifically responsible for controlling the timing of when a cell enters mitosis. What would a comparison of the sequences of the cyclin B gene in yeast, fruit flies, mice, and humans show?

The human cyclin B sequence would be most similar to mouse cyclin B and most different from yeast cyclin B. Humans and mice are both mammals and, therefore, are more similar to each other than to yeast or fruit flies.

In the lab, Nachman examined dark mice from two different populations living hundreds of miles apart. The mice looked nearly identical. Their dark color was caused by two different genes. What does this tell you?

There are at least two genes involved in creating dark mouse fur. Two completely different mutations in two separate genes can generate the same phenotype. Under very similar conditions, natural selection can favor very similar adaptations. Dark fur color evolved independently on each lava flow.

Why do dark-colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies?

There is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators.The color of a rock pocket mouse's belly is not visible to a predator and therefore is not under strong selection pressure.

Which members of the primate order have more ape-like characteristics?

ancient hominins

Which letter on the tree represents the most recent common ancestor of gorillas and humans?

b, The most recent common ancestor of two taxa is the node that represents the branch point between those taxa. In this case, the letter b represents the branch point between gorillas and humans.

evol-

means to unroll

How do scientists determine the dates of fossils?

measure the ratio of a radioactive element to the decay products; Radioactive dating is a reliable method of determining the age of many fossils.

What is the process by which populations adapt to a changing environment?

natural selection, Natural selection is a process of differential survival and reproduction that brings about evolutionary change.

Which of the following refers to the change in the characteristics in a population over time?

the process of evolution; A scientific theory can explain all known evidence, whereas you can probably find evidence to dispute a popular theory.

-metric

to measure.

True or false: The main idea underlying the modern theory of evolution is that all living things on Earth today descended from a single common ancestor.

true, This principle is known as the theory of common descent and is the primary theme that runs through all of evolutionary theory.