Mastering Bio (FINAL EXAM)

Which of the following statements regarding circulatory systems is true?

A circulatory system is necessary in any animal whose body is too large or too complex for vital chemicals to reach all parts of the body by diffusion.

What is the advantage of excreting nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia?

Ammonia excretion conserves energy.

Which of the following statements about uric acid is true?

Animals that excrete uric acid avoid the problem of water loss associated with excretion of urea

Which artery supplies the frog's head with oxygenated blood?

Carotid arch

True or false? The circulatory system of humans is composed of two loops: the systemic circulation, in which blood flows between the heart and lungs, and the pulmonary circulation, in which blood flows between the heart and the rest of the body.

False

Which of the following statements regarding freshwater fish is true?

Freshwater fish use their gills to actively take up salt ions.

Which of the following statements best describes "deoxygenated" blood?

It has lost some of its oxygen to the body's tissues.

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the left side of the ventricle?

It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circuit.

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the left ventricle?

It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.

A woman has been standing in one place without moving for a long time. You walk by and notice that her ankles are swollen. What is a likely explanation for this observation?

Since the woman has not flexed her leg muscles, blood has not moved upward through the veins so stays pooled at her ankles.

Which of the following statements regarding saltwater fish is true?

The concentration of solutes in the internal fluids of saltwater fish is much lower than that in the surrounding water.

True or false. At the systemic capillary beds in fish, oxygen is released to the cells, which pass carbon dioxide to the blood; this carbon dioxide will eventually be released from the fish at the gill capillary bed.

True

True or false. In frogs, blood flows through the pulmocutaneous circuit between the heart and the lungs and skin and through the systemic circuit between the heart and the rest of the body.

True

Which of the following statements about blood circulation in fish is true?

Valves in the heart prevent blood from entering more than one chamber at a time.

Which of the following statements about blood circulation in humans is true?

Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.

Which of the following options correctly lists the direction of carbon dioxide travel as it leaves the body?

alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx

Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs across

alveoli.

Which of the following by-products of metabolism is the most toxic?

ammonia

What prompts a newborn baby to start to breathe?

an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the baby's blood

Sometimes when a person in a movie is stabbed or cut, blood forcefully sprays out of the wound. This is realistic only if the severed vessel is under a high degree of pressure. Which of the following vessels, if severed, would result in the most forceful spray of blood?

aorta

From the left ventricle, oxygen-rich blood flows through the

aorta.

The largest blood vessel in the human body is the

aorta.

You are taking someone's blood pressure and are listening to sounds of blood flow just under the blood pressure cuff. If this person is hypertensive and has a blood pressure of 140/90, what would be the blood pressure associated with the first sound you hear?

between 90 and 140 mm Hg

In the countercurrent exchange system of fish gills,

blood and water flow in opposite directions.

Which of the following can increase red blood cell concentration in a unit of blood?

blood doping

Medullary breathing centers directly sense and respond to

blood pH and CO2 concentration.

Using a stethoscope, you listen to a beating heart and hear "lub-dup, lub-dup." These sounds are created by

blood recoiling against the closed valves.

An adult human's red blood cells are formed in the

bone marrow.

Oxygen is mostly transported through the body in which of the following forms?

bound to hemoglobin

Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

capillaries

What type of blood vessel is solely responsible for exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid?

capillary

Which kind of vessel has the lowest blood velocity?

capillary

A waste product of respiration is

carbon dioxide.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) makes the _____ permeable to water.

collecting duct

If a person sits on a cool floor, heat from that person is transferred to the floor. This is an example of

conduction.

Inhalation in humans is achieved by

contraction of the diaphragm and chest muscles.

Which of the following processes involves heat exchange between an animal and its environment?

convection

It is a cool winter evening, and you are feeling a little chilled. To warm yourself up, you sip some hot tea. As you swallow, you can feel the tea warm your mouth and throat. The drink is warming you up by the process of

convection.

The outer part of the kidney is the _____.

cortex

The transfer of heat from arteries carrying warm blood past veins returning cooler blood is an example of

countercurrent heat exchange.

As blood moves away from the heart toward the tissues, the relative size of blood vessels ________, the blood pressure ________, and the velocity of blood flow ________.

decreases; drops; slows

What name is given to the sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?

diaphragm

To conserve precious salts, freshwater fish

drink almost no water and produce large amounts of dilute urine.

A salamander is a vertebrate that spends part of its life cycle in water (juvenile stage) and part on land (adult stage). In both life stages, the salamander's body temperature depends on its surrounding environment, so the salamander demonstrates _________ behavior.

ectothermic

Animals that maintain internal body temperature using heat generated by their own metabolism are called

endotherms

To enhance heat loss, humans sweat; this is an adaptation known as

evaporative cooling.

Blood clots are formed by platelets and the plasma protein

fibrinogen.

Which of the following kinds of animals excrete their nitrogenous waste entirely as ammonia?

fish

Which of the following options correctly lists the structures in the kidney in the order in which fluid flows through them?

glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule

Animals that effectively use their body surface for gas exchange must

have a high ratio of body surface area to volume.

When bar-headed geese fly at very high altitudes (possibly over Mount Everest!), they breathe very thin air where the partial pressure of oxygen is very low compared to that at sea level. Which of the following adaptions would help the geese efficiently exchange gases when flying at high altitudes?

hemoglobin that has a high affinity for oxygen

The oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells is

hemoglobin.

When a salmon moves from the ocean to a freshwater environment, you would expect its urine volume to ________ and its rate of salt absorption to ________.

increase; increase

Which of the following physiological responses occurs in the human body when it becomes overheated?

increased blood flow to the skin

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.

inferior vena cava

What is the most common cause of anemia?

iron deficiency

The mechanism for excreting nitrogenous waste in aquatic animals was ineffective on land because

land animals had a more difficult time with water balance than aquatic species since water was not always available on land.

From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.

left atrium

Which of the following is a function of the human urinary system?

maintenance of water balance

What part of the human brain contains the primary breathing control center?

medulla oblongata

When humans are cold, they often shiver. Shivering increases their ________, thereby warming their bodies.

metabolic heat production

Under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), _____ is produced.

more concentrated urine

A logical treatment plan for patients with high ADH levels would include

more fluids.

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

nephron

Which of these is the functional unit of a kidney?

nephron

The reason animals need a continuous supply of oxygen is to

obtain energy from their food.

The two basic types of circulatory systems that have evolved over time are

open and closed.

Marine animals that have body fluids with a solute concentration equal to that of the surrounding seawater are

osmoconformers.

When a dolphin consumes a large volume of water and electrolytes, it must be able to get rid of large volumes of water via urine and feces. This is an example of the process of

osmoregulation.

The liquid part of blood is called

plasma.

Oxygen-poor blood is carried from the heart of a mammal to the lungs via the

pulmonary arteries.

In mammals, which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lung back to the heart?

pulmonary vein

Blood returns to the heart via the _____.

pulmonary veins

During gas exchange, body cells

release CO2 and take up O2.

When you exhale, you

remove CO2 from the body.

The _____ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys.

renal arteries

Urine formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before being drained from the kidney by the _____ and transported to the _____.

renal pelvis ... ureter ...urinary bladder

The body structure where gas exchange occurs is called the

respiratory surface.

From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.

right atrium

Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs by the

right ventricle.

Which of the following factors contributes to the flow of blood in veins?

skeletal muscle contractions

Arteries are distinguished from veins based on all of the following features except

the amount of oxygen present in the blood.

Thermoregulation, an important part of homeostasis, is defined as

the maintenance of internal body temperature within an optimal range despite change in external temperature.

When you are breathing normally, exhalation results mainly from

the relaxation of the chest muscles and diaphragm.

Which of the following contributes to gas exchange in the human fetus?

the stronger attraction that fetal hemoglobin has for oxygen when compared to adult hemoglobin

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

to increase water reabsorption

Which of the following is a function of the circulatory system?

transporting nutrients to body cells

Through which of the following structures does urine leave the bladder?

urethra

Birds, like other animals, must eliminate ammonia or urea. They do so by converting it to

uric acid.

In which of the following human blood vessels is the blood pressure lowest?

veins in the head

Cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by a(n) ________ each time it contracts.

ventricle

The maximum amount of air that a human can inhale and exhale is called the

vital capacity.

When a salmon leaves the river and moves out to sea, you would expect ________ to leave its body by osmosis and that excess ________ would need to be pumped out.

water; salt