Mastring A&P HWs
How many basic types of muscle tissue are there? __________
3
How many primary tissue types are found in the human body? __________
4
If your ocular lens is 10×, and you are using your 45× objective lens to view a slide, the total magnification is ________.
450×
Through which membrane(s) would sodium chloride diffuse?
50 MWCO, 100 MWCO, and 200 MWCO Submit
Identify the primary functions of simple columnar epithelium.
Absorption; Secretion
Which of the following is required for filtration?
Both a membrane and a hydrostatic pressure gradient are required.
Drinking too much plain water in a short period of time can result in water intoxication. As a result, blood plasma will become hypotonic. What effect do you think this would have on blood cells?
Cells may be lysed.
What does the term "dense" in "dense irregular connective tissue" refer to?
Density of fibers
This membranous organelle resembles a stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated vesicles.
Golgi apparatus
Select the statement about selective (or differential) permeability that is false.
It keeps cellular wastes inside cells.
Identify the functions of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Movement; Secretion
What are the visible characteristics of transitional epithelium?
Neighbors a hollow cavity called the lumen; Rounded apical surfaces that resemble a tombstone shape; Multiple layers of cells.
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
Protection
A single layer of tall rectangular cells best describes which of the following?
Simple columnar epithelium
What is the only body system that contains transitional epithelium?
Urinary system
How would you interpret a micrograph that shows a cuboidal cell without a nucleus?
When preparing the slide, the blade did not cut through the nucleus.
The prefix ______ means against or opposite.
anti-
This type of connective tissue is found under epithelia, packaging organs, and surrounding capillaries.
areolar
The prefix ______ means self or self-acting
auto-
The process during which a cell eats itself is referred to as
autophagy
The prefix ______ means inside, taking in, or within.
endo-
________ is the process of bringing substances into a cell.
endocytosis
This organelle stores and transports proteins, and synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol.
endoplasmic reticulum
A membrane transport process is active if it requires ________.
energy provided by ATP
This tissue type is a covering and lining tissue. It also includes glands.
epithelial
Ribosomes/ribosomal subunits are found ________.
free in the cytoplasm
Red blood cells placed in 5% sodium chloride solution will ________.
lose water and undergo crenation
When observing a slide under a microscope, begin focusing with the ________-power objective lens in place.
lowest
This organelle digests other worn-out organelles and foreign substances that have entered the cell.
lysosome
Which organelle would you expect to play the largest role in total cell destruction?
lysosomes
All the following are examples of connective tissue EXCEPT __________.
neurons
Of the two major cell types found in nervous tissue, __________ cells are highly specialized to generate and conduct electrical signals.
neurons
The support cells found in nervous tissue are called ________.
nueroglia
In this activity, the solutes were transported through the dialysis membrane by _______.
simple diffusion
Filtration is a non-selective, passive process in which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure. The following property limits movement of some solutes.
size of the membrane pores
Which muscle tissue type is controlled voluntarily?
skeletal
This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is __________.
smooth muscle
Which of the following solutes would move the fastest?
sodium chloride
Which of the following generated osmotic pressure?
sodium chloride, glucose and albumin generated osmotic pressure.
The microscope slide rests on the __________ while being viewed.
stage
The prefix _____ means layers.
strat-
Any tissues that exist in layers and form linings or coverings fall into the category of ____.
stratified epithelia
For solutes that move by simple diffusion, which of the following does NOT affect the rate of simple diffusion across a membrane?
the potential energy of the solute the membrane pore size
A solution is said to be isotonic if it contains ________.
the same number of nonpenetrating solute particles as the interior of cells
Groups of cells that are anatomically similar and share a function are called __________.
tissues
____ is the power of the ocular lens multiplied by the power of the objective lens used.
total magnification
Blood is a type of connective tissue.
true
A Hypertonic solution:_______.
will induce cell shrinkage
____ is the space between the bottom of the objective lens and the surface of the slide.
working distance
You are observing the letter "e" under a compound microscope. Which of the following indicates how the image appears as you view it through the ocular lens?
ə
Recall from the video the steps for properly focusing on a specimen using a compound microscope. Remember to always use both eyes when looking through binocular lenses! Place the steps for focusing a microscope in the correct order from left to right.
1. Click the scanning objective into position above the specimen. 2. Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage all the way up 3. Use the fine adjustment knob until the specimen is in focus 4. Adjust the iris diaphragm and/or the light control knob to improve contrast 5. Use the mechanical stage controls to move a given structure to the center of your field of view
Identify the primary functions of simple cuboidal epithelium.
Absorption; Secretion
Where is simple squamous epithelium found in the body?
Air sacs of the lungs; Kidneys (glomerular capsule); Lining of blood vessels
Where is the basement membrane located?
At the boundary between connective tissue and epithelium
Which of the following resulted in an increase in the filtration rate?
Both increasing the pore size and increasing the pressure above the beaker are correct.
Orthopedic surgeons are fond of saying, "It is better to break a bone than it is to tear a tendon or ligament." Why is this true?
Broken bones heal faster and with less scar tissue because they are more vascularized than tendons or ligaments.
These molecules move through the lipid portion of the plasma membrane by simple diffusion.
CO2 and O2
Which description is best for transitional epithelium?
Cells that are more cuboidal in a relaxed state but more squamous when stretched.
What is the dominant fiber type found in dense irregular connective tissue?
Collagen
What are the fiber types found in the two forms of dense regular connective tissue?
Collagen and elastic
Identify the one characteristic that does NOT describe a goblet cell.
Component of a mucous gland
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found in the body?
Deep regions of the dermis; Forms thin encasements around many organs
What fiber type permits areolar connective tissue to retain a degree of flexibility?
Elastic
Explain why a buccal swab procedure should not cause bleeding.
Epithelium is avascular. Removing a few cells from the apical layer of the epithelium will not damage any blood vessels.
What are the visible characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue?
Fibers create a woven or web-type pattern observable on the slide; Collagen fibers running in different directions; Fibroblast nuclei are visible in a sporadic arrangement.
What does the term "regular" in "dense regular connective tissue" refer to?
Fibers run parallel.
What are the visible characteristics of dense regular connective tissue?
Fibroblast nuclei are visible, sporadically located between fibers.; Very little ground substance and few cells are observable on the slide.; Collagen fibers or elastic fibers running in the same direction.
____ is a type of cartilage with a net of collagen fibers to help resist compression and tension.
Fibrocartilage
Identify the primary function(s) of simple squamous epithelium cells.
Filtration; Diffusion
Identify the function of transitional epithelium.
Flexibility
Where is dense regular connective tissue found in the body?
Forms tendons; Forms part of the wall of large arteries
Which solution in a test tube would work best in extracting DNA from cheek cells for analysis?
Hypotonic
Which of the following was NOT observed during this activity?
Increasing the rate of filtration increased the concentration of solutes in the filtrate.
Where are chondrocytes located?
Inside lacunae
An example of filtration occurs in the kidney and:
Ions and glucose filter from the capillary into the kidney tubule.
Where is transitional epithelium found in the body?
Lining of the ureter; Lining of the proximal portion of the urethra; Lining of the urinary bladder
Where is stratified squamous epithelium found in the body?
Lining of the vagina; Lining of the esophagus; Epidermis
Where is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found in the body?
Lining the trachea; Lining large bronchi; Lining the nasal cavity
Where is simple columnar epithelium found in the body?
Lining the uterine (fallopian) tubes; Lining the stomach; Lining the small and large intestine.
What type of connective tissue is areolar connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue
What visual feature sets hyaline cartilage apart from other types of cartilage?
Matrix appears transparent.
What is the function of cilia?
Movement of something across the cell's surface
What are the visible characteristics of areolar connective tissue?
Multiple cell types are present; Multiple types of fibers running in different directions; Fibers create an observable woven or web-type pattern.
Where is hyaline cartilage found in the body?
Nose, trachea, joints
How could you best improve the contrast of this specimen?
Open or close the iris diaphragm.
Which of the following is true about osmosis?
Osmosis is the flow of water across a plasma membrane.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is used to remove low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) from the blood. What effect would defective LDL receptors have on a patient's cholesterol levels and overall risk for heart disease?
Patients would have very high LDL levels and a high risk of heart disease.
Which statement about vesicular transport is true?
Pinocytosis is used to take liquids into a cell.
Identify the best description for the shape of squamous cells.
Plate-like
Identify the primary function(s) of dense regular connective tissue.
Provides strength and durability; Resists bidirectional tensions applied along one spatial plane
Identify the primary function(s) of dense irregular connective tissue.
Provides strength; Resists stress applied along multiple spatial planes
Identify the primary function(s) of hyaline cartilage.
Provides structural support; Provides strength
What body system contains pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Respiratory system
Plasma cells are key to the immune response because they secrete antibodies. Given that antibodies are made of protein, which membrane-enclosed cell organelle would you expect the plasma cells to have in abundance?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Some antifungal medications work by blocking DNA synthesis in the fungal cell. During which phase of the cell cycle do these medications work?
S phase
Which of these are characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found next to free space called the lumen; Simple cuboidal epithelium frequently forms tubular or spherical structures in the body; Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells.
Which of these are characteristics of simple squamous epithelium?
Simple squamous cells attach to form a sheet-like arrangement; Simple squamous epithelium is found next to free space called the lumen.
Which of the following best describes pseudostratified epithelium?
Single layer of cells with various heights
Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. __________ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened.
Squamous
Having multiple layers of flat cells against a free surface describes which of the following?
Stratified squamous epithelium
A blood smear is used to diagnose malaria. In patients with malaria, the protozoa can be found near and inside red blood cells. Explain why a microscope capable of high magnification and high resolution would be needed to diagnose malaria.
Structures inside a cell including protozoa are very small and cannot be seen with low magnification.
Identify the primary functions of areolar connective tissue.
Supports epithelium; Connects different tissue types
Describe the apical surface.
The apical surface is closest to or on the luminal surface; The apical surface is sometimes covered with cilia; Secretions from goblet cells are released from the apical surface of a cell.
A cell is immersed in a beaker of solution. The cell membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes. If the intracellular concentration is 10 mM and the solution is 20 mM, which of the following is true?
The cell will shrink.
The presence or absence of a solute in the filtrate depends on _______.
The molecular weight and size of the solute as well as the MWCO and pore size of the membrane.
With the experimental conditions set at 10 mM glucose and 9 mM albumin, and the 200 MWCO membrane in place, which of the following is true?
The net movement of water is toward the albumin.
What are the visible characteristics of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
The nuclei are found in multiple planes, giving the illusion of multiple cell layers; Goblet cells are columnar cells that can be seen interspersed within the tissue; Cilia project from the apical surface into the lumen.
When cardiac muscle tissue dies in adults, it is replaced with scar tissue composed of dense connective tissue. Explain how scar tissue would affect the function of the cardiac muscle tissue.
The scar tissue cannot contract so the heart will be weaker.
Which of the following would result in NO change in osmotic pressure across a membrane?
The solutes can diffuse through the pores and the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of the membrane.
Which of these are visible characteristics of stratified squamous epithelium?
There are so many layers of cells that it would be difficult to count them precisely; The squamous cells closer to the lumen are flatter while the squamous cells closer to the connective tissue are fuller and rounder; Stratified squamous epithelium is always adjacent to a free space or lumen
Histopathology is the use of microscopes to view tissues to diagnose and track the progression of diseases. Why are thin slices of tissue ideal for this procedure?
Thin slices are used so that pathologists can clearly see individual cells for their assessment. Too many layers of cells makes it difficult to focus and hard to see what changes have occurred in the tissues.
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found in the body?
Thyroid follicles; Kidney tubules
Where is areolar connective tissue found in the body?
Underlying the epithelium of the esophagus; Underlying the epidermis; Underlying the epithelium of the trachea
Which of the following sentences regarding microscope care and handling is correct?
Use the coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest-power objective.
Which of the following statements about osmosis is FALSE?
Water moves toward the solution with the lowest concentration of solutes. Submit
If a membrane is impermeable to solutes, which of the following is true?
Water will move toward the more concentrated solutes.
In __________ processes, the cell provides energy in the form of ATP to power the transport process.
active
Increasing the pressure above the beaker is analogous to _______.
an increase in blood pressure
During ________, the shortest phase of mitosis, chromosomes are pulled toward the poles of the cell.
anaphase
The sequence on tRNA that is opposite to the codon on mRNA is the _________.
anticodon
This connective tissue is made of hard calcified matrix and stores calcium and other minerals.
bone (osseous tissue)
Which solute did NOT appear in the filtrate using the 200 MWCO membrane?
charcoal
The prefix _____ means cartilage.
chondr-
The mature cells that live in cartilage and maintain the matrix around them are ____.
chondrocytes
The prefix ______means cell.
cyto-
The structural framework of a cell is the
cytoskeleton
This tough, strong, connective tissue is found beneath the epithelial tissue of the skin. It is packed with collagen fibers that run in all different directions.
dense irregular
When the solutes are evenly distributed throughout a solution, we say the solution has reached _______.
equilibrium
Which of the following requires a membrane-bound carrier for transport?
facilitated diffusion
The prefix _____ means fiber or fibrous
fibro-
This is the toughest kind of cartilage. It is found in places that receive a lot of mechanical stress.
fibrocartilage
____ is the area you see through the microscope.
field of view
Red blood cells placed in a hypotonic solution will ________.
gain water and undergo hemolysis
Which substance uses a carrier protein to cross the plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion?
glucose
The prefix ______ means sugar.
glyco-
A molecule made primarily of amino acids with carbohydrate side chains would be described as a
glycoprotein
The force that causes water and solutes to cross cell membranes by filtration is ________.
hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following does NOT describe the plasma membrane?
impermeable
Which of the following substances would NOT be found in significant amounts in the extracellular matrix of the illustrated areolar connective tissue?
keratin
In this organ, filtration is the important first step in producing urine.
kidney
The prefix _____ means middle or intermediate.
mes-
The middle portion of unspecialized mesoderm from which cartilage, bone, and blood develop is called ____.
mesenchyme
Name the rod-shaped organelles that have a double-membrane wall and that oxidize foodstuffs to make ATP.
mitochondria
The division of human cells consists of a series of events, collectively called ________, or nuclear division, and ________, or division of the cytoplasm.
mitosis, cytokinesis
Osmotic pressure is measured in units of _______.
mm Hg
This primary tissue type generates electrical signals and can actively contract.
muscle
The prefix ______ means nucleus or nuclear
nucle-
Small structures in the nucleus of cells responsible for producing ribosomal subunits are called _________.
nucleoli
Simple epithelia have ________.
one type of epithelial cell, arranged in a single layer
____ microscope objectives stay relatively in focus when magnification is charged.
parfocal
Membrane transport may be passive or active.
phagocytosis
During this phase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope fragments.
prophase
____ is the ability to discriminate between two close objects.
resolution
The prefix _____ means made like a net or web.
ret-
___ is the type of connective tissue that forms a structural net to support other cells.
reticular connective tissue
This tissue type is capable of changing its shape and stretching. It lines the urinary bladder and ureters.
transitional epithelium
To transport a microscope, hold it ________.
upright, with one hand on its arm and the other hand supporting its base
Which of the following is NOT a passive process?
vesicular transport