Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

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mastication

chewing food into smaller peices for swallowing

segmentation

continued churning in small intestine by smooth muscle contractions, back and forth movements of portions of small intestine

chemical digestion

digestive enzymes breaking bonds between food macromolecules

salivary amylase

enzyme in that begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth

pancreatic amylase

enzyme secreted by the pancreas to continue breakdown of carbohydrates in small intestine

pepsin

enzyme that begins digestion of proteins in stomach

lingual lipase

enzyme that begins lipid breakdown in the mouth

gastric lipase

enzyme that continues breakdown of triglycerides (lipids) in the stomach

pancreatic lipase

enzyme that continues digestion of lipids in small intestine

trypsin

enzyme that continues to digest proteins in the small intestine

amylases

enzymes that break down carbohydrates

lipase

enzymes that break down lipids

peptidases

enzymes that break down peptides into amino acids

proteases

enzymes that break down proteins

lipids are hydrolyzed into and absorbed as

glycerol and fatty acids

pepsinogen

inactive form of pepsin; secreted by chief cells; HCl released by perietal cells in stomach converts pepsinogen into active form, pepsin

macromolecule

large molcules resulting from anabolism

lipids

macromolecules that are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

proteins

macromolecules that are broken down into peptides and amino acids

substrate

molecule acted on by an enzyme

carbohydrates hydrolyzed into and absorbed as

monosaccharides

carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth

lipid digestion begins in the

mouth

lipid digestion occurs in which organs?

mouth (salivary glands), stomach, small intestine (lingual lipase, gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase)

emulsification

physically break up large aggregates of lipids molecules into smaller aggregates to give a greater surface area for enzymes

bile salts

prepare lipids for digestion by emulsification

absorption

process that happens to nutrients after digestion

enzymes that digest carbohydrates are produced by what organs?

salivary glands, pacrease, and stomach (salivary/pancreatic/gastric amylase)

protein digestion begins in the

stomach

enzymes that digest proteins are produced by what organs?

stomach, pancreas (pepsin, trypsin)

anabolize

to build small molecules into macromolecules

peristalsis

waves that churn and mix food in the stomach with gastric juices, mechanical digestion in stomach

proteins are hydrolyzed into and abosrobed as

amino acids

mechanical digestion

begins in mouth (mastication) an continues in stomach (peristalsis); gices a greater surface area for enzymes to do work

catabolize

break down of large molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.

enzyme

a biological catlyst

starch

a carbohydrate digested into disaccharides and monosaccharides


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