Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
mastication
chewing food into smaller peices for swallowing
segmentation
continued churning in small intestine by smooth muscle contractions, back and forth movements of portions of small intestine
chemical digestion
digestive enzymes breaking bonds between food macromolecules
salivary amylase
enzyme in that begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
pancreatic amylase
enzyme secreted by the pancreas to continue breakdown of carbohydrates in small intestine
pepsin
enzyme that begins digestion of proteins in stomach
lingual lipase
enzyme that begins lipid breakdown in the mouth
gastric lipase
enzyme that continues breakdown of triglycerides (lipids) in the stomach
pancreatic lipase
enzyme that continues digestion of lipids in small intestine
trypsin
enzyme that continues to digest proteins in the small intestine
amylases
enzymes that break down carbohydrates
lipase
enzymes that break down lipids
peptidases
enzymes that break down peptides into amino acids
proteases
enzymes that break down proteins
lipids are hydrolyzed into and absorbed as
glycerol and fatty acids
pepsinogen
inactive form of pepsin; secreted by chief cells; HCl released by perietal cells in stomach converts pepsinogen into active form, pepsin
macromolecule
large molcules resulting from anabolism
lipids
macromolecules that are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids
proteins
macromolecules that are broken down into peptides and amino acids
substrate
molecule acted on by an enzyme
carbohydrates hydrolyzed into and absorbed as
monosaccharides
carbohydrate digestion begins in the
mouth
lipid digestion begins in the
mouth
lipid digestion occurs in which organs?
mouth (salivary glands), stomach, small intestine (lingual lipase, gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase)
emulsification
physically break up large aggregates of lipids molecules into smaller aggregates to give a greater surface area for enzymes
bile salts
prepare lipids for digestion by emulsification
absorption
process that happens to nutrients after digestion
enzymes that digest carbohydrates are produced by what organs?
salivary glands, pacrease, and stomach (salivary/pancreatic/gastric amylase)
protein digestion begins in the
stomach
enzymes that digest proteins are produced by what organs?
stomach, pancreas (pepsin, trypsin)
anabolize
to build small molecules into macromolecules
peristalsis
waves that churn and mix food in the stomach with gastric juices, mechanical digestion in stomach
proteins are hydrolyzed into and abosrobed as
amino acids
mechanical digestion
begins in mouth (mastication) an continues in stomach (peristalsis); gices a greater surface area for enzymes to do work
catabolize
break down of large molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
enzyme
a biological catlyst
starch
a carbohydrate digested into disaccharides and monosaccharides
