MGMT 12 +13

Which of the following statements about disabilities is true?

Accommodations for disabilities needn't be expensive.

In terms of simplicity and effectiveness, which of the following reinforcement schedules may be the best choice for managers?

continuous

In order to ensure that women have the same opportunities for development and advancement as men, companies should ____.

develop mentoring programs

The ____ states that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they are offered attractive rewards.

expectancy theory

According to expectancy theory, in order for people to be highly motivated, ____ must be high.

instrumentality

According to some industrial psychologists, ____ is a function of motivation times ability times situational constraints.

job performance

The two parts of reinforcement are ____.

reinforcement contingencies and schedules of reinforcement

When Suzanne Pogell wanted to learn to sail, she could not find anyone to teach her because men were the ones who sailed, and women were their crew. After mastering sailing, Suzanne started an all-woman sailing school called Womanship as a sole proprietorship. By creating her own business, Suzanne overcame problems associated with ____ while creating a different version of the same problem.

sex discrimination

Conscientiousness is ____.

the degree to which someone is organized, hardworking, responsible, and achievement-oriented

Which of the following is a paradigm for managing diversity?

the learning and effectiveness paradigm

____ is a term that describes a situation in organizations when there is a variety of demographic, cultural, and personal differences among the people who work there and the customers who do business there.

Diversity

____ is a reinforcement strategy which weakens a behavior over time because the behavior has no consequences, positive or negative.

Extinction

As a German pharmaceuticals company decided to implement a diversity training program, its human resources managers discovered that Americans typically reach decisions very quickly. One German manager described them as "hip shooters." He said, "We

Germans] are more analytical. We're more logical and systematic." This discovery had to do with ____.[deep-level diversity

____ is the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous.

Goal specificity

____ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.

Reinforcement

____ are the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences.

Reinforcement contingencies

Unlike ____, which punishes companies for not achieving specific gender and race differences in their work forces, ____ programs seek to benefit both organizations and their employees by encouraging organizations to value all kinds of differences.

affirmative action; diversity

Older workers ____.

are accurately described by none of these

Managers can motivate employees to increase their efforts by ____.

asking employees what their needs are then matching rewards to those needs

Jean-Marie has excellent keyboarding skills and enters data for a marketing research firm. Jean-Marie is also vision-impaired. In order to perform his job, Jean-Marie needs a computer monitor that produces oversized print so he can read it. Providing the monitor to facilitate Jean-Marie's job performance is an example of ____.

assistive technology

What action can a medium-sized manufacturing company take if it wants to create a positive work environment; where every employee does his or her best work and individual differences are respected and not just ignored?

create a diversity program

The primary benefit of the ____ paradigm is that it generally brings about fairer treatment of employees and increases demographic diversity.

discrimination and fairness paradigm

To make sure that people with disabilities have the same opportunities as everyone else, organizations can ____.

do all of these

Companies in several industries are now waking up to the market needs of gays and lesbians. Through diversity programs, organizations are actively recruiting and hiring gays and lesbians to ____.

drive business growth

People with the Big Five dimension of ____ respond well under stress.

emotional stability

Which of the following is one of the Big Five personality dimensions?

emotional stability

To help companies reduce age discrimination, their managers can ____.

ensure that younger and older workers interact with each other

In a(n) ____ reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed.

fixed interval

Traffic accidents, most of which are caused by excessive speed, cost Australia $15 billion per year. The Australian government is thinking of using cameras to catch speeders. Government officials plan to put cameras at various locations for four weeks and then the cameras will be moved. Plans are to put the cameras back to their original location every fourth month. What kind of reinforcement schedule will be used?

fixed interval

Goal acceptance is most similar to the idea of ____.

goal commitment

Which of the following is NOT a basic component of goal-setting theory?

goal congruity

The city of Cairo has the world's greatest collection of Islamic buildings and statues. It would seem an ideal location for Muslim tourists, but unfortunately preservation activities have been inadequate and often more destructive than constructive. Imagine the Egyptian government is instituting a marketing campaign to motivate tourists to spend their vacation dollars in Cairo. The buildings and statues in the city would have a(n) ____ to Muslim tourists who wanted to learn more about their heritage.

high valence

Diversity helps companies grow by ____.

improving marketplace understanding

Diversity helps companies grow by ____.

improving the quality of problem solving

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, engineering students consider the improvement of teaching to be the most important outcome of the evaluation process. In terms of the expectancy theory, the likelihood that students feel their inputs on the evaluations will lead directly to improved instruction is called ____.

instrumentality

In equity theory, after a(n) ____ comparison in which they compare their outcomes to their inputs, employees then make a(n) ____ comparison in which they compare their O/I ratio with the O/I ratio of a referent.

internal; external

Bentley College launched a comprehensive diversity initiative that includes frequent diversity retreats for faculty, staff, and student leaders; innovative recruitment efforts; employee benefits for domestic partners; and extensive support services focused on race, gender, and disability. Bentley uses the ____ paradigm for managing diversity.

learning and effectiveness

The three components of ____ are initiation of effort, direction of effort, and persistence of effort.

motivation

Driving in heavy traffic makes Hal very anxious and sometimes angry. He leaves home earlier than usual one morning and doesn't run into heavy traffic. He leaves home earlier again the next morning, and again he avoids heavy traffic. His behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic. What kind of reinforcement has occurred in this example?

negative reinforcement

A family restaurant based in the English speaking providence of Ontario, was planning on opening a catering business in the French-speaking areas of Canada, This restaurant would need employees with which of the following dimensions of personality?

openness to experience

The term ____ refers to a work environment where (1) each member is empowered to contribute in a way that maximizes the benefits to the organization, customers, and themselves; and (2) the individuality of each member is respected by not segmenting or polarizing people on the basis of their membership in a particular group.

organizational plurality

Although both Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments and the advent of professional women's sporting leagues have led to dramatic increases in opportunities for women in sports significant discrepancies still exist between men's and women's sports. For example, women receive less media coverage, promotion, and institutional support. According to equity theory, media coverage, access, promotion, and institutional support are all examples of undesirable ____ for female athletes.

outcomes

Which type of inequity occurs more frequently in theory than in practice?

overreward

Although both Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments and the advent of professional women's sporting leagues have led to dramatic increases in opportunities for women in sports at high school, collegiate, and professional levels, significant discrepancies still exist between men's and women's sports. According to equity theory, female athletes should feel that male athletes are being ____.

overrewarded

McClellend's Learned Needs Theory identifies three needs. They are the needs for ____.

power, achievement, and affiliation

Which of the following might account for the disparities between the percentages of African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans among the general population and their smaller representation in management positions?

racial or ethnic discrimination in the workplace

Which of the following jobs would be most likely to require someone who has high degree of extraversion?

salesperson

According to the motivational model presented in the text, perceived inequity directly affects ____.

satisfaction

With surface-level diversity, differences are immediately observable, easy to measure, and ____.

typically unchangeable

According to equity theory, when employees perceive ____, they tend to experience anger or frustration.

underreward