MGMT 473 Exam 1

Expectancy theory of motivation states that people naturally direct their effort towards behaviors they believe are most likely to lead to desired outcomes.

True

Goal setting potentially improves employee performance by increasing motivation and clarifying role perceptions.

True

In terms of cross-cultural values, people in the United States tend to have relatively high individualism, middle to high achievement orientation, and medium to low power distance.

True

Motivation is closely related to the concept of employee engagement.

True

Organizational Behavior encompasses the study of organizations interact with their external environments.

True

People who believe that their successful completion of a project is due to their skill and hard work are making an internal attribution.

True

People with a high need for affiliation tend to be more effective in jobs that require them to mediate conflicts.

True

The MARS model identifies the four main factors that influence individual behavior: motivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factors.

True

Attribution Theory

How we perceive others: external or internal

Our emotions influence what we recognize or screen out.

True

Stereotyping is an extension of social identity theory and a product of our natural process of organizing information through categorical thinking.

True

Three challenges organizations are facing include globalization, increasing workforce diversity, and emerging employment relationships.

True

Maslow's needs hierarchy theory explains how people develop perceptions of fairness in the distribution and exchange of resources.

False

Moods are less intense emotional states that are directed toward something or somebody in particular.

False

Motivation is an external force on the person that causes him/her to engage in specific behaviors.

False

________ is the process of filtering information received by our senses.

Selective Attention

The process of assigning traits to people based on their membership in an identifiable social category is called:

Stereotyping

In the four-drive theory, the drive ______ is most closely associated with the need for relative status and recognition.

To acquire

Attitudes represent a cluster of beliefs, motivation and feelings about an attitude object.

True

Beliefs are established perceptions about the attitude object.

True

Confirmation bias causes us to screen out information that is contrary to our values and assumptions.

True

Emotions generate a core affect that something is good or bad, helpful or harmful, to be approached or avoided.

True

Emotions

intense feelings that are directed at specific objects

Ethics

moral principles that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad

Emotional Intelligence

non-cognitive ability to identify, understand, and manage emotions of self and others

Distributive Justice

perceived fairness of amount

Procedural Justice

perceived fairness of the process

Stress

physical and psychological tension felt when confronted with extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization

Perception

process by which individuals give meaning to their environment by organizing and interpreting their sensory impressions

Selective Attention

process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring other information

Confirmation Bias

process of screening out information that is contrary to our values and assumptions and to more readily accept confirming information

Equity Theory

proposes that employees perceive what they get from a job situation (outcomes) in relation to that they put in (inputs) and then measure against others

Personality

relatively stable pattern of behaviors and consistent states that explain a person's behavioral tendencies

Values

stable, long-lasting evaluative beliefs

Cognitive Dissonance

state of anxiety that occurs when an individual's beliefs, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors are inconsistent with each other

Values are stable, evaluative beliefs about what is important in a variety of situations.

True

3 challenges organizations are facing in the workplace

1. globalization 2. increased workforce diversity 3. emerging employment relationships

Why do we study OB?

1. understand 2. predict 3. influence

In expectancy theory, valence refers to the:

Anticipated satisfaction or dissatisfaction that an individual feels towards an outcome

The uncomfortable tension felt when our behavior and attitudes are inconsistent with each other is called:

Cognitive Dissonance

Some investors in the stock market become overconfident and ignore evidence that their strategies will lose money. This can be attributed to _____.

Confirmation Bias

Anger, fear, joy, and sadness represent the:

Different types of emotions

Which of the following determine whether intentions translate into behavior?

All four elements of the MARS model

Customer service representatives (CSRs) often conceal their frustration when serving an irritating customer. This behavior from the CSRs is an example of:

Emotional Labor

A global mindset excludes the capacity to empathize and act effectively across cultures.

False

According to learned needs theory, companies should hire leaders with a strong need for personalized power.

False

Competencies refer to the complete set of motivations, abilities, role perceptions, and situational factors that contribute to job performance.

False

Emotions represent the cluster of beliefs, assessed feelings, and behavioral intentions towards something or someone guided by conscious logical reasoning.

False

In order for something to be called an organization, it must have certain assets such as buildings and equipment.

False

OB can be used to fulfill the need to understand and predict the behavior of others in the organization. However, it is not helpful in influencing others to getting things done in organizations.

False

The ideal situation in organizations is to have employees whose values are perfectly congruent with the organization's values.

False

The most effective reinforcement schedule for learning new tasks is variable ratio schedule.

False

The perceptual process begins by attributing behavior to internal or external causes.

False

Which of the following terms best represents the positive or negative evaluations of the attitude object?

Feelings

The optimal level difficulty of a goal:

Occurs when the goal is challenging but not impossible

Which of the following refers to the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us?

Perception

Expectancy Theory

an individual's actions depend upon: -the expectation that the individual can perform the act -the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome -the valence

Organizational Justice

an overall perception of what is fair in the workplace

Corporate Social Responsibility

consists of organizational activities intended to benefit society and the environment, beyond the firm's immediate financial interests or legal obligations

Motivation

forces or needs within a person that affect the direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior

Types of Stress

functional stress (eustress) dysfunctional stress (distress)

Goal-Setting Theory

goals - accepted, specific, and challenging yet achievable

Organizations

groups of people who work interdependently toward a purpose

MARS Model

identifies the four main factors that influence individual behavior: motivation, ability, role perceptions, situational factors

Emotional Labor

the effort, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions

Organizational Behavior

the study of what people think, feel, and do in and around organizations OB encompasses the study of how organizations interact with their external environment