MGMT Exam 4 pt 2

According to the What Really Works, "Leadership Traits Do Make a Difference," which of the following traits was LEAST likely to cause employees to see their leader as a better leader? a. extroversion b. intelligence c. dominance d. charisma e. emotional stability

****

The "great person" theory is another name for the ____ theory of leadership. a. trait b. behavioral c. situational d. path-goal e. leader formalization

A

Standards

A basis of preparing for measuring the extent to which various kinds of organizational performance are satisfactory or unsatisfactory.

Self-Control (Self-Management)

A control system in which managers and workers control their own behavior by setting their goals, monitoring their own progress and rewarding themselves for goal achievement.

Underreward

A form of inequity in which you are getting fewer outcomes relative to inputs than your referent is getting. When a referent's O/I ratio is better than your O/I ratio. People who perceive this tend to experience anger and frustration

Overreward

A form of inequity in which you are getting more outcomes relative to inputs than your referent Occurs when a referent's O/I ratio is worse than your O/I ratio. People who perceive this experience guilt, but people have a very high tolerance for this. It takes a hefty amount before people decide it is more than they deserve

Supportive Leadership

A leadership style in which the leader is friendly and approachable to employees, shows concern for employees and their welfare, treats them as equals and creates a friendly climate.

_____ is the degree to which workers possess the knowledge, skills, and talent needed to do a job well.

Ability

Goal Specificity

According to Don Vlcek, a former Domino's Pizza vice president, "To achieve results, you've got to properly define the goal—and that's not always easy. Vague goals are worthless. But 'increase productivity by 12 percent within three weeks'—that is a clear, useful goal." Vlcek is discussing ____.

The formal authority system

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule

An intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors.

Fixed Interval Reinforcement Schedule

An intermittent schedule in which consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed Most people receive their paychecks on this type of schedule (once or twice per month)

Fixed Interval Reinforcement Schedule

An intermittent schedule in which consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed.

Variable Interval Reinforcement Theory

An intermittent schedule in which the time between a behavior and the following consequences varies around a specified average.

Variable Interval Reinforcement Schedule

An intermittent schedule in which the time between a behavior and the following consequences varies around a specified average. Consequences follow a behavior after different times, some shorter and some longer, that vary around a specified average time.

Nonverbal Communication

Any communication that does not involve words.

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.

Are accurately described by all of these

Intrinsic Reward

Are the natural rewards associated with performing a task or activity for it's own sake.

Effective managers define ____ as the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals. a. management b. leadership c. interpersonal influence d. supervision e. autonomy

B

The two kinds of charismatic leaders are _____.

B) Ethical and unethical charismatics

Companies that rely on bureaucratic control tend to _____.

Be highly resistant to change

How can companies create value for customers?

By simultaneously controlling excellence, price, and durability

Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership? a. stimulus-response theory b. trait theory c. Fiedler's contingency theory d. equity theory of leadership e. charismatic theory

C

_____ means that transformational leaders drive followers by providing meaning and challenge to their work.

C) Inspirational motivation.

Transactional leaders often _____.

C) Rely too heavily on discipline or traits to bring performance up to standards.

A(n)_____ predicts how changes in a business will affect its ability to take in more money than it pays out.

Cash flow analysis

Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership?

Charismatic

Downward Communication

Communication that flows from higher to lower levels in an organization.

Which of the following traits refers to the extent to which leaders are truthful with others?

D) Honesty

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____. a. have a desire to lead b. have emotional stability c. are knowledgeable about business d. are self-confident e. are accurately described by all of these

E

Motivation

Effort, the degree to which someone works hard to do the job well

Intervene

Fourth step in motivating employees with reinforcement theory: Changing the organization by using positive and negative reinforcement to increase the frequency of these critical behaviors

Which of the following is NOT a basic component of goal-setting theory?

Goal Congruity

Standards

In October 2005, Cadbury Schweppes losses caused it to scale back its financial projections for the remainder of the year. These financial projections were ____ for the beverage company.

Outcome/input (O/I) ratio

In equity theory, an employee's perception of how the rewards received from an organization compare with the employee's contributions to that organization.

Referents

In equity theory, others with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly.

Inputs

In equity theory, the contributions employees make to the organization.

Outcomes

In equity theory, the rewards employees receive for their contributions to the organization.

Paralanguage

In nonverbal communication, ____ is the pitch, rate, tone, volume, and speaking pattern (i.e., use of silences, pauses, or hesitations) of one's voice.

Which of the following is a major concern of leaders (as opposed to managers)?

Inspiring and motivating others

Unethical Charismatic

Leaders are ones who will control and manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of his or her organization, only want to hear positive feedback, only share information that is beneficial to themselves, and have moral standards that put their interests before everyone else's.

Effective managers define ____ as the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

Leadership

1. Don't reinforce the wrong behaviors 2. Correctly administer punishment at the appropriate time 3. Choose the simple and most effective schedule of reinforcement

Managers should remember three other things when motivating with reinforcement theory:

1) good benefits and health insurance 2) job security 3) a week or more of vacation

Most important extrinsic rewards

Job Performance=

Motivation x Ability x Situational Constraints

Kinesics

Movements of the body and face.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Needs are arranged in a hierarchy from low (physiological) to high (self-actualization). Within this hierarchy, people are motivated by their lowest unsatisfied need. As each is met, they work their way up the hierarchy from physiological to self-actualiztion needs.

- reinforcement contingencies - schedule of reinforcement

Reinforcement has two parts:

Extinction

Reinforcement in which a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior, thus weakening the behavior.

Extinction

Reinforcement strategy in which a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior. By removing the positive consequence, extinction weakens the behavior, making it less likely to occur

Positive Reinforcement

Reinforcement that strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences

Positive Reinforcement

Reinforcement that strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences.

Schedule of Reinforcement

Rules that specify which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors and the schedule by which those consequences will be delivered.

Measure

Second step in motivating employees with reinforcement theory: Determining the baseline frequencies of these important behaviors. Find out how often workers perform them

Which of the following is most relevant to the financial perspective of the balanced scorecard?

Shareholders

Televised/Videotaped Speeches and Meetings

Speeches and meetings originally made to a smaller audience that are either simultaneously broadcast to other locations in the company or videotaped for subsequent distribution and viewing.

Rockenburg Manufacturing Inc. records sales growth for every quarter. The company's minimum revenue target for every quarter is $1 million. This figure may be termed as Rockenburg's sales revenue _____.

Standard

Describe the basic perception process

Stimulus> Attention> Organization> Interpretation > Retention> perception

T or F There is no such thing as a "best" leadership style for all situations and employees.

T

T or F Consideration leader behavior has also been referred to as "concern for people" and "employee-centered leadership."

T

T or F Initiating structure leader behavior has also been referred to as "job-centered leadership" and "concern for production."

T

T or F Leadership is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

T

T or F Researchers believe leaders can simultaneously be considerate and initiate structure because consideration and initiating structure are independent behaviors.

T

Normative decision theory

The Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model is another name for the:

Strategic Leadership

The ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically and work with others to initiate changes that will create a positive future for an organization.

Hearing

The act or process of perceiving sounds.

Economic Value Added (EVA)

The amount by which company profits (revenues, minus expenses, minus taxes) exceed the cost of capital in a given year.

Valence

The attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome Affects employees willingness to put forth effort (the degree to which they are energized to take action)

Cybernetic Feasibility

The extent to which it is possible to implement each step in the control process.

Goal Acceptance

The extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals.

Goal Acceptance

The extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals. Goals which we agree to are more motivating than goals we don't fully agree to

Variable Ratio

The number of people who play high-stakes poker is increasing as a result of a number of cable television shows featuring professional poker players vying for $100,000 pots. In terms of reinforcement theory, what kind of a reinforcement schedule motivates the behavior of these card players?

Standard

The objective of the company that manufactures liqueur is to grow its international business. To determine its success, it compares its current export sales to 1998, the first year it had double digit growth in exports. For this company, the 1998 exporting data provide a(n) ____.

According to ____, leaders need to make clear how followers can achieve organizational goals, take care of problems that prevent followers from achieving goals, and then find more and varied rewards to motivate followers who achieve those goals.

The path-goal theory

Needs

The physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensue survival and well-being

Needs

The physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensure survival and well-being.

Informal

The pirated radio stations sometimes use communications equipment instead of commercial broadcast equipment to pass along advice, information, and support not communicated by the "establishment". This would be an example of a(n) ____ communication channel.

Paralanguage

The pitch, rate, tone, volume and speaking pattern of one's voice.

Formal Communication Channel

The system of official channels that carry organizationally approved messages and information.

Defensive Bias

The tendency for people to perceive themselves as personally and situationally similar to someone who is having difficulty or trouble.

Closure

The tendency to fill in gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to ignore external causes of behavior and to attribute other people's actions to internal causes.

Selective Perception

The tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs and expectations, while ignoring or screening inconsistent information.

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to overestimate our value by attributing our successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes).

Attribution Theory

The theory that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people's behavior.

Objective Control

The use of observable measures of worker behavior or outputs to assess performance and influence behavior.

Leadership Style

The way a leader generally behaves toward followers.

The "great person" theory is another name for the ____ theory of leadership.

Trait

AI

Using information available at the time, the leader solves the problem or makes the decision

Time

What are interval reinforcement schedules based on?

Behavior

What are ratio schedules based on?

- start by looking for and correcting major inequities - reduce employees' inputs - make sure decision making processes are fair

What practical steps can managers take to use equity theory to motivate employees?

1) Look for and correct major inequities 2) Reduce employees' inputs 3) Make sure decision-making processes are fair

What practical steps can managers take to use equity theory to motivate employees?

Employee-centered leadership

Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior?

Normative Control

__ should be used when it is difficult to create good measures of worker behavior and output and when organizational culture, values, and beliefs are strong.

Leadership

___ is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals

intrinsic rewards

a natural reward associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake

esteem

achievement and recognition

variable internal reinforcement schedule

an intermittent schedule in which the time between a behavior and the following consequences varies around a specified average

active listening

assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by actively giving the speaker non-judgemental feedback that shows you've accurately heard what he or she has said

How can financial performance be controlled?

cash flow analysis

reinforcement contingencies

cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences

Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership?

charismatic

Hot Topic is a fast-growing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Hot Topic's CEO Betsy McLaughlin relies on her employees to locate new trends. McLaughlin almost daily consults with her employees for suggestions on what the stores should carry. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions and treats her employees as equals. McLaughlin is demonstrating ____.

consideration

In terms of leadership behavior, the term ____ refers to the extent to which a leader

consideration

A group of actors gather to read the critical reviews of the new play they presented to audiences last night. The actors are looking for ____ rewards

extrinsic

Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership?

fiedler's contingency theory

When it comes to reinforcing behavior in organizational settings, a(n) ___ reinforcement schedule tends to produce weaker results than the other types of reinforcement schedules.

fixed or variable interval

physiological

food and water

How do you improve reception?

hearing what others feel and think

Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ______ and ______, are central to successful leadership.

initiating structure; consideration

Refer to Hewlett-Packard. According to the contingency theory, when Mark Hurd decided to lay off 14,500 employees, he was showing high ____.

position power

self-actualization

realizing your full potential needs

According to the motivational model presented in the test, perceived inequity directly affects ______

satisfaction

According to the motivational model presented in the text, perceived inequity directly affects ___.

satisfaction

hearing

the act or process of perceiving sounds

Describe the basic Attribution Theory;

the theory that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people's behavior

For workers to truly accept organizational goals, the workers must ____

trust management

Outcomes

what employees receive in exchange for their contribution to the organization (pay, benefits, status symbols, job titles, and assignments)

Describe the various communication mediums

written communication and oral communication

McClelland'd predictions

-degree to which particular needs motivate varies tremendously from one person to the next -some people motivated primarily by achievement, and others by power or affiliation

Extrinsic rewards accomplishments

-getting people to do what they otherwise wouldnt -motivate people to perform four basic behaviors: 1. join the organization 2. regularly attend their jobs 3. perform their jobs well 4. stay with the organization

Maslow's predictions

-needs arranged in hierarchy from low (physiological) to high (self-actualization) -people are motivated by their lowest unsatisfied need -as needs are met, they work their way up to self-actualization needs

Alderfer's predictions

-people can be motivated by more need than one at a time -people are just as likely to move down the needs hierarchy as up, especially when they are unable to achieve satisfaction at the next higher need level

What can managers do to use the goal-setting theory to motivate employees?

1. Assign specific, challenging goals 2. Make sure workers truly accept organizational goals 3. Provide frequent, specific, performance-related feedback

What should managers remember when motivating with the reinforcement theory?

1. Don't reinforce the wrong behaviors 2. Correctly administer punishment at the appropriate time 3. Choose the simplest and most effective schedule of reinforcement

Steps managers take to motivate their employees to increase their effort

1. Start by asking people what their needs are 2. Satisfy lower-order needs first 3. Expect people's needs to change 4. As needs change and lower-order needs are satisfied, create opportunities for employees to satisfy higher-order need

Steps managers can take to use equity theory to motivate employees

1. Start by looking for and correcting major inequities 2. Reduce employees' inputs 3.Make sure decision-making processes are fair

Transactional leaders ____. a. reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior b. help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision c. pay special attention to individual needs by creating learning opportunities d. motivate followers by providing them with meaningful and challenging work e. are accurately described by all of these

A

Trucking companies are facing labor shortages and unprecedented worker mobility. Leaders are needed that will do more than simply manage or direct drivers, owner-operators, and the staff that supports them. Instead these leaders need to inspire, coach, encourage, and guide. They need to earn consensus by working as part of the team, providing resources to get the job done, then getting out of the way and letting their people perform. They need to be ____ leaders. a. strategic b. transactional c. directive d. autonomous e. job-oriented

A

Underreward

A form of inequity in which you are getting more outcomes relative to inputs than your referent is getting.

Directive Leadership

A leadership style in which the leader lets employees know precisely what is expected of them, gives them specific guidelines for performing tasks, schedules work, sets standards of performance and makes sure that people follow standard rules and regulations.

Achievement -Oriented Leadership

A leadership style in which the leader sets challenging goals, has high expectations of employees and displays confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.

Trait Theory

A leadership theory that holds that effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics.

Contingency Theory

A leadership theory that states that in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the situation that best fits their leadership style.

The leadership trait of integrity refers to the extent to which leaders do what they said they would do.

A) True

The normative decision theory helps leaders decide how much employee participation should be used when making decisions.

A) True

Expectency

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, students' motivation to participate in teaching evaluations is impacted significantly by their expectation that they will be able to provide meaningful feedback. In other words, if they are going to expend the thought and effort to fill out evaluation forms, (1) Is the form designed to gather meaningful information? and (2) Do the students have enough information to form a meaningful opinion about the instruction? In terms of expectancy theory, students are concerned with ____, or whether it is worth their efforts.

Participative Leadership

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, ____ involves consulting employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions.

Customer surveys are typically misleading, skewed to positive feedback.

An article on public libraries contained the following statement: "The Balanced Scorecard helps organize and run the library according to a specific strategic plan, while demonstrating the library's value to the community as a whole." When dealing with the customer area of the Balanced Scorecard, the article advised librarians to use customer surveys. Why might this be a poor strategy to use?

Outcome/Input (O/I) Ratio

An employee's perception of how the rewards received from an organization compare with the employee's contribution to that organization - After an internal comparison, employees then make an external comparison in which they compare themselves with a referent

Theory X and Theory Y

An idea devised by Douglas McGregor in 1960 in his book "The Human Side of Enterprise." It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles and has formed the basis for much subsequent writing on the subject.

Variable Ratio Reinforcement Schedules

An intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors, sometimes more and sometimes less, that vary around a specified average number of behaviors

Variable Ratio Reinforcement Schedule

An intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors, sometimes more and sometimes less, that vary around a specified average number of behaviors.

Bureaucratic

An organization that relies heavily on ____ controls is likely to be highly resistant to change and slow to respond to customers and competitors.

Noise

Anything that interfere with the transmission of the intended message.

How well their employer motivates them relates directly to their individual needs.

Asa and Ruby both sell insurance. Asa is married, has three children, and a new house. Ruby is single and has recently purchased a new Lexus. According to some industrial psychologists ____.

Active Listening

Assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by actively giving the speaker nonjudgmental feedback that shows you have accurately heard what he or she said.

According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, _____ leadership style occurs when leaders have a high concern for production and a low concern for people.

Authority Compliance

According to an article from CIO Magazine, "Leadership grows from courage and integrity." From this opening statement, you know the article will discuss leadership from the ____. a. University of Michigan perspective b. trait theory viewpoint c. situational approach to leadership d. motivational approach to leadership e. Hershey and Blanchard perspective

B

Jeffrey Bleustein was the CEO who brought Harley-Davidson back from the brink of bankruptcy. During the first years he was CEO of Harley-Davidson, Bleustein said, "I was quite a directive leader because we needed to make progress quickly." Bleustein would have ____. a. been very friendly with his employees b. told employees precisely what he expected them to do c. used employees' inputs before making decisions d. assumed his employees would assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort e. used delegation

B

Oftentimes when an individual is running for a local political office, he or she promises to consider each issue, make decisions that are good for the entire community, and reduce taxes. When the individual assumes office, he or she is often unable to carry through on political promises, an inability which leads to a perceived problem with ____. a. honesty b. integrity c. empathy d. drive e. charisma

B

Research shows that while initiating structure impacts primarily on ____, consideration impacts primarily on ____. a. job satisfaction; job performance b. job performance; job satisfaction c. job performance; motivational drive d. job satisfaction; worker synergy e. job description; job specification

B

Which of the following is an example of a rule used within normative decision theory to increase decision quality? a. the subordinate conflict rule b. the goal congruence rule c. the worker readiness rule d. the commitment requirement rule e. the commitment probability rule

B

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true? a. These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and constructing networks. b. These behaviors are independent, meaning that leaders can do both at the same time. c. These behaviors both impact primarily on job performance. d. These behaviors have minimal impact on work environments. e. All of these statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership are true.

B

As a leader behavior, consideration refers to the extent to which leaders do what they said they would do

B) False

Directive leadership is a leadership style in which leaders set challenging goals, have high expectations of employees, and display confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.

B) False

Fiedler's contingency theory is based on the assumption that leaders are capable of adapting and adjusting their leadership styles to fit the demands of different situations.

B) False

To save a company from bankruptcy, its CEO told its employees that he would eliminate 53 percent of the company's mechanics and reduce the compensation of the remaining mechanics by 26 percent. In terms of the normative decision theory, the CEO _____.

B) Made autocratic decisions

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, _____ involves consulting employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions.

B) Participate leadership

Janet, a manager at a gym, says that with Susan she finds it most difficult to get the job done and she is her least preferred coworker. However, she describes Susan as cheerful, supportive, sincere, and friendly. In this context, Janet has a _____ leadership style.

B) Relationship-oriented

Older employees

Benefits are ranked as important as pay for what type of employees?

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research has made a study of how important it is for military leaders to be friendly with and to show concern for their troops. Its research shows that a leadership behavior high in ____ positively influences soldier health and their ability to adapt to stressful environments. a. achievement b. charisma c. consideration d. initiating structure e. vision

C

Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior? a. initiating structure behavior b. job-centered leadership c. concern for people d. concern for production e. participative management

C

Which of the following statements about what makes a successful leader is true? a. Successful leaders have the same traits that nonleaders have. b. Successful leaders have drive, which is defined as the ability to attract and retain the best employees. c. Successful leaders are confident about their ability to make long-term strategic decisions even if the decisions seem risky to others. d. Successful leaders believe in individual reciprocity. e. None of these statements about what makes a successful leader is true.

C

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative? a. desire to lead b. motivational cues c. drive d. self-confidence e. charisma

C

_____ is a leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.

C) Transformational leadership

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, _____ is very similar to considerate leader behavior.

C. Supportive leadership

Financial Ratios

Calculations typically used to track a businesses's liquidity (cash), efficiency and profitability over time compared to other businesses in its industry.

Reinforcement Contingencies

Cause and effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors of specific consequences.

_____ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.

Charismatic Leadership

Coaching

Communicating with someone for the direct purpose of improving the persons's on-the-job performance or behavior.

Horizontal Communication

Communication flows among managers and workers who are at the same organizational level.

Which of the following is another term for initiating structure leadership behavior?

Concern for production

Persistence of Effort

Concerned with the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts - I'm only halfway through this project, and I'm exhausted. Do I plow through to the end, or just call it quits?

Ratio Schedules

Consists of 2 of the 4 types of intermittent reinforcement schedules: Based on behavior

Interval Reinforcement Schedules

Consists of 2 of the 4 types of intermittent reinforcement schedules: Based on time Usually produce weak results

Controlling financial performance does NOT examine _____.

Customer Defections

College football coaches are often high in ____. They design every facet of practices, set goals for their players, determine schedules, and even direct all of the plays during the games. a. achievement b. consideration c. charisma d. initiating structure e. empathy

D

In the path-goal theory of leadership, subordinate satisfaction and subordinate performance would be examples of ____. a. leadership stimuli b. subordinate contingencies c. environmental contingencies d. outcomes e. motivational cues

D

The 1993 stand-off between federal agents and people inside the Branch Davidian compound at Waco, Texas, resulted in the deaths of approximately 80 Branch Davidians, including leader David Koresh who had declared himself the new messiah. Koresh used ____ to create the strong relationships between him and his followers who were willing to die for him. a. a leadership substitute b. transactional leadership c. a leadership neutralizer d. charismatic leadership e. trait leadership

D

The component of transformational leadership known as ____ means that transformational leaders pay special attention to followers' individual needs by creating learning opportunities, accepting and tolerating individual differences, encouraging two-way communication, and being a good listener. a. idealized influence b. inspirational motivation c. intellectual stimulation d. individualized consideration e. influential stimulation

D

Under the leadership of Michael Eisner, Walt Disney Company developed an "executive-centric, Eisner-centric culture"—whatever Eisner wanted to happen, he made happen. In terms of the path-goal theory, Eisner used a(n) ____ leadership style to improve Disney's profitability. a. achievement-oriented b. supportive c. charismatic d. directive e. participative

D

Which of the following is a major concern of leaders (as opposed to managers)? a. controlling and limiting the choices of others b. solving problems so that work can be done c. preserving the status quo d. inspiring and motivating others e. a focus on productivity and efficiency

D

Charismatic leaders generally _____.

D) Articulate a vision based on strongly held values

Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership?

D) Charismatic

_____ is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

D) Leadership

Consideration

Doris Cunningham, CEO of Members Choice Federal Credit Union in West Virginia, believes keeping staff excited about the business they're in is one of a leader's primary roles. She believes a spirit of enthusiasm must start at the top. This indicates that Cunningham is high in ____.

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative?

Drive

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?

E) Formal authority system

_____ is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting.

E) Visionary leadership

In terms of expectancy theory, when _____ is strong, employees believe that their hard work and efforts will result in good performance, so they work harder.

Expectancy

1. Valence 2.Expectancy 3. Instrumentality

Expectancy theory holds that people make conscious about their motivation. The three factors that effect those choices are:

1) Valence 2) Expectancy 3) Instrumentality

Expectancy theory holds that people make conscious choices about their motivation. The three factors that affect those choices are: (components of expectancy theory)

_____ is a reinforcement strategy that weakens behavior by removing a positive consequence associated with the behavior.

Extinction

T or F As a leader behavior, consideration refers to the extent to which leaders do what they said they would do.

F

T or F Directive leadership is a leadership style in which leaders set challenging goals, have high expectations of employees, and display confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.

F

T or F Fiedler's contingency theory has proven easy for practicing managers to understand and apply.

F

T or F Fiedler's contingency theory is based on the assumption that leaders are capable of adapting and adjusting their leadership styles to fit the demands of different situations.

F

T or F Since there are no consistent trait differences between leaders and nonleaders, or between effective and ineffective leaders, trait theory is wrong

F

T or F Strategic leadership is defined as the ability to think strategically and create a strategic plan for an organization.

F

T or F While consideration primarily affects subordinates' job performance, initiating structure primarily affects subordinates' job satisfaction.

F

T or F Within the path-goal model, the achievement-oriented and participative leadership styles directly parallel the key leadership behaviors of initiating structure and consideration, respectively.

F

T or F In Fiedler's contingency theory, the two situational factors that determine the favorability of a situation are leader-member relations and task structure

F

T or F One of the differences between managers and leaders is that managers focus on visions, missions, goals, and objectives, and leaders focus solely on productivity and efficiency.

F

Situational Constraints

Factors beyond the control of individual employees, such as tools, policies, and resources that have an effect on job performance.

As a leader behavior, consideration refers to the extent to which leaders do what they said they would do.

False

Both negative reinforcement and punishment weaken behavior (i.e., decrease its frequency).

False

Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.

False

Feedback control is a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies before they occur.

False

Since there are no consistent trait differences between leaders and non-leaders, or between effective and ineffective leaders, trait theory is wrong.

False

Strategic leadership is defined as the ability to think strategically and create a strategic plan for an organization.

False

Within the path-goal model, the achievement-oriented and participative leadership styles directly parallel the key leadership behaviors of initiating structure and consideration, respectively.

False

Increasing Outcomes

For workers who feel underpaid, creating a union at their place of employment to attain higher wages can be a mechanism for restoring equity by ____.

The _____ is an organization's set of procedures, rules, and policies.

Formal Authority System

Continuous

France has 14 million smokers. More importantly, smokers in France are closely associated with the French culture. To reduce the number of smokers in the nation, the French government has increased the costs of cigarettes to a price twenty times greater than that charged in any other nation in the European Union. In terms of reinforcement theory, what kind of a reinforcement schedule is being used?

In a grapevine communication network, a _____ involves one highly connected individual sharing information with many other managers and workers.

Gossip chain

Which of the following traits refers to the extent to which leaders are truthful with others?

Honesty

In a large corporation, employees are known as associates and don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates make commitments to work on projects that they believe are most worthy of their time. As a result of doing away with traditional titles, the company is likely to encourage more _____ communication.

Horizontal

1) Decrease Inputs 2) Increase Outcomes 3) Rationalize or distort inputs or outcomes 4) Change the referent 5) Leave

How do people who feel that they have been underrewarded try to restore equity?

Position Power

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers

Feedback to Sender

In the communication process, a return message to the sender that indicates the receiver's understanding of the message.

In a(n) ____reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed.

fixed interval

Traffic accidents, most of which are caused by excessive speed, cost Australia $15 billion per year. The Australian government is thinking of using cameras to catch speeders. Government officials plan to put cameras at various locations for four weeks and then the cameras will be moved. Plans are to put the cameras back to their original location every fourth month. What kind of reinforcement schedule will be used?

fixed interval

In a(n) ____ reinforcement schedule, consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors.

fixed ratio

In a(n) ___reinforcement schedule, consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors.

fixed ratio

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?

formal authority system

belongingness

friendship, love, social interation

A ____ is a target, objective, or result.

goal

Describe the various types of listening

hearing, listening, active listening, empathetic listening

Refer to Pay TV. Apparently, rewards such as empowerment and free satellite television have a ___ for people who are the customer service reps for DirecTV.

high valence

On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are ___.

higher-order and lower-order needs

On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are ____.

higher-order and lower-order needs

On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are:

higher-order and lower-order needs

Which of the following traits refers to the extent to which leaders are truthful with others?

honesty

Job performance

how well someone performs the requirements of a job

_____ means that transformational leaders act as role models for their followers

idealized influence

outcome/input (O/I) ratio

in equity theory, an employee's perception of how the rewards received from an organization compare with the employee's contributions to that organization

referents

in equity theory, others with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly

inputs

in equity theory, the contributions employees make to the organization They include education & training, intelligence, experience, effort, number of hours worked, and ability.

outcomes

in equity theory, the rewards employees receive for their contributions to the organization They include pay, fringe benefits, status symbols, and job titles & assignments.

Fiedler's Contingency Theory states...

in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the right leadership situation

external attribution

in which behavior is thought to be involuntary and outside the control of the individual

internal attribution

in which behavior is thought to be voluntary or under control of the individual

Refer to Oakland Athletics. Other teams have an average payroll of $85 million. Beane's payroll for the Athletics is only $33 million. His ability to be frugal and yet build a successful team is in large part due to his ability to set goals, give directions, and assign tasks. In other words, Beane excels in ____.

initiating structure

Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ____ and ____, are central to successful leadership

initiating structure; consideration

Three basic components of equity theory

inputs, outcomes, and referents

Which of the following is a major concern of leaders (as opposed to managers)?

inspiring and motivating others

Which of the following is a major concern of leaders (as opposed to managers)?

inspiring and motivation others

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, engineering students consider the improvement of teaching to be the most important outcome of the evaluation process. In terms of the expectancy theory, the likelihood that students feel their inputs on the evaluations will lead directly to improved instruction is called ____

instrumentality

According to expectancy theory, in order for people to be highly motivated,___must be high.

instrumentality

In expectancy theory, ___ is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

instrumentality

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors, sometimes more and sometimes less, that vary around a specified average number of behaviors

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

intermittent schedule in which consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed

Variable interval reinforcement schedule

intermittent schedule in which the time between a behavior and the following consequences varies around a specified average

According to attribution theory, we use two general reasons or attributions to explain people's behavior. They are ____.

internal and external attributions

A concert pianist had always wanted to play jazz and was elated when he got the opportunity to play piano with a group of talented New Orleans jazz musicians. He experienced a(n) ___reward.

intrinsic

What is noise?

is anything that interferes with the transmission of the intended message

initiation of effort

is concerened with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs ex: "Do I really knock myself out for these performance appraisals or just do a decent job?"

persistence of effort

is concerened with the choices that poeple make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reding or eliminating those effots ex: I'm only halfway through the project, and I'm exhausted. Do I plow through to the end, or just call it quits?

direction of effort

is concerned with the choices that people make in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs ex: "I should be spending time with my high-dollar accounts instead of learning this new computer system!"

job performance

is how well someone performs the requirements of the job

perceived ability

is simply how much ability subordinates believe they have for doing their jobs well

Initiating structure

is the degree to which a leader structures the roles of follwers by setting goals giving directions setting deadlines and assigning tasks

ability

is the degree to which workers possess the knowledge, skills, and talent needed to do a job well

What is perception?

is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments

what are formal communication channels

is the system of official channels with communication in the workplace

What is Selective perception?

is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs and expectations, while ignoring or screening inconsistent information

What are grapevines?

is the transmission of messages from employee to employee outside formal communication channels

What role does perception play in communication and communication problems

it is part of communication but can cause communication problems due to perceptual filters

Reinforcement theory says behavior is a function of ____.

its consequences

Reinforcement theory says behavior is a function of____ .

its consequences

According to some industrial psychologists, ____ is a function of motivation times ability times situational constraints.

job performance

According to some industrial psychologists, ______ is a function of motivation times ability times situational constraints.

job performance

Research shows that while initiating structure impacts primarily on ____, consideration impacts primarily on ____.

job performance; job satisfaction

In nonverbal communication, the term ____ refers to movements of the body and face.

kinesics

The most important situational factor in Fieldler's Contingency Theory is:

leader number relations

Managers who use goal-setting theory to motivate employees should ____.

make sure workers truly accept organizational goals

What is the balanced scorecard?

measurement of organizational performance in four equally important areas: finances, customers, internal operations, and innovation and learning

According to the text, ____ is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.

motivation

The three components of ____are initiation of effort, direction of effort, and persistence of effort.

motivation

According to some industrial psychologists, job performance is a(n)___ function of motivation, ability, and situational constraints.

multiplicative

Higher-order needs

needs concerned with relationships (belongingness, relatedness, and affiliation), challenges and accomplishments (esteem, self-actualization, growth and achievement), and influence (power)

Lower-order needs

needs concerned with safety and with physiological and existence requirements

Which of the following is also called avoidance learning?

negative reinforcement

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations

none of these

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations?

none of these

Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change?

none of these

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations?

none of these [ b. authority-compliance c. middle of the road management d. country club management e. team management ]

The Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model is another name for the:

normative decision theory

A sales manager has carefully selected the members of two sales teams so that they have, as nearly as possible, identical skills and abilities. Both are assigned potential customers in the same industry. Both groups are offered the same rewards. One team makes the sale, and the other does not. This information tells you that ____.

one of the components that leads to job performance was weak

cluster chains

one person tells another then that person tells another etc.

gossip chains

one person tells multiple people

____ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees

organizational silence

Referents

other people with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly (comparing yourself with a coworker, "students in general", yourself)

Although both Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments and the advent of professional women's sporting leagues have led to dramatic increases in opportunities for women in sports significant discrepancies still exist between men's and women's sports. For example, women receive less media coverage, promotion, and institutional support. According to equity theory, media coverage, access, promotion, and institutional support are all examples of undesirable ____ for female athletes.

outcomes

In the path-goal theory of leadership, subordinate satisfaction and subordinate performance would be examples of ____.

outcomes

safety

physical and economic

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers

position power

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers.

position power

n Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers.

position power

Refer to Wegmans. Wegmans' scholarship bonuses for parttime workers indicate the company is using ___

positive reinforcement

Users of credit and debit cards that earn the owners money or rewards towards future purchases, is an example of______

positive reinforcement

Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand-picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees' ____ than their job satisfaction. In terms of situational favorableness, this executive demonstrated ____.

power position

McClellend's Learned Needs Theory identifies three needs. They are the needs for ___.

power, achievement, and affiliation

Positive reinforcement

reinforcement that strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences

negative reinforcement (avoidance learning)

reinforcement that strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior

Negative reinforcement (aka avoidance learning)

reinforcement that strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform specific behaviors

Punishment

reinforcement that weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences

punishment

reinforcement that weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences

The last step in the perceptual process is ____.

retention

Schedule of reinforcement

rules that specify which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors, and the schedule by which those consequences will be delivered

schedule of reinforcement

rules that specify which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors, and the schedule by which those consequences will be delivered

existence

safety and physiological needs

According to the motivational model presented in the text, perceived inequity directly affects ____.

satisfaction

What practical steps can a manager take to motivate employees to increase their effort?

satisfy employees' lowerorder needs before attempting to satisfy higherorder needs

Intermittent reinforcement schedule

schedule in which consequences are delivered after a specified or average time has elapsed or after a specified or average number of behaviors has occurred

A(n) ___is the set of rules regarding reinforcement contingencies such as which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors, and the schedule by which those consequences will be delivered.

schedule of reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement schedule

schedule that requires a consequence to be administered following every instance of a behavior

Mike plays all kinds of competitive sports, and was excited to read that his company was sponsoring a softball team. Non-athletic Kenneth typically walks by the same bulletin board at least three times every day and has yet to see the softball notice. The fact that one saw the notice and the other did not is due to ____.

selective perception

____ is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs, and expectations

selective perception

Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory?

task structure

According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, leaders who use the _____ style of leadership show high concern for production and for people.​

team management

According to the model of need satisfaction, an unsatisfied need produces ____.

tension

Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change?

the Vroom theory b. normative decision theory c. the status quo theory of leadership d. none of these e. path-goal theory

Define charismatic leadership

the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers

Reinforcement contingencies

the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences

Initiation of effort

the choices people make about how much effort to put forth in their job

Direction of effort

the choices people make in deciding where to put fort effort in their jobs

Persistence of effort

the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts

Inputs

the contributions employees make to the organization (education, training, intelligence, experience, effort, number of hours worked and ability)

Situational favorableness

the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members

Leader member relations

the degree to which followers respect trust and like their leaders

position power

the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers

task structure

the degree to which the requirements of a subordinate's tasks are clearly specified

Ability

the degree to which workers possess the knowledge, skills, and talent needed to do a job well

reinforcement

the process of changing the consequences that follow behavior

achievement

to accomplish challenging goals

affiliation

to be liked and accepted

power

to influence others

Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the ____ of leadership.

trait theory

____ is based on an exchange process, in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance.

transactional leadership

____ generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.

transformational leadership

Researchers believe leaders can simultaneously be considerate and initiate structure because consideration and initiating structure are independent behaviors.

true

The primary difference between leaders and managers is that leaders are concerned with doing the right thing, while managers are concerned with doing things right.

true

How is waste and pollution controlled?

trying to prevent waste and pollution before they occur

According to equity theory, when employees perceive ____, they tend to experience anger or frustration.

underreward

The two basic kinds of inequity are ____ .

underreward and overreward

The two basic kinds of inequity are ____.

underreward and overreward

empathetic listening

understanding the speaker's perceptive and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker

The number of people who play high-stakes poker is increasing as a result of a number of cable television shows featuring professional poker players vying for $100,000 pots. In terms of reinforcement theory, what kind of a reinforcement schedule motivates the behavior of these card players?

variable ratio

____ is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting.

visionary leadership

When Jack Welch, former Chairman of General Electric, a Fortune 5 company, assumed the role of CEO, he immediately began to make drastic changes in the company's structure and product lines. He envisioned a bloated, inefficient General Electric becoming an efficient, profitable organization over time. He inspired and motivated his employees to change. Jack Welch ____.

would be characterized as a leader

Goal

A target, objective or result that someone tries to accomplish.

Upward

An angry and defensive managerial reaction is a common problem associated with ____ communication

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule

An intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors Example: A car salesperson might receive a $1000 bonus after every 10 sales

Which of the following is true about unethical charismatics?

B) They don't want followers to think but instead want uncritical acceptance of leader's ideas.

In terms of leadership behavior, the term ____ refers to the extent to which a leader is friendly, approachable, supportive, and shows concern for employees. a. initiating structure b. job-centered leadership c. consideration d. concern for production e. autonomy

C

Leaders who possess the trait of ____ are more decisive and assertive and more likely to gain others' confidence. a. emotional stability b. integrity c. self-confidence d. drive e. cognitive ability

C

Value

Customer perception that the product quality is excellent for the price offered.

According to ____, leaders need to make clear how followers can achieve organizational goals, take care of problems that prevent followers from achieving goals, and then find more and varied rewards to motivate followers who achieve those goals. a. Fiedler's contingency theory b. Blake and Mouton's leadership grid c. the Vroom-Yetton-Jago normative decision model d. the path-goal theory e. the Boston Consulting Group leadership matrix

D

Stan O'Neal began his tenure as the CEO of Merrill Lynch by firing the entire management committee. A few months later he fired two of his hand-picked senior executives because they were "plotting to diminish his authority" and did not want to follow his orders unquestioningly. In terms of situational favorableness, O'Neal demonstrated ____. a. high leader-member relations b. high initiating structure c. high goal commitment d. high power position e. all of these

D

Which of the following leadership theories uses a decision tree to determine the appropriate level of participation by subordinates in decision making? a. Fiedler's contingency theory b. Blake and Mouton's leadership grid c. path-goal theory d. Vroom-Yetton-Jago's normative decision model e. trait theory

D

Nonverbal communication is less informative than verbal communication.

False

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?

Formal Authority System

Job Performance

How well someone performs the requirements of the job

_____ means that transformational leaders act as role models for their followers.

Idealized influence

Situational Favorableness

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.

Situational favorableness

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior off group members

Consultative

In many organizations, sales managers develop companywide sales forecasts by asking members of the sales force to decide how much growth they anticipate in their individual sales territories. Sales managers then take the input from the individual salespeople and create the companywide sales forecasts based on this information. In the normative decision model, this would be an example of a(n) ____ decision-making style.

Visionary Leadership

Leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting.

1) Lower-order needs 2) Higher-order needs

List the 2 basic kinds of needs categories

1) Affiliation (to be liked and accepted) 2) Achievement (to accomplish challenging goals) 3) Power (to influence others)

List the needs classified in McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

1. affiliation 2. achievement 3. power

McClelland's Learned Needs Theory:

In the perception process, _____ is the process of incorporating new information into your existing knowledge.

Organization

Punishment

Reinforcement that weakens behavior (decreases its frequency) by following behaviors with undesirable consequences If done poorly, it can produce backlash against managers and companies, but if administered properly, it can weaken the frequency of undesirable behavior without causing backlash Must: be strong enough to stop undesirable behavior, administered objectively, impersonally (without emotion or anger), consistently and contingently (each time improper behavior occurs), and quickly - oral warning --> written warning --> 3 days off without pay --> getting fired

Punishment

Reinforcement that weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences.

Valence

The attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome.

CII

The leader shares the problem with employees as a group, obtains their ideas and suggestions and then makes the decision, which may or may not reflect their input

Leader-member relations

The most important situational factor in Fieldlers contingency theory is:

Distributive Justice

The perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated Equity theory focuses on this

Distributive Justice

The perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated.

Normative Control

The regulation of workers behavior and decisions through widely shared organizational values and beliefs.

Informal Communication Channel (Grapevine)

The transmission of messages from employee to employee outside of formal communication channels.

Analyze

Third step in motivating employees with reinforcement theory: Studying the causes and consequences of these behaviors. Helps managers create the conditions that produce these critical behaviors, and helps them determine whether these behaviors produce the results they want

One recommendation for managers wishing to improve their formal communication is to decrease reliance on downward communication.

True

Motivation=

Valence x Expectancy x Instrumentality

A Salary Increase

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?

feedback

a mechanism for getting information about performance deficiencies after they occur

feedforward

a mechanism for monitoring performance inputs rather than outputs to prevent or minimize performance deficiencies before they occur

Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective? a. accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations b. teaching managers how to change situational favorableness c. creating standing plans concerning leader actions and reactions d. arbitrary definition of situations e. only hiring supervisors with appropriate leadership traits

a. accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations

Which of the following is a major concern of managers (as opposed to leaders)? a. maintaining the status quo b. inspiring and motivating others c. taking a long-term view d. promoting change e. organizational improvements

a. maintaining the status quo

The two primary types of grapevine communications networks are ____.

cluster and gossip

Refer to Hewlett-Packard. There was a deep sense of distrust at HP when Hurd replaced Carly Fiorina as CEO. Which leadership behavior should Mark use to help improve the situation?

consideration

____ is feedback that is intended to be helpful, corrective, and/or encouraging and is aimed at correcting performance deficiencies and motivating employees.

constructive feedback

Which of the following is a major concern of leaders (as opposed to managers)? a. controlling and limiting the choices of others b. solving problems so that work can be done c. preserving the status quo d. inspiring and motivating others e. a focus on productivity and efficiency

d. inspiring and motivating others

Jergen Lindegaart is the chief executive of SAS Scandinavian Airlines. When he explained to stockholders why SAS was withdrawing from a joint venture with another company, he was engaged in ____.

feedforward

When one of Canada's largest financial service providers wanted to develop a customer-focused sales and service culture, an executive team developed the plan through the use of ____ communication.

horizontal

Fiedlers contingency theory assumes:

leaders are effective when their work groups perform well

Marketers often appeal to consumers' needs as defined by Maslow's hierarchy. A lock manufacturer, shows how much protection its locks provide and a cleaning company developed several types of wipes to eliminate concerns about infectious germs. Both marketers are appealing to which need as defined by Maslow?

safety

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.

situation favorableness

Strategic Leadership is...

the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically, and work with others to initiate changes that will create a positive future for an organization

Valence

the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome

The three factors of expectancy theory

valence, expectancy, and instrumentality

Which of the following is a category of reinforcement schedules?

variable interval

Steps to motivating workers with reinforcement theory

1. Identify: singling out critical, observable, performance-related behaviors 2. Measure: determining the baseline frequencies of these behaviors 3. Analyze: studying the causes and consequences of these behaviors 4. Intervene: changing the organization by using positive and negative reinforcement to increase the frequency of these critical behaviors 5. Evaluate: assessing the extent to which the intervention actually changed workers' behavior

Steps managers can take to use expectancy theory to motivate employees

1. Systematically gather information to find out what employees want from their jobs 2. Take specific steps to link rewards to individual performance in a way that is clear and understandable to employees 3. Empower employees to make decisions if management really wants them to believe that their hard work and effort will lead to good performance

A CEO who tours company plants to meet and talk to employees at all levels in order to better understand their concerns and feelings is demonstrating which type of leader behavior? a. consideration b. leader formalization c. autonomy d. reciprocity e. initiating structure

A

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency? a. the formal authority system b. perceived ability c. locus of control d. subordinate satisfaction e. focus of subordinate

A

Charismatic leaders ____. a. articulate a vision based on strongly held values b. have strong coercive and reward power c. have trouble delegating d. base their influence on an exchange process in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance e. are accurately described by none of these

A

During his tenure as the CEO of Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB), John Mack turned the money-losing bank into a profitable firm by "goading workers to move out of their comfort zones" and setting challenging goals for them. His high expectation for his employees indicates that Mack used a(n) ____ leadership style. a. achievement-oriented b. supportive c. charismatic d. democratic e. participative

A

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members. a. situational favorableness b. leader-member relations c. task structure d. position power e. task favorableness

A

In many organizations, sales managers develop companywide sales forecasts by asking members of the sales force to decide how much growth they anticipate in their individual sales territories. Sales managers then take the input from the individual salespeople and create the companywide sales forecasts based on the information supplied by their subordinates. In the normative decision model, this would be an example of a(n) ____ decision-making style. a. consultative b. group c. autocratic d. participative e. supportive

A

James Casey founded UPS in 1907 as a message delivery business. The development of the telephone would have put an end to the business if Casey had not been a ____ leader who was able to get his employees to accomplish more than they had thought possible and re-invent the company as a company that delivered goods for retailers. a. transformational b. substitute c. participative d. transactional e. supportive

A

Larry Tobin is now president of Fairwinds Credit Union in Florida where he started as a part-time teller. He's learned to ignore one bit of advice he's frequently heard, "Work with what you have." Tobin doesn't buy that view. He subscribes to the philosophy that calls for "having the right people on the bus and the right people in the right seats on the bus." After Tobin assumed the helm at Fairwinds, he made several personnel changes. Which of the following seems most important to Tobin? a. situational favorableness b. initiating structure c. position power d. goal commitment e. empowerment quality

A

Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ____ and ____, are central to successful leadership. a. initiating structure; consideration b. initiating structure; job-centered leadership c. employee-centered leadership; consideration d. concern for production; job-centered leadership e. autonomous; participative

A

Research results consistently show ____. a. transformational leadership is much more effective on average than transactional leadership b. transactional leadership is much more effective on average than transformational leadership c. transformational and transactional leadership are both equally effective d. transformational leadership tends to emerge from transactional leadership e. transformational leadership based on a vision is more effective than when it is based on an exchange process

A

Stan O'Neal began his tenure as the CEO of Merrill Lynch by firing the entire management committee. A few months later he fired two of his hand-picked senior executives because they were "plotting to diminish his authority" and did not want to follow his orders unquestioningly. In terms of Fiedler's contingency theory, O'Neal was most concerned with establishing ____. a. situational favorableness b. consideration c. position power d. goal commitment e. empowerment quality

A

The two kinds of charismatic leaders are referred to as ____. a. ethical charismatics and unethical charismatics b. effective charismatics and ineffective charismatics c. transformational and transactional leaders d. visionary and nonvisionary leaders e. those who have learned how to be charismatic and those who are naturally charismatic

A

W. L. Gore is the company that created Gore-Tex among many other innovative products. Gore employees (known as associates) don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates make commitments to work on projects that they believe are most worthy of their time. At Gore, few leaders are appointed; leaders simply emerge as needed by the other employees or the project itself. Gore more than likely adheres to the ____ theory of leadership. a. contingency b. normative c. strategic d. trait e. visionary

A

When Jack Welch went to work for General Electric, he immediately began to make drastic changes in the company's structure and product lines. He envisioned a bloated, inefficient General Electric becoming an efficient, profitable organization over time. He inspired and motivated his employees to change. Jack Welch ____. a. would be characterized as a leader b. had a short-term perspective c. emphasized means rather than ends d. acted as a builder rather than an architect e. would be characterized as a manager

A

Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective? a. accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations b. teaching managers how to change situational favorableness c. arbitrary definition of situations d. only hiring supervisors with appropriate leadership traits e. creating standing plans concerning leader actions and reactions

A

Which of the following is a major concern of managers (as opposed to leaders)? a. maintaining the status quo b. inspiring and motivating others c. taking a long-term view d. promoting change e. organizational improvements

A

Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true? a. Organizations need both leaders and managers. b. Leaders are critical to getting out the day-to-day work. c. Managers are critical to inspiring employees and setting long-term direction. d. Most organizations place greater emphasis on leadership than on management. e. All of these statements about leaders and managers are true.

A

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true? a. These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration. b. These behaviors are dependent, meaning that leaders can only do one at a time. c. The worst leadership style entails the use of both behaviors in equal amounts. d. The best leadership style entails high levels of both of these behaviors. e. Most effective leaders select one behavior, adopt it, and maintain that style of leadership for their entire career

A

Which of the following traits refers to the extent to which leaders are truthful with others? a. honesty b. self-confidence c. emotional stability d. charisma e. extroversion

A

____ is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting. a. Visionary leadership b. Supportive leadership c. Transactional leadership d. Achievement-oriented leadership e. Leadership empowerment

A

____ is the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically, and work with others to initiate change that will create a positive future for the organization. a. Strategic leadership b. Initiating leadership c. Vision congruence d. Progressive leadership e. Empathetic leadership

A

Feedforward

A car manufacturer ordered 20,000 window assemblies from a supplier. To make sure the assemblies were made to specifications, the supplier of the window assemblies shipped a sample to the car manufacturer for testing. This is an example of ____ control.

Innovation and Learning Perspective

A company makes only one product. The company is carefully evaluating what it learned in becoming such a success to see if it could use the same strategy to expand internationally. Which perspective of the Balanced Scorecard is this manufacturer emphasizing?

Overreward

A form of inequity in which you are getting more outcomes relative to inputs than your referent.

Suboptimization

A large university library has decided to make it nearly impossible for all but the most renowned Civil War experts to access their Civil War collection. The librarian in charge of this collection feels that this new policy will adversely influence the use of the collection in research on the experiences of everyday people during the war. This is an example of the use of control creating ____.

Participative Leadership

A leadership style in which the leader consults employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions.

Path-Goal Theory

A leadership theory that states that leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the paths to goals and by increasing the number and kinds of rewards available for goal attainment.

Self-Control

A manager has instructed Ralph and his fellow workers to develop a daily theme such as patience, empathy, and kindness. Each day, the workers are to try to emphasize the theme as they work with customers, suppliers, and each other. What kind of a control system is Ralph's manager using?

Feedback

A manufacturer of automatic locking devices shipped 20,000 devices to a car manufacturer that was unable to use them because of a design flaw. If the manufacturer of the devices waited until the parts were returned before determining why it created unusable component parts, it would be using ____ control.

Feedback Control

A mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies after they occur.

Concurrent Control

A mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies as they occur, thereby eliminating or shortening the delay between performance and feedback.

Feedforward Control

A mechanism for monitory performance inputs rather than outputs to prevent or minimize performance deficiencies before they occur.

Intrinsic Rewards

A natural reward associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake

Customer Defections

A performance assessment in which companies identify which customers are leaving and measure the rate at which they are leaving.

Blog

A personal website that provides personal opinions or recommendations,news summaries and reader comments.

The percentage of its employees that have received training during the last year, customer defection, its cash flow, percentage of computer owners that requested support more than five times in a month.

A provider of computer technical support that is using the Balanced Scorecard approach to control would look at ____.

Control

A regulatory process of establishing standards to achieve organizational goals, comparing actual performance against the standards and taking corrective action when necessary.

Extrinsic Reward

A reward that is tangible, visible to others and given to employees contingent on the performance of specific tasks or behaviors.

Extrinsic Rewards

A reward that is tangible, visible to others, and given to employees contingent on the performance of specific tasks or behaviors

One of the components that leads to job performance was weak.

A sales manager has carefully selected the members of two sales teams so that they have, as nearly as possible, identical skills and abilities. Both are assigned potential customers in the same industry. Both groups are offered the same rewards. One team makes the sale, and the other does not. This information tells you that ____.

Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule

A schedule in which consequences are delivered after a specified or average time has elapsed or after a specified or average number of behaviors has occurred

Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule

A schedule in which consequences are delivered after a specified or average time has elapsed or after a specified or average number of behaviors has occurred.

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

A schedule that requires a consequence to be administered following every instance of a behavior.

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

A schedule that requires a consequence to be administered following every instance of behavior - Example: employees working on a piece-rate pay system earn money (consequence) for every part they manufacture (behavior). The more they produce, the more they earn

Goal

A target, objective, or result that someone tries to accomplish

Equity Theory

A theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly

Equity Theory

A theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly.

Normative Decision Theory

A theory that suggests how leaders can determine an appropriate amount of employee participation when making decisions.

Cash Flow Analysis

A type of analysis that predicts how changes in a business will affect its ability to take in more cash than it pays out.

Transformational leadership is leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.

A)

The founder of a medical products distributor, establishes challenging goals for his employees and is confident that they will be able to achieve these goals. In terms of the path-goal theory, the founder is exhibiting a(n) _____ leadership style.

A) Achievement-oriented

According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, _____ leadership style occurs when leaders have a high concern for production and a low concern for people.

A) Authority-compliance

Wilson, a manager at an electrical equipment manufacturing company, believes that efficiency is the key to success. He forces his employees to put in extra effort and to work for longer hours. He always wants the production rate to be very high and does not like to hear any excuses if there is any decrease in the production. He has even cut down the breaks to ensure higher production. In this context, Wilson is using the _____ style of leadership.

A) Authority-compliance

In terms of leadership behavior, the term _____ refers to the extent to which a leader is friendly, approachable, supportive, and shows concern for employees.

A) Consideration

Timothy is a manager at a paint manufacturing company. She is a very friendly and approachable woman and people love working for her. She tries to keep her employees happy and has introduced many benefits for them. She has also introduced many activities for recreation as she cares immensely for her employees but she does not pay much attention to the production. In this context, Timothy is using the _____ style of leadership.

A) Country Club

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, which of the following leadership styles involves letting employees know precisely what is expected of them, giving them specific guidelines for performing tasks, scheduling work, setting standards of performance, and making sure that people follow standard rules and regulations?

A) Directive Leadership

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, energy, tenacity, and initiative?

A) Drive

Which of the following traits refers to the ability of leaders to remain even-tempered and consistent in their outlook and the way they treat others even when things go wrong?

A) Emotional stability

Bethany is a manager at a departmental store. She is open to all kinds of feedback and recognizes the contributions made by each of her employees. She never withholds any information, whether good or bad, and puts the interest of the store before her own personal needs. In the context of visionary leadership, Bethany is most likely a(n) _____.

A) Ethical charismatic

Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership?

A) Fiedler's contingency theory

Fusion Inc. is a fast-growing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Fusion's CEO Paula relies on her employees to locate new trends. Paula consults with her employees very regularly for suggestions on what the stores should carry. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions. According to the path-goal theory, Paula uses a(n) _____ leadership style.

A) Participative

Carlson, the CEO of a company, believes that the most important role of a leader is to instill confidence in people by being friendly to them and caring for them. According to the path-goal theory, Carlson follows the _____ leadership style.

A) Supportive

Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory?

A) Task Structure

Which of the following characterizes transformational leaders?

A) They use intellectual stimulation to encourage employees to take innovative apporaches to problem solving.

According to the normative decision theory, using the right degree of employee participation improves the quality of decisions and the extent to which employees accept and are committed to decisions.

A) True

According to the trait theory, all effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics.

A) True

As a leader behavior, initiating structure is the degree to which a leader structures the roles of followers by setting goals, giving directions, setting deadlines, and assigning tasks.

A) True

As described in the path-goal theory, directive leadership is similar to the key leadership behavior of initiating structure.

A) True

Fiedler's contingency theory states that in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the situation that best fits their leadership style.

A) True

Initiating structure leader behavior has also been referred to as "job-centered leadership" and "concern for production."

A) True

Leadership is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

A) True

Managers tend to have a short-term perspective, leaders tend to have a long-term perspective.

A) True

The leadership behavior of consideration has also been referred to as "concern for people" and "employee-centered leadership."

A) True

Achievement-oriented leadership

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, ____ means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.

Cybernetic Feasibility

According to the text, which of the following factors can help managers to determine whether more control is possible?

Waste Prevention and Reduction

According to the text, which of the following levels produces the greatest minimization of waste?

Balance Sheets

Accounting statements that provide a snapshot of a company's financial position at a particular time.

Income Statements

Accounting statements, also called "profit and loss statements," that show what has happened to an organization's income, expenses and net profit over a period of time.

The founder of a medical products distributor, establishes challenging goals for his employees and is confident that they will be able to achieve these goals. In terms of the path-goal theory, the founder is exhibiting a(n) _____ leadership style.

Achievement Oriented

Esteem

Achievement and Recognition One of the components of Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, __________ means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.

Achievement oriented leadership

_____ is a technique of assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by giving the speaker nonjudgmental feedback that shows you've accurately heard what he or she said.

Active Listening

Middle-of-the-Road Management

Adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the need to get work one with maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level

1. existence 2. relatedness 3. growth

Alderfer's ERG Theory (which collapses Maslow's five needs into three)

Which of the following is one of the steps recommended for companies to take to reduce the risks associated with unethical charismatic leaders?

All of these are recommended steps to take to reduce the risks associated with unethical charismatics.

Outcomes

Although both Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments and the advent of professional women's sporting leagues have led to dramatic increases in opportunities for women in sports significant discrepancies still exist between men's and women's sports. For example, women receive less media coverage, promotion, and institutional support. According to equity theory, media coverage, access, promotion, and institutional support are all examples of undesirable ____ for female athletes.

Feedback

An accident at a U.S. refinery killed two workers. By gathering information about how the men died in order to prevent a recurrence, the company used ____ control.

Alderfer's ERG Theory

Argues that people can be motivated by more than one need at a time. Furthermore, people are just as likely to move down the needs hierarchy as up, particularly when they are unable to achieve satisfaction at the higher need level.

McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Argues that the degree to which particular needs motivate varies tremendously from person to person. Some people are motivated primarily by achievement and others by power or affiliation. Moreover, needs are learned, not innate. For example, studies show that children whose parents own a small business or hold a managerial position are much more likely to have a high need for achievement

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, ____ involves being friendly and approachable to employees, showing concern for them and their welfare, treating them as equals, and creating a friendly climate. a. directive leadership b. supportive leadership c. leadership empowerment d. achievement-oriented leadership e. participative leadership

B

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, ____ is very similar to considerate leader behavior. a. directive leadership b. supportive leadership c. participative leadership d. achievement-oriented leadership e. people-oriented leadership

B

Hot Topic is a fast-growing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Hot Topic's CEO Betsy McLaughlin relies on her employees to locate new trends. McLaughlin almost daily consults with her employees for suggestions on what the stores should carry. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions and treats her employees as equals. McLaughlin is demonstrating ____. a. achievement-orientation b. consideration c. charisma d. initiating structure e. empathy

B

Larry Tobin is now president of Fairwinds Credit Union in Florida where he started as a part-time teller. He's learned to ignore one bit of advice he's frequently heard, "Work with what you have." Tobin doesn't buy that view. He subscribes to the philosophy that calls for "having the right people on the bus and the right people in the right seats on the bus." After Tobin assumed the helm at Fairwinds, he made several personnel changes. This ability to make these personnel changes defines Tobin's ____. a. employee orientation b. position power c. goal specificity d. instrumentality e. tactical leadership skills

B

Pat Kelly, founder and CEO of PSS World Medical, a distributor of medical products, establishes ambitious goals for his employees and is confident that they will be able to achieve these goals. In terms of the path-goal theory, Kelly is exhibiting ____ leadership. a. participative b. achievement-oriented c. delegating d. empowering e. supportive

B

The two types of visionary leadership are ____. a. tactical leadership and charismatic leadership b. charismatic leadership and transformational leadership c. situational leadership and transactional leadership d. transformational leadership and transactional leadership e. situational leadership and strategic leadership

B

Which of the following is NOT a component of transformational leadership? a. idealized influence b. supportive influence c. intellectual stimulation d. individualized consideration e. inspirational motivation

B

____ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers. a. Consideration leadership b. Charismatic leadership c. Transactional leadership d. Transformational leadership e. Leadership empowerment

B

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, _____ means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.

B) Achievement-oriented leadership

In Fiedler's contingency theory, there are two situational factors that determine the favorability of a situation: leader-member relations and task structure.

B) False

One of the differences between managers and leaders is that managers focus on visions, missions, goals, and objectives, and leaders focus solely on productivity and efficiency.

B) False

The three major situational leadership theories all assume that the effectiveness of any leadership style (the way a leader generally behaves toward followers) depends on the situation.

B) False

Transformational leaders _____.

B) Help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision

According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, _____ leadership style occurs when the leader shows little concern for people or production and does the bare minimum needed to keep his or her job.

B) Impoverished management

Which of the following is a major concern of leaders as opposed to managers?

B) Inspiring and motivating others

When an individual is running for a local political office, he or she makes lots of promises to people. When the individual wins the election and assumes office, he or she is often unable to carry out the political promises. In the context of leadership traits, the individual lacks _____.

B) Integrity

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term _____ refers to the degree to which a particular condition either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.

B) Situational favorableness

In the trucking industry today, leaders are needed that will do more than simply manage or direct drivers, owner-operators, and the staff that supports them. These leaders need to inspire, coach, encourage, and guide. Today's leaders need to earn consensus by working as part of the team, providing resources to get the job done, then getting out of the way and letting their people perform. Today, these men and women need to be _____ leaders.

B) Strategic

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, which of the following leadership styles involves being friendly and approachable to employees, showing concern for them and their welfare, treating them as equals, and creating a friendly climate?

B) Supportive Leadership

Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the _____ theory of leadership.

B) Trait

UPS was founded in 1907 as a message delivery business. The development of the telephone would have put an end to the business. The founder of UPS was able to encourage and get his employees to accomplish more than they had thought possible and re-invent the company as a company that delivered goods for retailers. Due to this reason the company was able to succeed. In this context, the founder of UPS displayed _____ leadership.

B) Transformational

_____ control is top-down control in which managers try to influence employee behavior by rewarding or punishing employees for compliance or noncompliance with organizational policies, rules, and procedures.

Bureaucratic

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, ____ involves consulting employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions. a. directive leadership b. supportive leadership c. participative leadership d. consultative leadership e. achievement-oriented leadership

C

As CEO of UPS, Michael Eskew transformed the company from a package delivery service to a logistics expert so it could serve as a traffic manager for corporate America. As a transformational manager, Eskew ____. a. insisted his employees do the right thing b. created opportunities for rewards c. used intellectual stimulation to encourage his employees to take innovative approaches to problem solving d. encouraged his employees to depend on information technology as the basis for decision-making e. created heuristics to guide the transformation procedure

C

Doris Cunningham, CEO of Members Choice Federal Credit Union in West Virginia, believes keeping staff excited about the business they're in is one of a leader's primary roles. She believes a spirit of enthusiasm must start at the top. "I've been in the movement for 35 years," she says. "I have the credit union philosophy. And I really try to instill that in my employees." This indicates that Cunningham is high in ____. a. achievement b. charisma c. consideration d. initiating structure e. vision

C

Leaders known as ____ will control and manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of his or her organization, only want to hear positive feedback, only share information that is beneficial to themselves, and have moral standards that put their interests before everyone else's. a. manipulative charismatics b. Machiavellian charismatics c. unethical charismatics d. illegitimate charismatics e. charismatic ombudsmen

C

Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the ____ of leadership. a. situational theory b. behavioral theory c. trait theory d. expectancy theory e. path-goal theory

C

Stan O'Neal began his tenure as the CEO of Merrill Lynch by firing the entire management committee. A few months later he fired two of his hand-picked senior executives because they were "plotting to diminish his authority" and did not want to follow his orders unquestioningly. Due to the key leadership behavior O'Neal used, it is obvious that he was more concerned about his employees' ____ than their job satisfaction. a. worker synergy b. motivational cues c. job performance d. worker responsiveness e. vision

C

The author of The Science of Good and Evil describes his meeting with the founders of Google in the book. He described them as visionary leaders, which means their primary goal for being in business is to ____. a. get rich b. show off their intelligence and expertise c. create a positive image of the future d. have as much free time as possible e. be charismatic

C

The normative decision theory ____. a. states that the situation determines what leadership style to use b. assumes that certain inalienable characteristics determine the most effective leaders c. helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making d. assumes leader behavior can be fitted to subordinate characteristics e. assumes leaders are generally unable to change their leadership style

C

To save Northwest Airlines from bankruptcy, its CEO Doug Steenland told its employees that he would eliminate 53 percent of the company's mechanics and reduce the compensation of the remaining by 26 percent. In terms of the normative decision theory, Steenland ____. a. made consultative decisions b. used a telling leadership style c. made autocratic decisions d. used a selling leadership style e. used an adaptive leadership style

C

When Leon was hired to manage the distribution center, his supervisor advised him to "Do things that satisfy followers today or will lead to future rewards or satisfaction" and "Offer employees something unique and valuable beyond what they're experiencing or can already do for themselves" if he wanted to be a successful leader. Which leadership theory does Leon's supervisor apparently believe to be most effective in making a good leader? a. the trait theory of leadership b. strategic leadership c. the path-goal theory d. the theory of initiating structure e. the contingency theory

C

Which of the following traits refers to the tendency of leaders to remain even-tempered and consistent in their outlook and the way they treat others even when things go wrong? a. honesty b. integrity c. emotional stability d. self-confidence e. cognitive ability

C

Michael, the manager of Eastside Stores, does not care much about the production or his employees. He just wants to get through the day. He does not take any initiative and just does the minimum amount of work he is required to do to keep his job. In this context, Michael is using the _____ style of leadership.

C) Impoverished Management

Which of the following is a major concern of managers as opposed to leaders?

C) Maintaining the statue quo

According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, _____ leadership style occurs when leaders show a moderate amount of concern for both people and production.

C) Middle-of-the-road

Christopher is a manager at Tridust Clothes. He hires those people who are capable of handling the responsibilities of the job. If he finds that any employee is not working up to the mark he fires him or her and hires someone else to take the place. He does not have to consult with anyone else about his decisions. He has the authority to hire and fire employees at will. In the context of situational favorableness, Christopher has a high _____.

C) Position Power

Cara manages the sales department of Glacier Hotels. She wants to double the sales in the next 6 months and therefore requires her employees to work hard. However, she lets them rest and take days off whenever possible. She wants to meet the challenging goal set by her but does not want to tire her employees. She cares for both the sales and her employees equally. Cara is doing a good job by using the _____ style of leadership.

C) Team management

____ is based on an exchange process, in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance.

C) Transaction leadership

Who among the following are most likely to control and manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of their organizations, want to hear only positive feedback, share information that is only beneficial to themselves, and have moral standards that put their interests before everyone else's?

C) Unethical charimatics

Dennis is a team lead at Informtech Inc. He does only those things that are beneficial to him instead of the company. He puts his interest before the interest of the company and keeps information confidential if there is a loss to the company because of him. In this context, Dennis is most likely a(n) _____.

C) Unethical charismatic

Feedforward

Caterpillar announced plans to cut its production of construction equipment due to forecasted increases in steel prices. By discovering the problem with product inputs and letting customers know that its output will fall short, Caterpillar used ____ controls.

Articulate a vision based on strongly held values

Charismatic leaders generally ____.

Unethical Charismatics

Charismatic leaders who control and manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of their organizations, want to hear only positive feedback, share only information that is beneficial to themselves and have moral standards that put their interest before everyone else's.

Ethical Charismatics

Charismatic leaders who provide developmental opportunities for followers, are open to positive and negative feedback, recognize others' contributions, share information, and have moral standards that emphasize the larger interests of the group, organization or society.

____ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.

Charismatic leadership

In a grapevine communication network, a _____ chain involves numerous people simply telling a few of their friends.

Cluster

Initiating Structure

College football coaching requires that coaches design every facet of practices, set goals for their players, determine schedules, and even direct all of the plays during the games. College football coaching uses ____ type of managing.

Counseling

Communicating with someone about non-job-related issues that may be affecting or interfering with the person's performance.

Upward Communication

Communication that flows from lower to higher levels in an organization.

Be highly resistant to change.

Companies that rely on bureaucratic control tend to ____.

1. Join the organization 2. Regularly attend their jobs 3. Perform their jobs well 4. Stay with the organization

Companies use extrinsic rewards to motivate people to perform four basic behaviors:

1) join the organization 2) regularly attend their jobs 3) perform their jobs well 4) stay with the organization

Companies use extrinsic rewards to motivate people to perform what 4 basic behaviors?

Higher-order needs

Concerned with relationships (belongingness, relatedness, and affiliation); Challenges and accomplishments (esteem, self actualization, growth, and achievement); and influence (power).

Lower-order needs

Concerned with safety and physiological and existence requirements

Initiation of Effort

Concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs. - Do I really knock myself out for these performance appraisals or just do a decent job?

Direction of Effort

Concerned with the choices that people make in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs - I should be spending time with my high-dollar accounts instead of learning how this new computer system works!

Which type of leader behaviour is demonstrated by a CEO who visits company plants to meet and talk to employees at all levels in order to better understand their concerns and feelings?

Consideration

_____ is feedback that is intended to be helpful, corrective, and/or encouraging and is aimed at correcting performance deficiencies and motivating employees.

Constructive feedback

Has a feedback loop.

Control is a cybernetic process because it ____.

_____ is communicating with someone about non-job-related issues that may be affecting or interfering with the person's performance.

Counseling

Blake/Mouton Leadership Grid

Country club managment, Team management, middle of the road management, impoverished management, and authority compliance management

Referents

Currently the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) pays Olympic athletes $25,000 for each gold medal, $15,000 for a silver medal, and $10,000 for a bronze medal. Since 1960, the Paralympics for disabled athletes has been a part of the Olympic Games, yet the USOC pays disabled athletes only 10 percent of what the Olympic athletes are paid, and Paralympic athletes are not allowed to participate in opening ceremonies. Paralympic athletes are angry at being treated unfairly. These athletes view Olympic athletes as ____.

_____ is a performance assessment in which companies identify which customers are leaving and the rate at which customers are leaving.

Customer defection

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, ____ means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort. a. directive leadership b. supportive leadership c. participative leadership d. achievement-oriented leadership e. empowerment leadership

D

Herman Edwards is the coach of the New York Jets football team. As a successful coach, he has to schedule structured practices, emphasize careful planning, and assign tasks. He also has to show the players that he genuinely cares about them as people. According to the Blake and Mouton grid, Edwards' leadership style would be characterized as ____. a. authority-compliance b. country club management c. middle-of-the-road management d. team management e. impoverished management

D

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers. a. situational favorableness b. leader-member relations c. task structure d. position power e. situational unfavorableness

D

Jan Carlson, the former CEO of Scandinavian Airline Systems (SAS), believes the most important role for a leader is to instill confidence in people. According to the path-goal theory, this statement indicates that his leadership style would be ____. a. directive b. achievement-oriented c. employee-centered d. supportive e. job-centered

D

Malcolm Thompson was brought in as the CEO of Novalux, a company involved in laser research, to save the company's promise of innovation. It's what he loves: turning ideas into companies, then shaping those businesses to meet evolving challenges. "You're never done," he says. "It always looks like you're near the finish line, but there are always new opportunities along the road—and new obstacles you'd never thought of. That's part of the exploration—constantly looking at the next problem and the next solution." Apparently, Thompson is an example of a(n) ____. a. leadership substitute b. trait leader c. leadership neutralizer d. visionary leader e. transactional leader

D

One of the criticisms of the television industry is the networks' desire to maintain ratings by thinking in terms of next week's programming. The networks are also more concerned with how to get high program ratings quickly than achieving the ratings through giving viewers time to become acquainted with high-quality programs. Problem solving in terms of show placement or guest stars seems to be more important than inspiring great television innovations. This criticism assumes ____. a. doing the right things is more important than doing things right in the television industry b. the television industry benefits from strong leadership c. long-term strategy is more important than tactics in the television industry d. the television industry has a shortage of effective leadership e. the television industry attracts more architects than builder

D

Some employees called CEO Jack Welch "Bloody Jack" because his restructuring efforts at General Electric eliminated numerous jobs and product lines without thought about how individual employees were impacted. Welch was viewed as "the hatchet man," the source of the firings. Under Fiedler's contingency theory, Welch would be viewed by General Electric's employees as having ____. a. an emphasis on initiating structure b. a relationship orientation c. weak position power d. strong position power e. an emphasis on consideration

D

Stan O'Neal began his tenure at the CEO of Merrill-Lynch by firing the entire management committee. A few months later he fired two of his hand-picked senior executives because they were "plotting to diminish his authority" and did not want to follow his orders unquestioningly. O'Neal is using a(n) ____ leadership style to improve Merrill's profitability. a. achievement-oriented b. supportive c. charismatic d. directive e. participative

D

United Fruit Company is the owner of the Chiquita brand of bananas. To get the bananas picked, United Fruit used a leadership style high in ____ and emphasized how the fruit was to be picked and packed for transportation. It showed no concern for the workers. a. achievement b. charisma c. consideration d. initiating structure e. vision

D

Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership? a. directive b. supportive c. participative d. charismatic e. achievement-oriented

D

Which of the following is another term for initiating structure leadership behavior? a. considerate leader behavior b. employee-centered leadership c. concern for people d. concern for production e. formalized people skills

D

____ generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group. a. Virtual leadership b. Charismatic leadership c. Leadership empowerment d. Transformational leadership e. Transactional leadership

D

During his tenure as the CEO of an investment bank, John turned the money-losing bank into a profitable firm by èncouraging workers to move out of their comfort zones and setting challenging goals for them. He knew his workers could meet the challenging targets set by him. His high expectation for his employees indicates that John used a(n) _____ leadership style.

D) Achievement-oriented

A study was conducted by a company on how leadership behavior influences employees' attitude toward their job. It was found that it is important for leaders to be friendly with and to show concern for their employees to promote job satisfaction. Which of the following leadership behaviors is emphasized in this scenario?

D) Consideration

Fusion Inc. is a fast-growing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Fusion's CEO Paula relies on her employees to locate new trends. Paula usually consults with her employees for suggestions on what the stores should sell. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions and treats her employees as equals. In the context of leadership behaviors, Paula is demonstrating _____.

D) Consideration

Which type of leader behaviour is demonstrated by a CEO who visits company plants to meet and talk to employees at all levels in order to better understand their concerns and feelings?

D) Consideration

According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, _____ leadership style occurs when leaders care about having a friendly, enjoyable work environment but don't really pay much attention to production or performance.

D) Country Club

Paying special attention to followers' needs by creating learning opportunities, accepting and tolerating differences, encouraging two-way communication, and being a good listener describes the component of transformational leadership known as _____.

D) Individualized consideration

Burton is the founder of Netball.com, an online gaming site. He hired a few developers and a few experts in marketing. He set the goal of making Netball one of the top ten Internet gaming sites in the next five years and clearly defined the job responsibilities of each of his employees and the procedures that were to be followed in order to achieve that goal. Which of the following situational factors that determine the favorability of a situation is emphasized in this scenario?

D) Task structure

Mathew is a manager at Wonderworld Hypermarket. He finds it difficult to cooperate and work with Anthony when it comes to getting the work done to meet the targets. Anthony is Mathew's least preferred coworker. He describes Anthony as gloomy, insincere, lazy, unfriendly and boring. In this context, Mathew has a _____ leadership style.

D) Task-oriented

Transformational leaders ____.

D. are accurately described by all of these [ a. help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision b. get employees to see beyond their own needs for the good of the group c. are able to make their followers feel they are a vital part of the organization e. encourage followers to make sacrifices for the organization ]

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, ____ involves letting employees know precisely what is expected of them, giving them specific guidelines for performing tasks, scheduling work, setting standards of performance, and making sure that people follow standard rules and regulations.

Directive leadership

___ is the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated.

Distributive justice

Linda Stein is the manager of an ad agency. Recently her employees have shown an unwillingness to work as a team. Linda has decided to use reinforcement to encourage more team cohesiveness. Which of the following advises can be given to her on how to motivate using reinforcement theory?

Don't reinforce the wrong behaviors

Linda Stein is the manager of an ad agency. Recently her employees have shown an unwillingness to work as a team. Linda has decided to use reinforcement to encourage more team cohesiveness. What advice can you give her on how to motivate with reinforcement theory?

Don't reinforce the wrong behaviors.

Achievement-Oriented

During his tenure as the CEO of Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB), John Mack turned the money-losing bank into a profitable firm by "goading workers to move out of their comfort zones" and setting challenging goals for them. His high expectation for his employees indicates that Mack used a(n) ____ leadership style.

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, ____ involves letting employees know precisely what is expected of them, giving them specific guidelines for performing tasks, scheduling work, setting standards of performance, and making sure that people follow standard rules and regulations. a. people-oriented leadership b. supportive leadership c. participative leadership d. achievement-oriented leadership e. directive leadership

E

Airline companies have blamed their recent financial problems on labor unions, the events of September 11, and a weak economy. Those airlines in financial difficulties have tried to solve the problem through short-term price reductions, firings and early retirements, and asking for employees to take pay cuts. The CEOs of these companies have not tried to motivate employees to create long-term solutions to the problems facing the companies. The CEOs of these troubled companies ____. a. are true leaders b. are more interested in doing the right thing than doing things right c. are promoting long-term change d. tend to focus on organizational visions, missions, goals, and objectives rather than organizational efficiency and productivity e. are more than likely managers rather than leaders

E

Ford Motor Company has always attracted and nurtured capable managers, but it has failed to do the same for leaders. So, as part of an overhaul of the automaker's organizational culture, Ford is embarking on a sweeping attempt to mass-manufacture leaders. It wants to build an army of "warrior-entrepreneurs." Ford's "warrior-entrepreneurs" will be expected to ____. a. take a long-term perspective b. inspire and motivate employees to embrace change c. realize that results are more important than processes d. be architects rather than builders e. do all of these things

E

Hot Topic is a fast-growing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Hot Topic's CEO Betsy McLaughlin relies on her employees to locate new trends. McLaughlin almost daily consults with her employees for suggestions on what the stores should carry. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions. McLaughlin uses the ____ style of management. a. achievement-oriented b. autonomous c. charismatic d. directive e. participative

E

People with Machiavellian personalities believe that virtually any type of behavior is acceptable if it helps satisfy needs or accomplish goals. Put that personality type with the ability to create strong bonds with followers and you have described a leader who is a(n) ____. a. negative transformation leader b. transactional leader c. country club manager d. reactive leader e. unethical charismatic leader

E

Transformational leaders ____. a. are able to make their followers feel they are a vital part of the organization b. encourage followers to make sacrifices for the organization c. help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision d. get employees to see beyond their own needs for the good of the group e. are accurately described by all of these

E

Which leadership style would be most likely to rely on positive and negative reinforcement? a. transformational leadership b. charismatic leadership c. participative leadership d. delegating leadership e. transactional leadership

E

Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory? a. locus of control b. subordinate experience c. perceived ability d. subordinate performance e. task structure

E

Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior? a. initiating structure behavior b. participative management c. job-centered leadership d. concern for production e. employee-centered leadership

E

Which of the following is one of the steps recommended for companies to take to reduce the risks associated with unethical charismatic leaders? a. Enforce a clearly written code of conduct. b. Recruit, select, and promote managers with high ethical standards. c. Train leaders how to value, seek, and use diverse points of view. d. Reward employees who act ethically, especially managers. e. All of these are recommended steps to take to reduce the risks associated with unethical charismatics.

E

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations? a. team management b. middle of the road management c. authority-compliance d. country club management e. none of these

E

Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change? a. path-goal theory b. normative decision theory c. the Vroom theory d. the status quo theory of leadership e. none of these

E

____ is based on an exchange process, in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance. a. Visionary leadership b. Charismatic leadership c. Leadership empowerment d. Transformational leadership e. Transactional leadership

E

_____ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.

E) Charismatic leadership

The normative decision theory _____.

E) Helps leaders determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making

When Mark assumed the role of CEO of Splendour Inc., he immediately began to make drastic changes to the company's structure and product lines. He envisioned a bloated, inefficient company becoming an efficient, profitable organization over time. He inspired and motivated his employees to change. In this case, Mark _____.

E) Performed the functions of a leader

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term _____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers.

E) Position Power

Leaders who possess the trait of _____ are more decisive and assertive and more likely to gain others' trust.

E) Self-confidence

_____ is the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, and work with others to initiate change that will create a positive future for an organization.

E) Strategic leadership

Which of the following is NOT a component of transformational leadership?

E) Supportive influence

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.

E. are accurately described by all of these a. are self-confident b. are knowledgeable about business c. have a desire to lead d. have emotional stability

Authority- Compliance

Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree

When an industrial plant was closed because of a merger, employees were forced to move to another plant and take substantial pay cuts. Managers should demonstrate _____ as employees describe the forced changes in their lifestyles.

Empathetic Listening

Demotivated

Employees are likely to be (blank) when they perceive that they will be unable to perform at a level necessary to obtain rewards, whether intrinsic or extrinsic.

Punishment

Excessive speed is a major cause of road crashes in Australia. The Australian government is thinking of using cameras to catch speeders. According to reinforcement theory, Australian officials are using ____ to control speeding.

Impoverished Managment

Exertion of minimum effort to get required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the lowest-order need is _____.

Existence

According to industrial psychology, job performance is an additive function of motivation, ability, and situational constraints.

False

Encourages employees to set higher, more difficult goals after the initial goals are accomplished.

Feedback can lead to stronger motivation and effort if it _____

Constructive Feedback

Feedback intended to be helpful, corrective, and/or encouraging.

Destructive Feedback

Feedback that disapproves without any intention of being helpful and almost always causes a negative or defensive reaction in the recipient.

Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership?

Fiedler's contingency theory

Leaders are effective when their work groups perform well

Fiedlers contingency theory assumes:

Evaluate

Fifth step in motivating employees with reinforcement theory: Assessing the extent to which the intervention actually changed the workers' behavior, which is done by comparing behavior after the intervention to the original baseline of behavior before the intervention

Identify

First step in motivating employees with reinforcement theory: Singling out critical, observable, performance related behaviors. These are the behaviors that are most important to successful job performance. They must be easily observed so that they can be accurately measured

___is the extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals.

Goal acceptance

___is the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous.

Goal specificity

____says that people will be motivated to the extent to which they accept specific, challenging goals and receive feedback that indicates their progress toward goal achievement.

Goal-setting theory

Which of the following statements about goal-setting theory is true?

Goals can energize behavior.

Which of the following statements about hearing and listening are true?

Hearing is the act of perceiving sounds, while listening is the act of making a conscious effort to hear.

Which of the following statements about needs is true?

Higher-order needs will generally not motivate people as long as lower-order needs remain unsatisfied.

Strategic

In the trucking industry today, leaders are needed that will do more than simply manage or direct drivers, owner-operators, and the staff that supports them. These leaders need to inspire, coach, encourage, and guide. Today's leaders need to earn consensus by working as part of the team, providing resources to get the job done, then getting out of the way and letting their people perform. Today, these men and women need to be ____ leaders.

Concertive, Bureaucratic

Ironically, ____ control may lead to even more pressure for workers to conform to expectations than ____ control.

Position Power

Larry Tobin is now president of Fairwinds Credit Union in Florida where he started as a part-time teller. He's learned to ignore one bit of advice he's frequently heard, "Work with what you have." Tobin doesn't buy that view. He subscribes to the philosophy that calls for "having the right people on the bus and the right people in the right seats on the bus." After Tobin assumed the helm at Fairwinds, he made several personnel changes. This ability to make these personnel changes defines Tobin's ____.

The most important situational factor in Fieldler's Contingency Theory is:

Leader-member relations

_____ is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

Leadership

____is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

Leadership

Transactional Leadership

Leadership based on an exchange process, in which followers are awarded for good performance and punished for poor performance.

Transformational Leadership

Leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interests for the good of the group.

Don't reinforce the wrong behaviors.

Linda Stein is the manager of an ad agency. Recently her employees have shown an unwillingness to work as a team. Linda has decided to use reinforcement to encourage more team cohesiveness. What advice can you give her on how to motivate with reinforcement theory?

1) Continuous 2) Intermittent

List the 2 categories for reinforcement schedules

1) effort and performance 2) Need satisfaction 3) extrinsic and intrinsic rewards

List the 3 components to the basic model of motivation

1) Motivation 2) Ability 3) Situational Constraints

List the 3 primary determinants of job performance

1) Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 2) Alderfer's ERG Theory 3) McClelland's Learned Needs theory

List the 3 well-known needs theories

1) Positive reinforcement 2) Negative reinforcement 3) Punishment 4) Extinction

List the 4 kinds of reinforcement contingencies

1) Physiological 2) Safety 3) Belongingness 4) Esteem 5) Self Actualization

List the components of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

1) Goal Specificity 2) Goal Difficulty 3) Goal Acceptance 4) Performance Feedback

List the components of goal-setting theory

1) initiation 2) direction 3) persistence

List the components of motivation

1) interesting work 2) the opportunity to learn new skills 3) independent work situations

List the most important intrinsic rewards

1) Existence 2) Relatedness 3) Growth

List the needs classified in Alderfer's ERG Theory

1) Reinforcement contingencies 2) Schedules of reinforcement

List the two parts of reinforcement

Control

Marriott's top management decided that there was need for a serious effort to "put democracy back in the company" and make employees feel "involved in the success of the company." Employees asked special corporate guests to comment on the good and bad issues of their stay and also to tell what the competition is doing that is better than Marriott. Then the employees acted accordingly. Marriott adopted ____ control.

Control Loss

McDonald's fast-food restaurants have a well-designed training program for all new employees. Each new employee is supposed to learn how to perform standardized tasks. Due to labor shortages in some areas, these new employees begin work as soon as they are hired and do not receive any off-the-job training. This nonconformity to standards creates ____.

Balanced Scorecard

Measurement of organizational performance in four equally important areas: finances, customers, internal operations and innovation and learning.

The Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model is another name for the:

Normative decision theory

In many companies, bureaucratic control has evolved into _____ which is the use of perceivable measures of employee behavior or output to assess performance and influence behavior.

Objective Control

Inputs

One of the components of equity theory: The contributions employees make to the organization. Includes education, training, intelligence, experience, effort, number of hours worked, and ability

Referents

One of the components of equity theory: The others with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly

Outcomes

One of the components of equity theory: What rewards employees receive in exchange for their contributions to the organization. Includes: pay, fringe benefits, status symbols, and job titles and assignments.

Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true?

Organizations need both leaders and managers.

In the path-goal theory of leadership, subordinate satisfaction and subordinate performance would be examples of ____.

Outcomes

1. Arvind has worked as an associate at a prestigious law firm for six months. During his tenure, he took frequent breaks from work and stayed at home on weekends. However, his other associate colleagues worked during weekends. When his boss offered him a raise in his salary, he felt pleased but also a little guilty as he felt he did not deserve it as much as some of the others he knew. In the context of equity theory, Arvind felt that he was being _____.

Over rewarded

-decreasing or withholding their inputs (that is, effort) -increasing outcomes -rationalize or distort inputs or outcomes -changing the referent

People who perceive that they have been underewarded may try to restore equity by-

Suboptimization

Performance improvement in one part of an organization but only at the expense of decreased performance in another part.

________strengthen behavior (i.e., increase its frequency).

Positive and negative reinforcement

____strengthen behavior (i.e., increase its frequency).

Positive and negative reinforcement

______is a reinforcement strategy which weakens a behavior over time because the behavior has no consequences, positive or negative.

Positive reinforcement

McClelland's Learned Needs Theory identifies three needs. They are the needs for _____.

Power, achievement, and growth

Excessive speed is a major cause of road crashes in Viretia. So, the government has tripled the fines for overspeeding. According to reinforcement theory, the government is using _____ to control speeding.

Punishment

Encoding

Putting a message into a written, verbal or symbolic form that can be recognized and understood by the receiver.

Budgets

Quantitative plans through which managers decide how to allocate available money to best accomplish company goals.

Self-Actualization

Realizing your full potential

Power Position

Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand-picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees' ____ than their job satisfaction. In terms of situational favorableness, this executive demonstrated ____.

Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory?

Referents

Charismatic Leadership

Refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.

____ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.

Reinforcement

is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.

Reinforcement

are the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences.

Reinforcement contingencies

Negative Reinforcement

Reinforcement that strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior Also called "avoidance learning"

Negative Reinforcement

Reinforcement that strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequences when employees perform a specific behavior.

T or F According to the normative decision theory, using the right degree of employee participation improves the quality of decisions and the extent to which employees accept and are committed to decisions.

T

T or F As a leader behavior, initiating structure is the degree to which a leader structures the roles of followers by setting goals, giving directions, setting deadlines, and assigning tasks.

T

T or F Fiedler's contingency theory has been successfully used to place leaders in appropriate situations where they can perform most efficiently.

T

T or F Fiedler's contingency theory states that in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the situation that best fits their leadership style

T

T or F The leadership trait of integrity refers to the extent to which leaders do what they said they would d

T

T or F The normative decision theory helps leaders decide how much employee participation should be used when making decisions.

T

T or F As described in the path-goal theory, directive leadership is similar to the key leadership behavior of initiating structure

T

T or F The primary difference between leaders and managers is that leaders are concerned with doing the right thing, while managers are concerned with doing things right.

T

T or F The three major situational leadership theories all assume that the effectiveness of any leadership style (the way a leader generally behaves toward followers) depends on the situation.

T

T or F Transformational leadership is leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.

T

T or F Whereas managers tend to have a short-term perspective, leaders tend to have a long-term perspective

T

Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory?

Task Structure

According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, leaders who use the _____ style of leadership show high concern for production and for people.

Team Management

Which of the following is a rule used within normative decision theory to increase decision acceptance?

The Commitment Requirement Rule

Helps managers determine how much employees participation should be used in decision making

The Normative decision theory ____.

1. inputs 2. outcomes 3. referents

The basic components of equity theory are:

Charismatic Leadership

The behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four perspectives measured in the balanced scorecard approach to control?

The bureaucratic perspective

Reinforcement Contingencies

The cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences. For example, if you get docked an hour's pay for being late to work, then this exists between behavior (being late) and a consequence (losing an hour's pay)

Consideration

The extent to which a leader is friendly, approachable and supportive and shows concern for employees.

Goal Specificity

The extent to which goals are detailed, exact and unambiguous.

Goal Specificity

The extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous. Detailed goals (such as trying to get above a 3.0 GPA) are more motivating than general goals (such as I am going to make better grades)

Procedural Justice

The perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.

Procedural Justice

The perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions. Just as important as distributive justice

Expectancy

The perceived relationship between effort and performance Transforms intended effort (i'm really going to work hard on this job) into actual effort.

Expectancy

The perceived relationship between effort and performance.

Concertive Control

The regulation of workers behavior and decisions through work group values and beliefs.

Output Control

The regulation of workers' results or outputs through rewards and incentives.

_____ is the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes).

The self serving bias

Motivation

The set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal

Motivation

The set of forecast that initiates, directs and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.

Schedule of Reinforcement

The set of rules regarding reinforcement contingencies that specify which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors, and the schedule by which those consequences will be delivered

Control Loss

The situation in which behavior and work procedures do not conform to standards.

Reinforcement Theory

The theory that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors followed by negative consequences or not followed by positive consequences will occur less frequently.

Reinforcement Theory

The theory that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors followed by negative consequences, or not followed by positive consequences, will occur less frequently

Goal-Setting Theory

The theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they accept specific, challenging goals and receive feedback that indicates their progress toward goal achievement

Goal-Setting Theory

The theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they accept specific, challenging goals and receive feedback that indicates their progress toward goal achievement.

Expectancy Theory

The theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards

Expectancy Theory

The theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that they will be offered attractive rewards.

Charismatic Leadership and Transformational Leadership

The two types of visionary leadership are ____.

Charismatic leadership and transformational leadership

The two types of visionary leadership are ____.

Bureaucratic Control

The use of hierarchical authority to influence employee behavior by rewarding or punishing employees for compliance or noncompliance with organizational policies, rules and procedures.

1) Need to be controlled 2) Do not like work 3) Need to be pushed to be more productive 4) Need incentive schemes 5) Have to be directed to do things they do not enjoy

Theory X Managers believe that employees:

1) Want to be involved 2) Can think for themselves and make decisions 3) Share ownership of tasks 4) Find work more rewarding if given responsibly and a variety of tasks 5) Have good ideas 6) Can engage in some level of self-management

Theory Y Managers believe that employees:

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?

These behaviors are independent, meaning that leaders can do both at the same time.

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?

These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?

These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration.

Which of the following characterizes transformational leaders?

They use intellectual stimulation to encourage employees to take innovative approaches to problem solving

Reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

Transactional leaders _____.

Reward followers by providing them with meaningful and challenging work

Transactional leaders:

Are accurately described by all of these

Transformational leaders _____.

Individualized Consideration

Transformational leaders that pay special attention to followers' individual needs by creating learning opportunities, accepting and tolerating individual differences, encouraging two-way communication, and practice being a good listener describes the component of transformational leadership known as ____?

Companies may determine standards by evaluating their capacity to enable goal achievement, by listening to customers, by observing competitors, or by benchmarking other companies.

True

Company hotlines, survey feedback, frequent informal meetings, and surprise visits are ways of overcoming organizational silence.

True

Fiedler's contingency theory states that in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the situation that best fits their leadership style.

True

For goal-setting theory to motivate employees, managers must provide frequent, specific, performance-related feedback.

True

Frequent, informal meetings between top managers and lower-level employees are one of the best ways for top managers to hear what others feel and think.

True

In an organization, Control is achieved when behavior and work procedures conform to set standards and when the organizational goals are accomplished.

True

Leadership is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

True

Motivation is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.

True

The Balanced Scorecard method of control minimizes the chance of suboptimization.

True

The bureaucratic control model is designed to make companies more efficient, effective, and fair, but it frequently has the opposite effect.

True

The normative decision theory helps leaders decide how much employee participation should be used when making decisions.

True

The three major situational leadership theories all assume that the effectiveness of any leadership style (the way a leader generally behaves toward followers) depends on the situation.

True

There is no such thing as a "best" leadership style for all situations and employees

True

There is no such thing as a "best" leadership style for all situations and employees.

True

Transformational leadership is leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group

True

When it comes to improving communication, managers must manage one-on-one communication while also managing organization-wide communication.

True

Carlos worked as a sales manager at a retail outlet for five years. During that time, he had taken just two days of leave. Shirley holds the same position at the same organization. During her tenure of two years, she had taken five weeks of leave both years. In the end, Shirley was offered a promotion that Carlos had been vying for. In terms of equity theory, from Carlos's perspective, this is a(n) _____.

Under reward

Directive

Under the leadership of Michael Eisner, The Walt Disney Company developed an "executive-centric, Eisner-centric culture"—whatever Eisner wanted to happen, he made happen. In terms of the path-goal theory, Eisner used a(n) ____ leadership style to improve Disney's profitability.

Empathetic Listening

Understanding the speakers perspective and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker.

1. identify 2. measure 3. analyze 4. intervene 5. evaluate

University of Nebraska business professor Fred Luthans, who has been studying the effects of reinforcement theory in organizations for more than a quarter of a century, says that there are five steps to motivating workers with reinforcement theory:

_____ communication encourages lower-level managers and employees to participate in organizational decision making.

Upward

1. surveying employees to identify preferred rewards 2. ensuring that employees see the connection between pay and performance 3. motivating employees to take active rather than passive roles

Use expectancy theory to motivate by:

Positive Reinforcement

Users of credit and debit cards that earn the owners money or rewards towards future purchases, is an example of _______.

_____ is the customer perception that the product quality is excellent for the price offered.

Value

In a(n) ____ reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior after different times, some shorter and some longer, that fluctuate around a specified average time.

Variable Interval

_____ is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting.

Visionary leadership

Jargon

Vocabulary particular to a profession or group that interferes with communication in the workplace.

Which of the following leadership theories uses a decision tree to determine the appropriate level of participation by subordinates in decision-making?

Vroom-Yetton-Jago's normative decision model

job performance = motivation x ability x situational constraints

What is the job performance equation?

1) Asking people what their needs are 2) Satisfy lower-order needs first 3) Expect people's needs to change 4) As needs change and lower-order needs are satisfied, create opportunities for employees to satisfy higher-order needs

What practical steps can managers take to motivate employees to increase their effort?

1. assign specific, challenging goals 2. make sure workers truly accept organizational goals 3. provide frequent, specific, performance-related feedback

What practical steps can managers take to se goal setting theory to motivate employees? Managers can do three things-

1) Give employees specific, challenging goals 2) Make sure workers truly accept organizational goals 3) Provide frequent, specific, performance-related feedback

What practical steps can managers take to use goal-setting theory to motivate employees?

1) Identify 2) Measure 3) Analyze 4) Intervene 5) Evaluate

What practical steps can managers take to use reinforcement theory to motivate employees?

Organizational Silence

When employees withholding information about organizational problems or issues.

Financial Ratios

When implementing the financial perspective, managers would use ____.

Regulation Costs

Which of the following factors can help managers determine whether more or different control is worthwhile?

Charismatic

Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership?

Policies and Procedures Perspective

Which of the following is NOT one of the four perspectives measured in the Balanced Scorecard approach to control?

Bureaucratic, Self-Control, Concertive, Normative

Which of the following is a method managers can use to achieve control in their organizations?

Fiedler's contingency theory

Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership?

Task Structure

Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory?

Task structure

Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory?

A Sense of Achievement

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?

They wait too long before talking to them about the problem.

Which of the following is one of the mistakes that managers tend to make when they are coaching employees?

None Of These

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations?

None of these

Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change?

EVA is the amount by which profits (after expenses) exceed the cost of capital in a given year.

Which of the following statements about economic value added (EVA) is true?

These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration

Which of the following statements about two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true

Drive

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative?

External agents (ex. managers)

Who determines and controls the distribution, frequency, and amount of extrinsic rewards such as pay, company stock, benefits, and promotions?

Team Management

Work accomplished is from committed people. Interdependence through a common stake in organizational purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect

Standards

____ are a basis of comparison for measuring the extent to which organizational performance is satisfactory or unsatisfactory.

Behavior, Output

____ control regulates workers' actions and routines on the job, while ____ control measures the results of their efforts.

Balanced Scorecard

____ is a control method that encourages managers to look beyond traditional measures to evaluate four different perspectives on company performance.

self- control

a control system in which managers and workers control their own behavior by setting their own goals and monitoring their own progress and rewarding themselves for goal achievement

underreward

a form of inequity in which you are getting fewer outcomes relative to inputs than your referent is getting

Overreward

a form of inequity in which you are getting more outcomes relative to inputs than your referent

overreward

a form of inequity in which you are getting more outcomes relative to inputs than your referent

participative leadership

a leadership style in which the leader consults employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions

supportive leadership

a leadership style in which the leader is friendly and approachable to employees, shows concern for employees and their welfare, treats them as equals, and creates a friendly climate

directive leadership

a leadership style in which the leader lets employees know precisely what is expected of them, gives them specific guidelines for performing tasks, schedules work, sets standards of performance and makes sure that people follow standard rules and regulations

achievement oriented leadership

a leadership style in which the leader sets challenging goals has high expectations of employees and displays confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort

Trait Theory

a leadership theory that holds that effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics

Path-Goal Theory states...

a leadership theory that states that leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the paths to goals and by increasing the number and kinds of rewards available for goal attainment

concurrent

a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies as they occur, thereby eliminating or shortening the delay between performance and feedback

Theory Y

a participative style of management which "assumes that people will exercise self-direction and self-control in the achievement of organisational objectives to the degree that they are committed to those objectives". It is management's main task in such a system to maximise that commitment.

extrinsic rewards

a reward that is tangible, visible to others, and given to employees contingent on the performance of specific tasks or behaviors

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?

a salary increase

intermittent reinforcement schedule

a schedule in which consequences are delivered after a specified or average time has elasped or afer a specified or average numver of behaviors has occurred

continuous reinforcement

a schedule that requires a consequence to be administered following every instance of a behavior

____ is the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes

a self serving bias

Examples of intrinsic rewards

a sense of accomplishment or achievement, a feeling of responsibility, the chance to learn something new, interacting with others, or simply the fun involved in performing and interesting task

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?

a sense of achievement

goal

a target objective, or result that someone tries to accomplish

Goal

a target, objective, or result that someone tries to accomplish

equity theory

a theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly

Normative Decision Theory (Vroom-Yetton-Jago model) - 5 different decision styles

a theory that suggests how leaders can determine an appropriate amount of employee participation when making decisions

cash flow analysis

a type of analysis that predicts how changes in a business will affect its ability to take in more cash than it pays out

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative? a. Drive b. Charisma c. motivational cues d. self-confidence e. desire to lead

a. Drive

Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true? a. Organizations need both leaders and managers. b. Leaders are critical to getting out the day-to-day work. c. Managers are critical to inspiring employees and setting long-term direction. d. Most organizations place greater emphasis on leadership than on management. e. All of these statements about leaders and managers are true.

a. Organizations need both leaders and managers.

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true? a. These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration. b. The worst leadership style entails the use of both behaviors in equal amounts. c. The best leadership style entails high levels of both of these behaviors. d. Most effective leaders select one behavior, adopt it, and maintain that style of leadership for their entire careers. e. These behaviors are dependent, meaning that leaders can only do one at a time.

a. These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration.

Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective? a. accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations b. teaching managers how to change situational favorableness c. only hiring supervisors with appropriate leadership traits d. arbitrary definition of situations e. creating standing plans concerning leader actions and reactions

a. accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations

The two types of visionary leadership are ____. a. charismatic leadership and transformational leadership b. situational leadership and transactional leadership c. tactical leadership and charismatic leadership d. transformational leadership and transactional leadership e. situational leadership and strategic leadership

a. charismatic leadership and transformational leadership

Which of the following traits refers to the extent to which leaders are truthful with others? a. honesty b. self-confidence c. emotional stability d. charisma e. extroversion

a. honesty

Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ____ and ____, are central to successful leadership. a. initiating structure; consideration b. initiating structure; job-centered leadership c. employee-centered leadership; consideration d. concern for production; job-centered leadership e. autonomous; participative

a. initiating structure; consideration

The term __________ refers to subordinate, task, or organizational characteristics that make leaders redundant or unnecessary. a. leadership substitutes b. leadership neutralizers c. leadership favorableness d. leadership contingencies e. leader behavior formalization

a. leadership substitutes

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency? a. the formal authority system b. locus of control c. focus of subordinate d. perceived ability e. subordinate satisfaction

a. the formal authority system

Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the ____ of leadership. a. trait theory b. situational theory c. behavioral theory d. expectancy theory e. path-goal theory

a. trait theory

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, __________ means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.

achievement-oriented leadership

Theory X

an authoritarian style where the emphasis is on "productivity, on the concept of a fair day's work, on the evils of feather-bedding and restriction of output, on rewards for performance ... [it] reflects an underlying belief that management must counteract an inherent human tendency to avoid work". Style that predominated in first few decades of the 2oth century

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

an intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors, sometimes more and sometimes less, that vary around a specified average number of behaviors

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

an intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors

fixed interval schedule

an intermittent schedule in which consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time as elapsed

Managers can motivate employees to increase their efforts by .

asking employees what their needs are then matching rewards to those needs

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____. a. are knowledgeable about business b. are accurately described by all of these c. are self-confident d. have a desire to lead e. have emotional stability

b. are accurately described by all of these

Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership? a. achievement-oriented b. charismatic c. supportive d. participative e. directive

b. charismatic

The normative decision theory ____. a. states that the situation determines what leadership style to use b. helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making c. assumes that certain inalienable characteristics determine the most effective leaders d. assumes leader behavior can be fitted to subordinate characteristics e. assumes leaders are generally unable to change their leadership style

b. helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making

Oftentimes when an individual is running for a local political office, he or she promises to consider each issue, make decisions that are good for the entire community, and reduce taxes. When the individual assumes office, he or she is often unable to carry through on political promises, which leads to a perceived problem with: a. honesty b. integrity c. empathy d. drive e. charisma

b. integrity

According to the What Really Works, "Leadership Traits Do Make a Difference," which of the following traits was MOST likely to cause employees to see their leader as a better leader? a. extroversion b. intelligence c. dominance d. agreeableness e. introversion

b. intelligence

1. Effective managers define ____ as the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals. a. management b. leadership c. interpersonal influence d. supervision e. autonomy

b. leadership

The term __________ refers to subordinate, task, or organizational characteristics that can interfere with a leader's actions or make it impossible for a leader to influence followers' performance. a. leadership substitutes b. leadership neutralizers c. leadership favorableness d. leader behavior formalization e. leadership contingencies

b. leadership neutralizers

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers. a. situational favorableness b. position power c. situational unfavorableness d. task structure e. leader-member relations

b. position power

Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory? a. subordinate experience b. task structure c. perceived ability d. locus of control e. subordinate performance

b. task structure

Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory? a. subordinate performance b. task structure c. perceived ability d. locus of control e. subordinate experience

b. task structure

Describe the basic control process

begins with the establishment of clear standards of performance, involves a comparison of performance to those standards, takes corrective action, if needed to repair performance deficiencies; is a dynamic cybernetic process; and consists of three basic

What methods do managers use to maintain control?

bureaucratic, objective, normative, concertive, and self control

How do employees try to restore equity when they perceive that they have been treated unfairly?

by doing any of these

How is quality controlled

by measuring excellence, value, and conformance to expectations

How can customer defections be controlled

by talking to the customers that left to see what problems your product has

The most important situational factor in Fieldler's Contingency Theory is: a. Procedural power b. Task structure c. Leader-member relations d. Leader relations e. Position power

c. Leader-member relations

The most important situational factor in Fieldler's Contingency Theory is: a. Procedural power b. Task structure c. Leader-member relations d. Position power e. Leader relations

c. Leader-member relations

Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true? a. Leaders are critical to getting out the day-to-day work. b. Managers are critical to inspiring employees and setting long-term direction. c. Organizations need both leaders and managers. d. All of these statements about leaders and managers are true. e. Most organizations place greater emphasis on leadership than on management.

c. Organizations need both leaders and managers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership? a. participative b. supportive c. charismatic d. achievement-oriented e. directive

c. charismatic

Which of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative? a. desire to lead b. motivational cues c. drive d. self-confidence e. charisma

c. drive

Which of the following traits refers to the tendency of leaders to remain even-tempered and consistent in their outlook and the way they treat others even when things go wrong? a. honesty b. integrity c. emotional stability d. self-confidence e. cognitive ability

c. emotional stability

Leaders who possess the trait of ____ are more decisive and assertive and more likely to gain others' confidence. a. emotional stability b. integrity c. self-confidence d. drive e. cognitive ability

c. self-confidence

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members. a. position power b. leader-member relations c. situational favorableness d. task structure e. task favorableness

c. situational favorableness

unethical charismatics

charismatic leaders who control manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of their organizations, want to hear only positive feedback, share only information that is beneficial to themselves, and have moral standards that put their interest before everyone else's

Ethical charismatics

charismatic leaders who provide developmental opportunities for followers, are open to positive and negative feedback, recognize other's contributions, share information and have moral standards that emphasize the larger interests of the group, organization, or society

____ is the tendency to fill gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know

closure

the two primary types of grapevine communications networks are ____

cluster and gossip

____ is a kind of one-on-one communication used by managers to improve an employee's on the job performance or behavior

coaching

Outcome/input (O/I) ratio

comparison of rewards employees receive from an organization to their contributions

A CEO who tours company plants to meet and talk to employees at all levels in order to better understand their concerns and feelings is demonstrating which type of leader behavior?

consideration

Doris Cunningham, CEO of Members Choice Federal Credit Union in West Virginia, believes keeping staff excited about the business they're in is one of a leader's primary roles. She believes a spirit of enthusiasm must start at the top. This indicates that Cunningham is high in ____.

consideration

For punishment to work (i.e., to weaken the frequency of undesirable behaviors without creating a backlash), the punishment must be strong enough to stop the undesired behavior and must be administered ____.

consistently, contingently, and quickly

For punishment to work (i.e., to weaken the frequency of undesirable behaviors without creating a backlash), the punishment must be strong enough to stop the undesired behavior and must be administered _____

consistently, contingently, and quickly

Rubylyn is a very enthusiastic person who has been hired to work as the personal assistant for an event planner. At first, Rubylyn was driving her supervisor to distraction because she was always interrupting him and asking him if he wanted anything. After some ____ with the event planner, Rubylyn better understood what her job entailed and became a valued employee.

constructive feedback

The first thing that managers need to recognize when communicating feedback one-on-one to employees is that feedback can be ____.

constructive or deconstructive

the first thing that managers need to recognize when communicating feedback one-on-one to employees is that feedback can be ____

constructive or destructive

France has 14 million smokers. More importantly, smokers in France are closely associated with the French culture. To reduce the number of smokers in the nation, the French government has increased the costs of cigarettes to a price twenty times greater than that charged in any other nation in the European Union. In terms of reinforcement theory, what kind of a reinforcement schedule is being used?

continuous

____ is communication with someone about non-job-related issues that may be affecting or interfereing with the persons performance

counseling

____ is communication with someone about non-job-related issues that may be affecting or interfering with the person's performance.

counseling

According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, _____ leadership style occurs when leaders care about having a friendly, enjoyable work environment but don't really pay much attention to production or performance.​

country club

____ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers. a. Consideration leadership b. Transformational leadership c. Transactional leadership d. Charismatic leadership e. Leadership empowerment

d. Charismatic leadership

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true? a. Most effective leaders select one behavior, adopt it, and maintain that style of leadership for their entire careers. b. These behaviors are dependent, meaning that leaders can only do one at a time. c. The worst leadership style entails the use of both behaviors in equal amounts. d. These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration. e. The best leadership style entails high levels of both of these behaviors.

d. These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration

Transformational leaders ____. a. encourage followers to make sacrifices for the organization b. help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision c. are able to make their followers feel they are a vital part of the organization d. are accurately described by all of these e. get employees to see beyond their own needs for the good of the group

d. are accurately described by all of these

Charismatic leaders generally ____. a. have strong coercive and reward power b. have trouble delegating c. base their influence on an exchange process in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance d. articulate a vision based on strongly held values e. are accurately described by none of these

d. articulate a vision based on strongly held values

Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior? a. initiating structure behavior b. participative management c. concern for production d. employee-centered leadership e. job-centered leadership

d. employee-centered leadership

The normative decision theory ____. a. states that the situation determines what leadership style to use b. assumes that certain inalienable characteristics determine the most effective leaders c. assumes leaders are generally unable to change their leadership style d. helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making e. assumes leader behavior can be fitted to subordinate characteristics

d. helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making

Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ______ and ______, are central to successful leadership. a. concern for production; job-centered leadership b. initiating structure; job-centered leadership c. autonomous; participative d. initiating structure; consideration e. employee-centered leadership; consideration

d. initiating structure; consideration

Fiedlers contingency theory assumes: a. favorable situations permit leaders to influence group members b. leadership styles cannot be matched to the proper situation c. leaders can change their leadership styles to fit the situation d. leaders are effective when their work groups perform well e. leaders should be judged according to how they perform--not how their subordinates perform

d. leaders are effective when their work groups perform well

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations? a. country club management b. team management c. authority-compliance d. none of these e. middle of the road management

d. none of these

Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change? a. path-goal theory b. the status quo theory of leadership c. the Vroom theory d. none of these e. normative decision theory

d. none of these

One of the criticisms of the television industry is the networks' desire to maintain ratings by thinking in terms of next week's programming. The networks are also more concerned with how to get high program ratings than achieving the ratings through giving viewers time to become acquainted with high-quality programs. Problem solving in terms of show placement or guest stars seems to be more important than inspiring great television innovations. This criticism assumes: a. doing the right things is more important than doing things right in the television industry b. the television industry benefits from strong leadership c. long-term strategy is more important than tactics in the television industry d. the television industry has a shortage of effective leadership e. the television industry attracts more architects than builders

d. the television industry has a shortage of effective leadership

Refer to Oakland Athletics. One of the reasons for Beane's success is his ability to let employees know precisely what is expected of them, give specific guidelines for playing baseball (e.g., All pitchers are instructed to throw strikes on the first pitch and to throw as few pitches as possible during each inning.), and make sure players follow these standards of performance. Beane is a(n) ____ leader.

directive

Ford Motor Company has always attracted and nurtured capable managers, but it has failed to do the same for leaders. Ford is embarking on a sweeping attempt to mass-manufacture leaders. It wants to build an army of "warrior-entrepreneurs." Ford's "warrior-entrepreneurs" will be expected to ____.

do all of these things

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative?

drive

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, energy, tenacity, and initiative?

drive

Fiedlers contingency theory assumes: a. favorable situations permit leaders to influence group members b. leaders should be judged according to how they perform--not how their subordinates perform c. leadership styles cannot be matched to the proper situation d. leaders can change their leadership styles to fit the situation e. leaders are effective when their work groups perform well

e. Leaders are effective when their work groups perform well

Which of the following statements about what makes a successful leader is true? a. Successful leaders have the same traits that nonleaders have. b. Successful leaders have drive, which is defined as the ability to attract and retain the best employees. c. Successful leaders are more decisive and assertive and are more likely to gain others' confidence. d. Successful leaders believe in individual reciprocity. e. None of these statements about what makes a successful leader is true.

e. None of these statements about what makes a successful leader is true.

Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective? a. teaching managers how to change situational favorableness b. creating standing plans concerning leader actions and reactions c. only hiring supervisors with appropriate leadership traits d. arbitrary definition of situations e. accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations

e. accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, __________ means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort. a. empowerment leadership b. participative leadership c. supportive leadership d. directive leadership e. achievement-oriented leadership

e. achievement-oriented leadership

Charismatic leaders generally ____. *a. articulate a vision based on strongly held values* b. model those values by acting in a way consistent with the vision c. communicate high performance expectations to followers d. display confidence in followers' abilities to achieve the vision e. all of these are true

e. all of these are true

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders: a. have a desire to lead b. have emotional stability c. are knowledgeable about business d. are self-confident e. are accurately described by all of these

e. are accurately described by all of these

Transformational leaders ____. a. are able to make their followers feel they are a vital part of the organization b. encourage followers to make sacrifices for the organization c. help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision d. get employees to see beyond their own needs for the good of the group e. are accurately described by all of these

e. are accurately described by all of these

Airline companies have blamed their recent financial problems on labor unions, the events of September 11, and a weak economy. Those airlines in financial difficulties have tried to solve the problem through short-term price reductions, firings and early retirements, and asking for employees to take pay cuts. The CEOs of these companies have not tried to motivate employees to create long-term solutions to the problems facing the companies. The CEOs of these troubled companies: a. are true leaders b. are more interested in doing the right thing than doing things right c. are promoting long-term change d. tend to focus on organizational visions, missions, goals, and objectives rather than organizational efficiency and productivity e. are more than likely managers rather than leaders

e. are more than likely managers rather than leaders

Ford Motor Company has always attracted and nurtured capable managers, but it has failed to do the same for leaders. So, as part of the automaker's organizational cultural overhaul, Ford is embarking on a sweeping attempt to mass-manufacture leaders. It wants to build an army of "warrior-entrepreneurs." Ford's "warrior-entrepreneurs" will be expected to: a. take a long-term perspective b. inspire and motivate employees to embrace change c. realize that results are more important than processes d. be architects rather than builders e. do all of these things

e. do all of these things

Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior? a. participative management b. initiating structure behavior c. job-centered leadership d. concern for production e. employee-centered leadership

e. employee-centered leadership

____is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals. a. management b. autonomy c. supervision d. interpersonal influence e. leadership

e. leadership

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations? a. country club management b. authority-compliance c. team management d. middle of the road management e. none of these

e. none of these

Transactional leaders ____. a. pay special attention to individual needs by creating learning opportunities b. are accurately described by all of these c. help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision d. motivate followers by providing them with meaningful and challenging work e. reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

e. reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

Transactional leaders: a. motivate followers by providing them with meaningful and challenging work b. are accurately described by all of these c. pay special attention to individual needs by creating learning opportunities d. help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision e. reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

e. reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior?

employee-centered leadership

Organizational silence occurs when _____.

employees believe that telling managers about problems will not make a difference

Feedback can lead to stronger motivation and effort if it ___

encourages employees to set higher, more difficult goals after the initial goals are accomplished.

Feedback can lead to stronger motivation and effort if it _____

encourages employees to set higher, more difficult goals after the initial goals are accomplished.

According to ____, people will be motivated when they perceive they are being treated fairly

equity theory

According to ____, people will be motivated when they perceive they are being treated fairly.

equity theory

Although both Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments and the advent of professional women's sporting significant discrepancies still exist between men's and women's sports. For example, women receive less media coverage, promotion, and institutional support. According to ____, the motivation for women athletes to perform at the top of their ability is less than that for men.

equity theory

Refer to Pay TV. According to _____ , employees at most call centers would likely believe they are being treated unfairly compared to DirecTV employees.

equity theory

growth

esteem and self-actualization

The two kinds of charismatic leaders are _____.

ethical and unethical charismatics

The two kinds of charismatic leaders are referred to as ____.

ethical charismatics and unethical charismatics

Extrinsic rewards are ___.

exemplified by bonuses, trophies, and plaques

Extrinsic rewards are ____.

exemplified by bonuses, trophies, and plaques

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the lowest-order need is

existence

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the lowest-order need is ___ .

existence

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the lowest-order need is ____.

existence

In expectancy theory, ____is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.

expectancy

Refer to Wegmans. Because the company invests so heavily in employee training and then empowers employees to make decisions, Wegmans' managers increase employee ____

expectancy

The ___ states that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they are offered attractive rewards.

expectancy theory

A group of actors gather to read the critical reviews of the new play they presented to audiences last night. The actors are looking for ____ rewards.

extrinsic

Refer to Wegmans. Part-time workers at Wegmans such as cashiers and baggers, most of whom are high-school students, can earn a scholarship bonus (for good grades) of $6,000 over their four years of high school. These bonuses are examples of ____rewards.

extrinsic

Refer to Pay TV. Providing free satellite television to call reps after three months of employment is an example of a(n) ____.

extrinsic reward

The primary ways for creating reinforcement contingencies in organizations are:

extrinsic rewards and the schedules of reinforcement

Situational constraints

factors beyond the control of individual employees such as tools, policies, and resources, that have an effect on job performance

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the two situational factors that determine the favorability of a situation are leader-member relations and task structure.

false

A ____is a target, objective, or result.

goal

France has 14 million smokers. More importantly, smokers in France are closely associated with the French culture. So when the French government waged a war against smoking, it set as its ____to reduce smoking by 30 percent by the end of the decade.

goal

According to management expert Bill Roche, results from goal setting can virtually be guaranteed, but only if "you have first won the hearts and minds of your workers. When they are on board with the goal—they agree that it is important and can be done—you really will get dramatic improvement." Roche is describing ___ .

goal acceptance

Refer to Wegmans. The goal at Wegmans is to create "telepathic customer service." Employees are allowed, even encouraged, to do anything they need to do to satisfy customers In fact, chefs at Wegmans have gone to customers' homes to fix incorrect food orders. In terms of goal-setting theory, these chefs had exceptional ___ .

goal acceptance

____ is the extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals.

goal acceptance

Goal acceptance is most similar to the idea of .

goal commitment

Goal acceptance is most similar to the idea of:

goal commitment

Which of the following is NOT a basic component of goal-setting theory?

goal congruity

According to Don Vlcek, a former Domino's Pizza vice president, "To achieve results, you've got to properly define the goal—and that's not always easy. Vague goals are worthless. But 'increase productivity by 12 percent within three weeks'—that is a clear, useful goal." Vlcek is discussing _____ .

goal specificity

Which of the following statements about goal-setting theory is true

goals can energize behavior

Refer to Oakland Athletics. Billy Beane is an example of a leader because he ____.

has a strong desire to lead

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.

have a desire to lead, have emotional stability, are knowledgeable about business and are self-confident

The normative decision theory

helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making

The normative decision theory ____.

helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, engineering students consider the improvement of teaching to be the most important outcome of the evaluation process. For engineering students who believe their efforts will lead to better teaching, the motivation to fill out a teaching evaluation would have a ___

high valence

The city of Cairo has the world's greatest collection of Islamic buildings and statues. It would seem an ideal location for Muslim tourists, but unfortunately preservation activities have been inadequate and often more destructive than constructive. Imagine the Egyptian government is instituting a marketing campaign to motivate tourists to spend their vacation dollars in Cairo. The buildings and statues in the city would have a(n) ___ to Muslim tourists who wanted to learn more about their heritage.

high valence

Asa and Ruby both sell insurance. Asa is married, has three children, and a new house. Ruby is single and has recently purchased a new Lexus. According to some industrial psychologists ____.

how well their employer motivates them relates directly to their individual needs

A manager who wants to use reinforcement theory to motivate workers should first ____ .

identify critical performance-related behavior

A manager who wants to use reinforcement theory to motivate workers should first ____.

identify critical performance-related behavior

Currently the U.S. Olympic Committee pays Olympic athletes for each medal earned. gold medal, $15,000 for a silver medal, and $10,000 for a bronze medal. Since 1960, the Paralympics for disabled athletes has been a part of the Olympic Games, yet the USOC pays disabled athletes only 10 percent of what the Olympic athletes are paid, and Paralympic athletes are not allowed to participate in opening ceremonies. Paralympic athletes are angry at being treated unfairly. To achieve perceived equity, the Paralympic athletes are suing the USOC for larger rewards. Paralympic athletes have decided to deal with the inequity by .

increasing outcomes

For workers who feel underpaid, creating a union at their place of employment to attain higher wages can be a mechanism for restoring equity by ___ .

increasing outcomes

Paying special attention to followers' needs by creating learning opportunities, accepting and tolerating differences, encouraging two-way communication, and being a good listener describes the component of transformational leadership known as _____.

individualized consideration

Performance feedback

information about the quality or quantity of past performance that indicates whether progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal

performance feedback

information about the quality or quantity of past performance that indicates whether progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal

locus of control

is a personality measure that indicates the extent to which people believe that they have control over what happens to them in life

____ is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals

leadership

____is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

leadership

Transactional leadership is based on ....

leadership based on an exchange process in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance

What does Visionary leadership create?

leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting

Transformational leadership generates....

leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interests for the good of the group

Currently the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) pays Olympic athletes $25,000 for each gold medal, $15,000 for a silver medal, and $10,000 for a bronze medal. Since 1960, the Paralympics for disabled athletes has been an integral part of the Olympic Games, yet the USOC pays disabled athletes only 10 percent of what the Olympic athletes are paid, and Paralympic athletes are not allowed to participate in opening ceremonies. For disabled athletes who believe their efforts will not be fairly rewarded, the motivation to win a Paralympics medal would have a(n) ___ .

low valence

A glass of water and shelter from a snowstorm would be examples of _____, and a gold necklace and tickets to see professional wrestling would not be.

low-order needs

To save a company from bankruptcy, its CEO told its employees that he would eliminate 53 percent of the company's mechanics and reduce the compensation of the remaining mechanics by 26 percent. In terms of the normative decision theory, Steenland ____.

made autocratic decisions

Which of the following is a major concern of managers (as opposed to leaders)?

maintaining the status quo

Managers who use goal-setting theory to motivate employees should ____

make sure workers truly accept organizational goals

listening

making a conscious effort to hear

According to the text,____is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts tomotivation accomplish a goal.

motivation

Which type of inequity occurs more frequently in theory than in practice?

overreward

According to some researches, deceptive answers have a slower onset than honest ones. In a job interview, these characteristics would be examples of _____ that may help the interviewer evaluate the job applicants.

paralanguage

Hot Topic is a fast-growing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Hot Topic�s CEO Betsy McLaughlin relies on her employees to locate new trends. McLaughlin almost daily consults with her employees for suggestions on what the stores should carry. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions. McLaughlin uses the ____ style of management.

participative

Alderfer's ERG theory

people are motivated by existence (safety and physiological), relatedness (belongingness), and growth (esteem and self-actualization) needs

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory

people are motivated by physiological (food and water), safety (physical and economic), belongingness (friendship, love, and affection), and self-actualization (realizing full-potential) needs

McClelland's Learned Needs theory

people are motivated by the need for affiliation (to be liked and accepted), achievement (to accomplish challenging goals), or power (to influence others)

Equity theory

people will be motivated when they PERCEIVE that they are being treated fairly

Subordinate and Environmental Contingencies

perceived ability, experience, and locus of control

Procedural justice

perceived fairness of the procedures used to make reward allocation decisions

____ is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments

perception

____ is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments.

perception

Because of _____, people exposed to the same information will often disagree about what they saw or heard

perceptual filters

The goal of the Apollo 11 moon flight was to put a man on the moon. According to Charles Garfield, who worked at NASA on the Apollo mission, Apollo 11 was off-course 90 percent of the time between here and the moon. But the crew of Apollo 11 used ___that allowed it to make rapid course corrections.

performance feedback

McClellend's Learned Needs Theory identifies three needs. They are the needs for ____.

power, achievement, and affiliation

In equity theory, ____ refers to the fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.

procedural justice

In equity theory,___refers to the fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.

procedural justice

A manufacturer of modular housing gives each employee a monthly $300 bonus if he or she is neither absent nor late to work for the entire month. There are no excused absences. The loss of a bonus by a parent with an emergency hospitalization of a child is an example of the use of ____

punishment

Excessive speed is a major cause of road crashes in Australia. The Australian government is thinking of using cameras to catch speeders. According to reinforcement theory, Australian officials are using______to control speeding.

punishment

France has 14 million smokers. More importantly, smokers in France are closely associated with the French culture. To reduce the number of smokers in the nation, the French government has increased the costs of cigarettes to a price twenty times greater than that charged in any other nation in the European Union. In terms of reinforcement theory, the French government is trying to use ____ to get people to quit smoking by making cigarettes less affordable and by reducing the discretionary income (or possibly the disposable income) of people who continue smoking.

punishment

The city of Cairo has the world�s greatest collection of Islamic buildings and statues. It would seem an ideal location for Muslim tourists, but unfortunately preservation activities have been inadequate and often more destructive than constructive. Imagine the Egyptian government is instituting a marketing campaign to motivate tourists to spend their vacation dollars in Cairo. Imagine tourists visiting Cairo and being motivated never to visit there again due to the fact that every old building they saw seemed more likely to cave in than the last one they had seen. In terms of motivational theory, ____ would have occurred.

punishment

Results of unfair treatment

reduction of inputs, increase of outcomes, rationalizing inputs or outcomes, changing the referent, or simply leaving

In equity theory, ____ are others with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly.

referents

In equity theory, ___are others with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly.

referents

Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory?

referents

____ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.

reinforcement

The two parts of reinforcement are ___

reinforcement contingencies and schedules of reinforcement

The two parts of reinforcement are ____.

reinforcement contingencies and schedules of reinforcement

The primary ways to create reinforcement contingencies in organizations are ____

reinforcement contingencies and the schedules of reinforcement

extinction

reinforcement in which a positive consequence is no longer allowed to flow a previously reinforced behavior, thus weakening the behavior

Extinction

reinforcement in which a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior, thus weakening the behavior

positive reinforcement

reinforcement that strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable conseqences

Transactional leaders

reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

Transactional leaders ____.

reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

Transactional leaders:

reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

transactional leaders ___*

reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

Extrinsic reward

rewards that are tangible, visible to others, and given to employees contingent on the performance of specific tasks or behaviors

The retired founder of L. L. Bean spent much of his time sitting on a set of stairs where he could watch customers coming and going to his store. He typically dressed in old pants, well-worn flannel shirts, and a pair of muddy boots. Customers assumed he was a derelict. Those who recognized him thought of him as a real character. He was seen differently by different people due to ____.

selective perception

____ is the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes).

self-serving bias

What is the cybernetic control process?

set standards> measure performance > compare with standards > indentify deviations > analyze deviations > develop and implement program for corrective action > measure performance etc.

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.

situational favorableness

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term _____ refers to the degree to which a particular condition either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members

situational favorableness

Larry Tobin is now president of Fairwinds Credit Union in Florida. After Mr. Tobin assumed the presidency at Fairwinds, he made several personnel changes. Which of the following seems most important to Tobin?

situational favorableness

Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand-picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees' ____ than their job satisfaction. In terms of Fiedler's contingency theory, this executive was most concerned with establishing ____.

situational favorableness

Mr. Jan Carlson, the former CEO of Scandinavian Airline Systems (SAS), believes the most important role for a leader is to instill confidence in people. According to the path-goal theory, this statement indicates that his leadership style would be ____.

supportive

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what leadership style involves being friendly and approachable to employees, showing concern for them and their welfare, treating them as equals, and creating a friendly climate.

supportive leadership

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, which of the following leadership styles involves being friendly and approachable to employees, showing concern for them and their welfare, treating them as equals, and creating a friendly climate?

supportive leadership

To use expectancy theory to motivate employees, managers can

systematically gather information to find out what employees want from their jobs

According to the model of need satisfaction, an unsatisfied need produces ___.

tension

What is economic value added (EVA)

the amount by which company profits (revenues minus expenses minus taxes) exceed the cost of capital in a given year

valence

the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome

Consideration

the extend to which a leader is friendly, approachable, and supportive and shows concern for employees

goal difficulty

the extent to which a goal is hard or challenging to accomplish

Goal difficulty

the extent to which a goal is hard to or challenging to accomplish

goal specificity

the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and ambiguous

Goal specificity

the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous

Goal acceptance

the extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals

goal acceptance

the extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?

the formal authority system

Expectancy theory

the idea that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards

GII

the leader shares the problem with employees as a group. Together the leader and the employees generate and evaluate alternatives and try to reach an agreement on a solution. Leader acts as a facilitator and does not try to influence the group. Leader is willing to accept and implement any solution that has the support of the entire group

Intrinsic rewards

the natural rewards associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake

Distributive justice

the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated

distributive justice

the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated

procedural justice

the perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions

Expectancy

the perceived relationship between effort and performance

expectancy

the perceived relationship between effort and performance

Instrumentality

the perceived relationship between performance and rewards

instrumentality

the perceived relationship between performance and rewards

Needs

the physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensure survival and well-being

needs

the physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensure survival and well-being

Reinforcement

the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior

What is leadership

the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals

concertive control

the reguation of worker' behavior andd decisions through work group values and beliefs

normative control

the regulation of worker's results or outputs through rewards and incentives

Describe the interpersonal communication process

the sender: message to be conveyed, encode message, transmit message to receiver: receives message decodes message, message that was understood, then sends feedback to sender.

Motivation

the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal

motivation

the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal

One of the criticisms of the television industry is the networks' desire to maintain ratings by thinking in terms of next week's programming. The networks are also more concerned with how to get high program ratings quickly. This criticism assumes ____.

the television industry has a shortage of effective leadership

What is Defensive bias?

the tendency for people to perceive themselves as personally and situationally similar to someone who is having difficulty or trouble

What is closure

the tendency to fill in gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know

Fundamental attribution theory

the tendency to ignore external causes of behavior and to attribute other people's actions to internal causes

What is self-serving bias?

the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures or the environment (external causes)

Reinforcement theory

the theory that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors followed by negative consequences, or not followed by positive consequences, will occur less frequently

reinforcement theory

the theory that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors followed by negative consequences, or not followed by positive consequences, will occur less frequently

goal-setting theory

the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they accept specific, challenging goals and receive feedback that indicates their progress toward goal achievement

expectancy theory

the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards

What is informal communication channels

the transmission of messages from employee to employee outside of formal communication channels

Clarissa is unable to do her job efficiently because her supervisor often interrupts her to ask irrelevant questions or to make unimportant comments. Clarissa is experiencing a problem with ____.

the use of an incorrect communication medium

bureaucratic control

the use of hierarchial authority to influence employee behavior by rewarding or punishing employees for compliance or non compliance with organizational policies, rules and procedures

objective control

the use of observable measures of worker behavior or outputs to assess performance and influence behavior

What does Fiedler mean by leadership style?

the way a leader generally behaves toward followers

Goal-setting theory

theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they accept specific, challenging goals, and receive feedback that indicates their progress toward goal achievement

How can grapevines be managed

there are gossip chains and cluster chains

experience

they already know their jobs or perceive that they do

Which of the following is one of the mistakes that managers tend to make when they are coaching employees?

they wait too long before talking to them about the problem

People with Machiavellian personalities believe that virtually any type of behavior is acceptable if it helps satisfy needs or accomplish goals. Add that skill to someone with the ability to create strong bonds with followers and you have described a leader who is a(n) ____.

unethical charismatic leader

According to the expectancy theory, _____ affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.

valence, expectancy, and instrumentality

According to the expectancy theory, __________ affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.

valence, expectancy, and instrumentality

According to the expectancy theory, ___affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.

valence, expectancy, and instrumentality

According to the expectancy theory, affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.

valence, expectancy, and instrumentality

According to the expectancy theory___affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation

valence, expectancy, and instrumentality

In a(n) ___reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior after different times, some shorter and some longer, that vary around a specified average time.

variable interval

in a ___ reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior after different times, some shorter and some longer, that vary around a specified average time.

variable interval

____is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting

visionary leadership

Performance Feedback

Information about the quality or quantity of past performance that indicates whether progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal.

Survey Feedback

Information that is collected by surveys from organizational members and then compiled, disseminated and used to develop action plans for improvement.

_____ means that transformational leaders encourage followers to be creative and innovative, to question assumptions, and to look at problems and situations in new ways even if their ideas are different from those of leaders.

Intellectual stimulation

___are the rewards associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake.

Intrinsic rewards

When Lilah saw her guest wrinkling her nose, she realized that she should have changed the litter in her cat box. Nose wrinkling is an example of communication through _____.

Kinesics

Listening

Making a conscious effort to hear.

Visionary Leader

Malcolm Thompson was brought in as the CEO of Novalux, a company involved in laser research, to save the company's promise of innovation. It's what he loves: turning ideas into companies, then shaping those businesses to meet evolving challenges. "You're never done," he says. "It always looks like you're near the finish line, but there are always new opportunities along the road—and new obstacles you'd never thought of. That's part of the exploration—constantly looking at the next problem and the next solution." Apparently, Thompson is an example of a(n) ____

Which of the following is one of the primary tasks faced by managers who want to improve communication?

Managing organization wide communication

Safety

Marketers often appeal to consumers' needs as defined by Maslow's hierarchy. A lock manufacturer, shows how much protection its locks provide and a cleaning company developed several types of wipes to eliminate concerns about infectious germs. Both marketers are appealing to which need as defined by Maslow?

1. physiological 2. safety 3. belonginess 4. esteem 5. self-actualization

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:

Driving in heavy traffic makes Hal very anxious and sometimes angry. He leaves home earlier than usual one morning and doesn't run into heavy traffic. He leaves home earlier again the next morning, and again he avoids heavy traffic. His behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic. What kind of reinforcement has occurred in this example?

Negative Reinforcement

The crew renovating the downtown area accidentally dug up the sidewalk belonging to a private owner. The crew misunderstood their instructions that only all city-owned sidewalks were to be replaced because of bad phone connections. In this case, in terms of the communications process, _____.

Noise prevented communication

Which of the following statements about informal communication in organizations is true?

None of these statements about informal communication in organizations is true.

_____ is the regulation of workers' behavior and decisions through widely shared organizational values and beliefs.

Normative Control

Company Hotlines

Phone numbers that anyone in the company can call anonymously to leave information for upper management.

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, engineering students consider the improvement in teaching to be the most important outcome of the evaluation process. For engineering students who believe their efforts will lead to better teaching, the motivation to fill out a teaching evaluation would have a _____.

Positive Valence

__________ strengthen behavior (i.e., increase its frequency).

Positive and negative reinforcement

Trait Theory

Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the _____ of leadership.

Traits

Relatively stable characteristics, such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior.

initiation structure; consideration

Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, _____ and ____, are central to successful leadership.

Transformational leadership is much more effective on average than transactional leadership

Research results consistently show ____.

Job Performance, Job Satisfaction

Research shows that while initiating structure impacts primarily on ____, consideration impacts primarily on ____.

Job performance; Job satisfaction

Research shows that while initiating structure impacts primarily on _____, consideration impacts primarily on ____.

Strong Position Power

Some employees called former General Electric, CEO Jack Welch, "Bloody Jack" because his restructuring efforts eliminated numerous jobs and product lines without thought about how individual employees were impacted. Mr. Welch was viewed as "the hatchet man," and the source of the firings. Under Fiedler's contingency theory, someone acting like Mr. Welch would be viewed as having ____.

A regulatory body has recently reprimanded the Simston Company for not setting clear guidelines on factory emissions. In this case, the regulatory body wants the Simston Company to establish emission control _____.

Standards

_____ occurs when performance improvement is attained in one part of an organization but only at the expense of decreased performance in another part.

Suboptimization

Are accurately described by all of these

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.

T or F While transformational leaders use visionary and inspirational appeals to influence followers, transactional leadership is based on an exchange process.

T

T or F According to the trait theory, all effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics.

T

Regulation Costs

The costs associated with implementing or maintaining control.

Initiating Structure

The degree to which a leader structures the roles of followers by setting goals, giving directions, setting deadlines and assigning tasks.

Situational Favorableness

The degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.

Leader-Member Relations

The degree to which followers respect, trust and like their leaders.

Position Power

The degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward and punish workers.

Task Structure

The degree to which the requirements of a subordinate's tasks are clearly specified.

Ability

The degree to which workers possess the knowledge, skills, and talent needed to do a job well

Goal Difficulty

The extent to which a goal is hard or challenging to accomplish.

Goal Difficulty

The extent to which a goal is hard or challenging to accomplish. Harder goals are more motivating than easy goals

Online Discussion Forums

The in-house equivalent of Internet newsgroups. By using web or software-based discussion tools that are available across the company, employees can easily ask questions and share knowledge with each other.

AII

The leader obtains necessary information from employees and then selects a solution to the problem. When asked to share information employees may or may not be told what the problem is

CI

The leader share the problem and gets ideas and suggestions from relevant employees on an individual basis. Individuals are not brought together as a group. Then the leader makes the decision which may or may not reflect their input

Communication Medium

The method used to the deliver an oral or written message.

Instrumentality

The perceived relationship between performance and rewards Affects employees willingness to put forth effort (the degree to which they are energized to take action)

Instrumentality

The perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

Perceptual Filters

The personality, psychology or experience-based differences that influence people to ignore or pay attention to particular stimuli.

Perception

The process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret and retain information from their environments.

Decoding

The process by which the receiver translates the written, verbal or symbolic form of a message into an understood message.

Reinforcement

The process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior

Reinforcement

The process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.

Benchmarking

The process of identifying outstanding practices, processes and standards in other companies in adopting them to your company.

Leadership

The process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

Cybernetic

The process of steering or keeping on course.

Communication

The process of transmitting information from one person or place to another.

Behavior Control

The regulation of the behaviors and actions that workers perform on the job.

Country Club Managment

Thoughtful attention to needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organizational atmosphere and work tempo

Which of the following is most relevant to the internal perspective of the balanced scorecard?

Total quality management

Fixed Interval

Traffic accidents, most of which are caused by excessive speed, cost Australia $15 billion per year. The Australian government is thinking of using cameras to catch speeders. Government officials plan to put cameras at various locations for four weeks and then the cameras will be moved. Plans are to put the cameras back to their original location every fourth month. What kind of reinforcement schedule will be used?

The "great person" theory is another name for the ____ theory of leadership

Trait

Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the ____ of leadership.

Trait theory

According to the trait theory, all effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics.

True

As described in the path-goal theory, directive leadership is similar to the key leadership behavior of initiating structure.

True

Whereas managers tend to have a short-term perspective, leaders tend to have a long-term perspective.

True

While transformational leaders use visionary and inspirational appeals to influence followers, transactional leadership is based on an exchange process.

True

1. lower order needs 2. higher order needs

Two basic kinds of needs categories:

1) Inputs 2) Outcomes 3) Referents

What are the basic components of equity theory?

1. start by asking people what their needs are 2. satisfy lower-order needs first 3. expect people's needs to change 4. as needs change and lower-order needs are satisfied, create opportunities for employees to satisfy higher-order needs

What practical steps can mangers take to motivate employees to increase their effort?

1) Systematically gather information to find out what employees want from their jobs 2) Take specific steps to link rewards to individual performance in a way that is clear and understandable to employees (publicize the way in which pay decisions are made) 3) Empower employees to make decisions if management really wants them to believe that their hard work and effort will lead to good performance (if managers want employees to have strong expectancies, they should empower them to make decisions)

What steps can managers take to use expectancy theory to motivate employees?

Value

When a company emphasizes ____ as its quality goal, managers must simultaneously control excellence, price, durability, or other features of a product or service that customers strongly associate with it.

Bureaucratic

When the local fast-food restaurant manager caught one of her employees giving free food to his friends, she fired him on the spot. When another employee stayed late after work one night to help a woman start her car, the manager rewarded him. What type of control did the restaurant manager use in these two instances?

Feedforward Control

Which approach to control monitors inputs rather than outputs?

Accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations

Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective?

Organizations need both leaders and managers

Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true?

Normative control leads to an emphasis on very selective hiring.

Which of the following statements about normative control is true?

These behaviors are independent, meaning that leaders can do both at the same time.

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?

Older employees

Who ranks job security as more important than personal and family time? Older or younger employees?

Benchmarking

____ allows a trucking company not only to compare its safety performance with other companies but to also adopt those practices found to be superior.

Active Listening

____ is a technique of assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by actively giving the speaker nonjudgmental feedback that shows you've accurately heard what he or she said.

Suboptimization

____ occurs when performance improvement is attained in one part of an organization but only at the expense of decreased performance in another part.

Charismatic Leadership

____ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.

Because workplace injuries cost U.S. businesses $1 billion every week, increased safety compliance needs to become a practice, not just a theory. The goal of developing safety consciousness within the workforce requires continuous reinforcement at every organizational level. This means ____

a consequence must be delivered following every instance of behavior

Because workplace injuries cost U.S. businesses $1 billion every week, increased safety compliance needs to become a practice, not just a theory. The goal of developing safety consciousness within the workforce requires continuous reinforcement at every organizational level. This means ____.

a consequence must be delivered following every instance of behavior

Underreward

a form of inequity in which you are getting fewer outcomes relative to inputs than your referent is getting

How do employees try to restore equity when they perceive that they have been treated unfairly?

a. by reducing the level of energy and time they input into a project b. by simply quitting their jobs c. by changing the referent D. BY DOING ALL OF THESE e. by rationalizing inputs or outcomes

When Jack Welch went to work for General Electric, he immediately began to make drastic changes in the company's structure and product lines. He envisioned a bloated, inefficient General Electric becoming an efficient, profitable organization over time. He inspired and motivated his employees to change. Jack Welch: a. would be characterized as a leader b. had a short-term perspective c. emphasized means rather than ends d. acted as a builder rather than an architect e. would be characterized as a manager

a. would be characterized as a leader

Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective?

accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations

Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective? a. only hiring supervisors with appropriate leadership traits b. accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations c. arbitrary definition of situations d. creating standing plans concerning leader actions and reaction e. teaching managers how to change situational favorableness

accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations

The owner of a small local chain of retail stores that target affluent women and carry eclectic lines of wrapping paper, stationery, invitations, and gifts has expressed a strong need to expand nationwide. According to McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, the owner has a need for ___ .

achievement

The founder and CEO of a medical products distributor, establishes ambitious goals for his employees and is confident that they will be able to achieve these goals. In terms of the path-goal theory, this founder and CEO is exhibiting a(n) ____ type of leadership.

achievement-oriented

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.

all

Transformational leaders ____.

are able to make their followers feel they are a vital part of the organization b. help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision c. get employees to see beyond their own needs for the good of the group d. are accurately described by all of these e. encourage followers to make sacrifices for the organization

Higher-order needs

are concerned with relationships (belongingness, relatedness, and affiliation), challenges and accomplishments (esteem, self-actualization, growth, achievement) and influence (power)

Lower-order needs

are concerned with safety and with physiological and existence requirements

situational constraints

are factors beyond the control of individual employees, such as tools, policies, and resources that have an effect on job performance

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.

are knowledgeable about business b. are accurately described by all of these c. have emotional stability d. have a desire to lead e. are self-confident

Charismatic leaders generally ____.

articulate a vision based on strongly held values

The ____ states that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the cause of other people's behavior

attribution theory

The ____ states that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people's behavior.

attribution theory

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative? a. desire to lead b. Drive c. motivational cues d. Charisma e. self-confidence

b. Drive

Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership? a. charismatic theory b. Fiedler's contingency theory c. equity theory of leadership d. stimulus-response theory e. trait theory

b. Fiedler's contingency theory

Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership? a. stimulus-response theory b. Fiedler's contingency theory c. equity theory of leadership d. charismatic theory e. trait theory

b. Fiedler's contingency theory

Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true? a. All of these statements about leaders and managers are true. b. Organizations need both leaders and managers. c. Leaders are critical to getting out the day-to-day work. d. Managers are critical to inspiring employees and setting long-term direction. e. Most organizations place greater emphasis on leadership than on management.

b. Organizations need both leaders and managers.

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____. a. have emotional stability b. are accurately described by all of these c. are knowledgeable about business d. are self-confident e. have a desire to lead

b. are accurately described by all of these

Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change? a. the Vroom theory b. none of these c. the status quo theory of leadership d. path-goal theory e. normative decision theory

b. none of these

relatedness

belongingness

Research shows that while initiating structure impacts primarily on ____, consideration impacts primarily on ____. a. job satisfaction; job performance b. job performance; motivational drive c. job performance; job satisfaction d. job description; job specification e. job satisfaction; worker synergy

c. job performance; job satisfaction

Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change?

c. none of these [ a. the Vroom theory b. path-goal theory d. the status quo theory of leadership e. normative decision theory ]

The Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model is another name for the: a. path-goal theory of leadership b. trait theory of leadership c. normative decision theory d. situational theory of leadership e. contingency theory of leadership

c. normative decision theory

____ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.

charismatic leadership

The two types of visionary leadership are ____.

charismatic leadership and transformational leadership

Which of the following is another term for initiating structure leadership behavior?

concern for production

France has 14 million smokers. More importantly, smokers in France are closely associated with the French culture. To reduce the number of smokers in the nation, the French government has increased the costs of cigarettes to a price twenty times greater than that charged in any other nation in the European Union. In terms of reinforcement theory, what kind of a reinforcement schedule is being used

continuous

In a(n) ___reinforcement schedule, a consequence follows every instance of a behavior.

continuous

In terms of simplicity and effectiveness, which of the following reinforcement schedules may be the best choice for managers?

continuous

in a(n) ___reinforcement schedule, a consequence follows every instance of a behavior.

continuous

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency? a. subordinate satisfaction b. perceived ability c. locus of control d. the formal authority system e. focus of subordinate

d. the formal authority system

What are the types of feedback?

destructive and constructive feedback

For the goal-setting theory to work, goals must .

do all of these

One of Canada's largest financial service providers, wanted to develop a customer-focused sales and service culture, top management developed the main messages, which were consistently communicated to all levels of employees throughout the organization. This is an example of a(n) ____ communication channel.

downward

The three formal communication channels in organizations are categorized as ____

downward, horizontal, and upward

____ is a technique of understanding the speaker's perspective and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker.

empathetic listening

Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior?

employee centered leadership

In expectancy theory, ____ is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.

expectancy