Micro

B CELLS Binding identify the one that doesn't belong

( Killing by performing and grandson) The ones that belong; .Activate complement .Immune complex clumps .Neutralize toxins or viruses . Production of molecule antibodies

All of the following are considered requirements of a good vector except

(Easily infected)+++++++ Exist In high numbers Have Frequent contact with humans Outlive the Pathogen

Endotoxins what's in it

.Gram negative bacteria .Associated with bacterial death .immunogenic .Can not be neutralized by antitoxin .Has A large LD 50 Part of cell wall Can not be. Neutralized by antitoxin

Exotoxins what's in it

.Mostly gram-positive bacteria .Associated with bacteria growth .Non-immunogenic .Neutralized by anti-tocsin .Has a low LD 50 Proteins. Produced inside, released during bacteria growth/division

Preferred portal of entry

1. Mucous membranes / Respiratory tract, gastrointestinal, genitourinary 2. Skin/ Normally imprentable It's rare for microbe to access skin 3. Parental= Direct deposit into bodies cavities or wounds broken skin

Effective vector criteria

1. Must have frequent contact with humans 2. Must exist in sufficient number 3. Must have lifespan longer then extrinsic incubation period

Vector effective criteria

1. Must have frequent contact with humans 2.Must exist in sufficient number 3. Must have lifespan longer than extrinsic incubation period

inflammation steps

1. Vasodilation - widens the area, opening up the blood vessel, increases blood flow to the area, send more soldiers to fight. Makes the area look red, warm, this stage does not last too long. 2. Swelling - Better permeability happens in the cells allowing the WBC's to go into the tissue to fight the infection, increased vascular permeability - swelling increased fluids to the area. 3. Form a blood clot around the area - which contains the infection in the area decreasing circulation - keeps the WBC's in place to fight. Inflammation is the bodies attempt at Containing damage and is characterized by redness swelling of the pain upon injury chemicals histamine are released from damage cells increase cellular traffic to the site. Among us I was recruited are the phagocytosis Which involves chemotaxis I hope

Viruses are considered non-living because

1.cannot reproduce Independently 2. They do not eat or excrete 3. Non-celllular

If 30 % of an organism steam and then is thrived then

30% is adenine .Char graph rules (((((a= t and c= g))))

Codon composed

A codon is composed of 3 nucleotides codes for a single amino acid

evolutionary arms race

A cyclical nature to adaption with each change putting pressure on another to adapt

endemic disease

A low level of disease that is always present and anticipated

Morbidity

A measure of sickness

prevelence of disease

A total number( Old in new cases of a disease within a year)

immunity

Ability to resist infection/disease

Sighns

Abnormal function Confirmed by health professional

disease

Abnormal function in host cells, tissue, organs

Biological

Active participant in life cycle ( arthropod) and pathogen density

Opportunistic Infections are able to cause damage under what type of condition

Age, extreme stress, coinfention, immunocompromized status

Antibody binding results

Agglutination; clustering Opsonization; increased phagocytosis Activation of complement Antibody dependent cell meditated cytoxcuty Antibody acts as a receptor enabling attacking cells to recognize and kill target Neutralization ; Rendering a pathogen or toxin harmless

frameshift mutation

Alter the frame reading meaning every subsequent amino acid will be incorrect, resulting in insertion or deletion that will alter frame reading

Dominant traits

Always capitalized, expresses phenotypically

Missense Mutation effect

An alternate amino acid is included

humoral response

Antibodys meditated immune system ( Extracellular fluid)

Active immunity

Aquired when a person is vaccinated against the pathogen prior to exposure

Host defenses

Avoid phagocytosis; Inhibit adherence, Kill phagocyte , Escape, Prevent lysome fusion . Prevent compliment; Disrupt activation, Evade effectors, block cascade .Destroy the antibodies .Suppress activity of cytokines ;Disrupt warning signal .Reproduce with an immune cells; lytic cycle decreases density of immune cells .superantigens; Toxins distract adapted immune system, results in exaggerated response

Innate immunity

Body's defense is that protect against any pathogen

Viroids

Cause plant disease No capsid coat But cause hepatitis Can be transmitted blood and serum

Antigens

Celllular components of the pathogen that can be recognized

Fever goal

Change the environment beyond the microbes maximum growing temperature

Attenuated viruses examples

Cheaper Minuscule ( but possible ) chance of reversion

cytokine

Chemical messenger

Formite examples

Classroom floor Inanimate objects (Door knob)

Phagocytosis goal

Clear the pathogen

Species strains new

Climate, ecology,Geology,mutation, infection, gene flow,competition

Antibodies specificity

Comes from what portion of their structure anatomy = epitopes

The innermost portion of a virus is composed of

DNA or RNA

Viruses in all of them

DNA or RNA and a protein shell

Which of these are found in all viruses

DNA or RNA and a protein shell

Replication

DNA to DNA

Transcription

DNA to RNA both involve nucleotides; expresses uracil in place of thymine

Which of the following definitions involved in the process of inflammation is incorrect

Diapedessiw" Dilation of blood vessels

Direct example == You high five a buddy after game I'll pick up basketball, little did you know he hadn't washed up since wiping away his nasal secretions, Which contain rehinovirus ( the cold) This type of transmission is

Direct This is because You had direct contact

Opsonization

Enhanced engulfment

Granzyme role

Enzyme that Cleves caspase and triggers apoptosis

Lysozyme role

Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates within the cell wall inducing lysis

Virus

Etier DNA OR RNA not both Protein Envelope Depend on host cells to infect Also No origin know

HLA I Molecules All of the following are true except

Except ; Recognized by CD for T cells .True; involved in tolerance .True; present Endofenous antigens .True percent on all cells in body

Persistent infections are not contagious

False

Immunogenicity properties

Foreigness . Molecule size .Complexity .Ability to be processed and presented

Endotoxins vs exotoxins

From gram-positive bacteria = exotoxins Has low LD~50 = exotoxins Part of the cell wall = endotoxins

direct transmission

From one host to another Example high five

herd immunity

General ressistance to pathogen based upon prevalence of acquired immunity in the population ; If you vaccinate a large percent of the population, the few who were unvaccinated will be protected by association and unlikely to get the . = heard immunity

Genotype

Genetic composition of a trait Tt or TT or tt Depicts Both parent contribution

Viruses are classified by all the following ways of

Genetic material, captain structure, presence or lack of envelope

Mediated vs humoral

Has memory; both .Ivolves B cells; Humoral response .Targets intracellular pathogens; so meditate a response

Capsals exhibit all of the following shapes of

Helical and polyhedral and complex

Adaptive

Helper T cells . Antibodies

antibody the organism that produces it is

Host

Carriers

Host that have no symptoms but can transmit the pathogen

Indirect

Inanimate objects or vectors Example: toilet, table

Viroids

Infectious RNA, no capsid

Prions

Infectious proteins

vehicle transmission

Injection of contaminated substances/food/water/soil Example Drinking water from hike from a contaminated lake

Passive immunity

Involve cells produce buy another host who has been previously exposed

humoral immunity

Involves B cells, mature and bone marrow, targets external pathogen's, recognize self and not self antigens, uses antibodies

Humoral response summary

Involves B cells, recognizing extra cellular Pathogens involved in antibody production and has memory

Cell meditated system

Involves T cells, mature in thymus, targets internal pathogen's, recognizes damaged house sells, kills directly using granzyme and perforin combo

Cell meditate response

Involves T cells, recognizes intracellular pathogen's involved in direct killing and has memory

Transformation

Involves bacteria incorporating Free floating genetic material from previously existing bacteria; Bacteria acquisition Loose DNA; genetic hoarding

active immunity

Involves cells produced by the host due to exposure

Nonsense mutation. Affect

Iy introduces a permanent stop codon into the mRNA

Some viruses such as herpes virus 1 infect a cell without causing symptoms these are called

Latent viruses

Mortality

Likelihood of death

host

Livable organisms capable of happening another organism

Vectors

Living organisms (fleas, tick, mosquito). That can transfer pathogen

Inflammation

Localized redness

Recessive traits

Lowercase, only expresses phenotypically If there are two copies

innate

Lysozyme in tears . Natural killer cells . Skin

When a virus kills infected host in which it is replicating the reproductive cycle is called a (. ) cycle

Lytic

mechanical vs biological vectors

Mechanical vectors move the pathogen biological vectors replicate themselves

Mechanical vs biological Victor transmission

Mechanical, just moved, altered, from point a to point B. ,Biological, part of the vector life cycle, it is changed in the process; often replicated in matured

Memory

Memory immunity refers to body defenses that protect against the sink or in specific type of pathogen up on the first exposure

opportunistic pathogens

Microbes who typically do not cause disease but under ideal circumstances can

inflammation goal

Minimize pathogen spread

epidemic disease

More cases than anticipated in an endemic Region, or any cases in a region without history of the disease

Transduction

Movement of bacterial DNA by viruses

Mechanical

Movement, no active involvement in lifecycle

Incidence

New cases of a disease within a year(Describing disease pattern)

Killed virus examples

No risk of infection More Viral particles included in vaccine

subunit vaccines examples

No risk of infection Safe For immune compromised Protection May not be against native form

Virus

Nonliving infections agent composed of genetic material in a protein coat

innate system

Nonspecific defenses that are always present to fight infection, but have no memory

innate immune system

Nonspecific response; Nonspecific barriers that impede pathogens from entering the body or multiplying; Internal and external barriers

Point mutation What would not be expected

Not expected; I duplicated chromosomes . Expected production of a code on the codes for the same amino acid sequence .Introduction of a permanent stop codon . Production of a nonsense codon

Formites

Objects Capable of transmitting disease

Which of the following best distinguishes between a viroid in virus

One contains a capsid the other one does not

Which of the following distinguishes between a vaccine an antiviral drug

One is preventative And minimizes Risk of infection the other is given after infection and attempt to slow down a viral replication step

Recombination vaccine example

Only genes expressing antigen are present

Haploid

Only one set of genetic info needed;asexual .Offspring are exact copying there parents; clones *Type of reproduction

intermediate host

Organism that is only the temporary home of another organism

definitive host

Organisms that is the final home of another organism. In which reproduction occurs

Antigen the organism that produces it is

Pathogen

droplet transmission

Pathogen is carries a aerosize water Droplets and inhaled by host * Saliva/mucus ( Sneezing, coughing, talking)

Symptoms

Patient described abnormal function unconfirmed

Prions replicate by

Peer pressure

A viral genome is delivered into a cell in which of the following steps

Penetration

Phenotype

Physical demonstration of a trait = Blue eyes, blonde hair, tall, skin

Infection vs disease examples

Positive for the Latin form TB >>>> infected ( why .... Microbe is present but there is no replication the host is not contagious and there's nothing wrong with them. So present without Avenue number to function equals infected infected) Cold sore outbreak after a bad case of the flue >> diseased

infection

Presence of bacteria

A non-cellular Organisms that consist of Miss Foldded proteins is likely a

Prion

Capsid

Protein coat

Considering what you know about the anatomy or structure of a virus. Slect all the following that could be found in or on a unknown viral capsid

Protein, RNA only(note it's DNA or RNA not both) envelope

Antibodies

Proteins produced by the immune response to counter a specific antigen

Translation

RNA to protein involves replacing codons with amino acids

Toll-like receptors

Receptors that link antigen presence initation/continuation of host defense is *(TLR) Specialized signal Molecules the interface between the Innate in adaptive immune system regulate intensity integration of an immune response

self-limitation

Recovery after primary Exposure to the flu virus

Adaptive immunity

Refers to body's defense is to protect against a single in specific type of pathogen, upon the first exposure

Auto immune disease

Refers to win individuals immune system mistakenly attacks its own selves

Which of the following is not a mechanism for pathogenic microbes to eat evade phagocytosis

Release toxins

If he micro is said to have a high LD-50 What condition does this describe

Requires a large number of microbes to kill 50% of those infected

Microbes perfered Portal of entry example

Respiratory tract.................. 15 microbes Gastrointestinal tract...........20 microbes Skin...............................................105 microbes Bloodstream.............................5 microbes Answer= parentearl

missense mutation

Results Amino acid change; If change in amino acid results in stop condon being expressed

Another name for a RNA virus is

Retr virus

RNA Viruses are called retro viruses why

Retro means backwards. Retroviruses need to be revised transcribed into DNA in order to integrate into the host genome A Or This extra step, that happens every time I understand you sell, makes the disease progression slower

Recovery After primary exposure to the flu virus occurs because of what viral property

Self limitation

Conjugation

Sexual Reproduction between bacteria involves pilus

Immune system to recognize mount out a response is based upon 4 immunogenic were properties

Size, foreigness , ability to be presented, complexity

Phagocytes

Specialized immune cells that participating in engulfing bacteria and celllular products

Adaptive immune response

Specific immunity that is required, Adapts, recognizes, And remembers invading pathogens

Which of the following cells are not a part of the innate immune system

T cells,,,,,,,,,******* .Natural killer cells .phagocytes

Fever Pros and cons

The increase in temperature triggers other immune responses and often results in an environment that will denature Microbial Proteins but too much increase And host proteins will be suspected to damage too

ID~50

The number of pathogen required to infect 50 of those exposed

LD~50

The number of pathogen required to kill 50% of those exposed

Silent mutation

The same amino acid being expressed at the end of translation or Senior to mutation usually results in 3rd nucleotide of the condon

Evolution

The tracking of changes over time : Describes process by which different kinds of living organisms develop and diversified during the history of earth

64, 20

There are 64 possible codons, that code for 20 different amino acids

ciliary escalator explanation

This is part of the Innate system of immunity, where the Celia of the Lungs move to carry mucus in the microbes trapped inside it up and out of the host body

Preferred portal of entry significance

This is the method of an entry that is the easiest for the micro, Requiring the least number of cells; endospores to establish the infection

Prions Replication explain

Through peer pressure. Remember they force a susceptible proteins of the host to Misfold just like them

intrinsic incubation period

Time between human aquistion of a micro to symptoms and transmission

extrinsic incubation period

Time between vector exposure and transmission of a pathogen

When DNA is converted into RNA we are describing what process of microbiology

Transcription

Most viruses or self-limiting

True

Prions Are proteins that normal exist in animals but structural differences can lead to disease

True

All of the following are true of HLA class ll molecules except

True; recognized by CD4 T CELLS .True loading of a MHC class ll occurs by phagocytosis .true present exogenous antigens Incorrect: Percent on ourselves and body

Diploid

Two sets of genetic info needed, diversity .Offspring is unique combination of parents; Diversity *Type of reproduction

Individual resistance

Unique ability of an individual to resist infection

Nucleotide RNA has that DNA doesn't

Uracil

vehicle vs vector

Vectors are living organisms, vehicles are nonliving

vehicle example = While hiking you run out of water. You are worried about dehydration, and so eventually succumb to gulping water from the creek you stumble upon. You didn't know the water was full of giardia Bacteria and End up with a case of beaver fever ...... this demonstrates what type of transmission

Vehicle = Ingested or injection of contaminating substance food, water, soil, blood products, sciences use the term vehicle transmission

Vehicle example = During a 6~month period, 239 cases of pneumonia Occurred in a town of 300 people. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept north west of the town. On the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 or positive for C. Burnetii antibodies. Wind flew from the north west, and rainfall was 0.5 CM compared with 7 to 10 CM during each of the previous 3 years. None of the farm hands were afflicted, and no visitors to the farm were affected either...........The method of transmission of this disease was

Vehicle because Wind and rain moved it from the sick sheep to the people It was brought to the people by nature

A non-celllular organism that consist of a single strand of RNA is likely

Viroid

Which of the following microbes can be pathogens

Virus Bacteria Fungi Protist

Phagocytosis mechanism

chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion Also they Engulf foreign organisms and kill them. Ingest it by breaking down enzymes in lysosome

If a virus is latent, it

has not entered a lytic cycle.

Prions

infectious proteins Protein folding and random mutations Polypeptides ( amino acids) No nuclei acid In animals = motor loss function Humans= loss of thinking ability also they don't trigger amine response Highly Resistant to heat, pressure, gas

Some viruses, such as human herpesvirus 1, infect a cell without causing symptoms. These are called

latent viruses

genotype codes for...

phenotype That is the resulting physical appearance

T cell tolerance (153)

process during T cell differentiation where most T cells that recognize antigens from one's own body are destroyed .Or tolerance is a specific unresponsive substance that are widely encountered and would otherwise elect a reaction. Tolerance is key to preventing the other reactive Adema response. Another population of t lymphocytes , Regularity T cells

point mutation

single base pair alternation