Micro Final- Ch. 10 externalities, Chapter 10 - Externalities ME, Chapter 10: Externalities, chapter 13: the cost of production, Chapter 13: Costs of Production, Microeconomics Final Exam

What is Total Cost (TC)?

"Expenses" of inputs in firm production (i.e. Wages)

What is Total Revenue (TR)?

"Income" received from sale of firm's outputs

What is Profit?

"Net Amount" from Total Revenue minus Total Cost

negative externality: Pigouvian Tax

(corrective tax) -when gov. set a tax on a good producing a negative externality, that is = to the externality -this tax will fix the problem because it causes firms to INTERNALIZE the externality

Public Policy: 2 options gov. uses to deal with externalities

-command and control policies -market-based policies

positive externality: corrective subsidy

-corrective subsidies are an amount paid to an individual for consuming a good or service -corrective subsidy will give the consumer money = to the market value of the positive externality from a transaction -common example: free flu shots

market-based policies

-corrective taxes (pigouvian tax) -corrective subsidies -trade-able permits

in negative externalities:

-social cost curve is above private cost curve -market equilibrium quantity is greater than socially optimal quantity

short run

1 variable

profit

=total rev-total cost

accounting profit

=total rev.- explicit costs

economic profit

=total rev.-total costs

Marginal Product:

A small change in input unit (additional unit) - all other inputs constant

What are Constant Returns to Scale?

ATC - Constant, Q - Increases

Average Total Cost in relation to FC and VC:

ATC = AFC + AVC TC/Q = FC/Q + VC/Q

Average Total Cost Formula:

ATC = TC/Q

What is Internalizing the externality?

Altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects from actions

Stubbornness:

Although beneficial agreements are possible, there may be a better deal held out

What is an Externality?

An impact compensated well-being of a by stander (Positive or Negative)

positive externality

BENEFIT received by an outside party when a transaction takes place

negative externality

COST imposed on on outside party when a transaction takes place

What is Marginal Product of Labour (MPL)?

Change in Quantity divided by Change in Labour (Q/L)

2 Approaches of Public Policies:

Command & Control, and Market Based

What are Implicit Costs?

Costs that do not require money spending. (Time, Opportunity Cost)

What are Explicit Costs?

Costs that requires money use and spending. ($)

What are Short Run Costs?

Fixed input costs. (e.g. factories and land)

MPL is beneficial if:

Graph is presented in a Positive Slope

What is Marginal Cost (MC)?

Increase of Total Cost from an additional product

What are Economies of Scale?

Increasing Production = Greater Specialization (Narrow Task) ATC - Decreases, Q - Increases

Production Function:

Inputs and Outputs of producing a good. (i.e. workers, products, equipment)

Solution to these externality effects:

Internalize the externality: tax the negative, and subsidize the positive

What is Social Cost?

Is the Private + External Cost (Supply Curve)

What are Diseconomies of Scale?

Large Organization Coordination problems. ATC - Increases, Q - Increases

Coordination Problems:

Large parties make coordination more challenging, costly and impossible to organize

Transaction Costs:

Lengthy process of agreeing on a bargain, makes a difficult mutually beneficial agreement

Which Cost is more efficient?

Long Run; smallest ATC.

What is LRATC?

Long-Run Average Total Cost.

Socially Optimal Q maximizes welfare:

Lower Q: Social Value > Cost Higher Q: Social Value < Cost

Marginal Cost Formula:

MC = Change in TC /Change in Q

Negative Externality effect:

Market Quantity > Socially desirable

Positive Externality effect:

Market Quantity< Socially desirable

Negative Externality Examples:

Noise Levels, Pollution

A Corrective Tax is also known as:

Pigovian Tax

Positive Externalities Examples:

Positive Health Effects, Environmental factors

Profit Formula

Profit = Total Revenue - Total Cost

Market-Based:

Provides Incentives; Corrective taxes and subsidies, pollution permits

Command and Control:

Regulates Behaviour; Limits pollution quantity, adopting alternative technology methods

What is Fixed Cost (FC)?

Stable Costs as quantity produced (i.e. equipment cost, loans and rent)

Total Cost Formula:

TC = FC +VC

What are Corrective Taxes?

Taxes that allow decision makers to take accountability of a social cost from a negative externality

Efficient Sale:

The Point where ATC is Minimal (on graph)

What is the External Cost?

The Value of the negative impact on bystanders

What is the Private Cost?

The cost directly incurred by sellers

The ideal corrective subsidy is equal to:

The external benefit

The ideal corrective tax is equal to:

The external cost

What is Total Cost (TC)?

The sum of Fixed Cost and Variable Cost.

What is Average Total Cost (ATC)?

Total Cost divided by output quantity

Economic Profit:

Total Revenue minus Total Cost (Explicit and Implicit)

Accounting Profit:

Total Revenue minus Total Explicit Cost, higher in profit - does not include Implicit Costs.

Reasons why Private Solution aren't that efficient:

Transaction Costs, Stubbornness, Coordination Problems

What is Variable Cost (VC)?

Unstable Costs as quantity produced (i.e. wages)

What is External Benefit?

Value of the positive impact on bystanders

What is the Private Value?

Value to the buyers, or price they are willing to pay

What are Long Run Costs?

Variable Costs. (e.g. more factories built or sold)

Diminishing Marginal Product:

When Marginal Product input Decreases while all other inputs Equally Increase.

What is the Coase Theorem?

When Private Parties bargain their resource allocation without cost, their externality problems can be solved

Two firms, A and B, each currently dump 50 tons of chemicals into the local river. The government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each ton of pollution dumped into the river. The government gives each firm 20 pollution permits, which it can either use or sell to the other firm. It costs Firm A $100 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river and it costs Firm B $50 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river. After the two firms buy or sell pollution permits from each other, we would expect that Firm A will dump a. 10 fewer tons of pollution into the river and Firm B will dump 50 fewer tons of pollution into the river. b. 50 fewer tons of pollution into the river and Firm B will dump 10 fewer tons of pollution into the river. c. 30 fewer tons of pollution into the river and Firm B will dump 30 fewer tons of pollution into the river. d. 10 more tons of pollution into the river and Firm B will dump 50 fewer tons of pollution into the river.

a. 10 fewer tons of pollution into the river and Firm B will dump 50 fewer tons of pollution into the river.

Chad's maple tree hangs over Amy's fence and drops leaves into her yard each autumn. The benefit to Chad of lower utility bills is about $300. The cost to Amy of having her lawn cleaned and reseeded is $350. Based on the Coase theorem a. Amy should pay Chad $325 to cut down the tree. b. Chad should pay Amy $350 to have her lawn repaired and cleaned. c. Chad should pay Amy $400 to keep the tree. d. Amy should build a higher fence.

a. Amy should pay Chad $325 to cut down the tree.

Which of the following is one problem that keeps people from privately solving externalities? a. Each party involved holds out for a better deal. b. The externality is large. c. Only problems with a sufficiently large number of parties can be solved. d. There is a lack of government intervention.

a. Each party involved holds out for a better deal.

Two firms, A and B, each currently dump 50 tons of chemicals into the local river. The government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each ton of pollution dumped into the river. The government gives each firm 20 pollution permits, which it can either use or sell to the other firm. It costs Firm A $100 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river and it costs Firm B $50 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river. It is likely that a. Firm A will buy all of Firm B's pollution permits. Each one will cost between $50 and $100. b. Firm B will buy all of Firm A's pollution permits. Each one will cost between $50 and $100. c. Both firms will use their own pollution permits. d. Firm A will buy all of Firm B's pollution permits. Each one will cost less than $50.

a. Firm A will buy all of Firm B's pollution permits. Each one will cost between $50 and $100.

Which of the following is true concerning government attempts to internalize externalities? a. Government should tax goods with negative externalities and subsidize goods with positive externalities. b. Government should tax goods with either positive or negative externalities. c. Government should subsidize goods with either positive or negative externalities. d. Government should tax goods with positive externalities and subsidize goods with negative externalities.

a. Government should tax goods with negative externalities and subsidize goods with positive externalities.

Which of the following is true of the Coase theorem? a. Interested parties can reach an outcome in which everyone is better off. b. The outcome reached will be inefficient. c. Interested parties will need an arbitrator in order to reach an agreement that is efficient. d. None of the above is correct.

a. Interested parties can reach an outcome in which everyone is better off.

A positive externality occurs when a. Jack receives a benefit from John's consumption of a certain good. b. Jack receives personal benefits from his own consumption of a certain good. c. Jack's benefit exceeds John's benefit when they each consume the same good. d. Jack's consumption is not beneficial to John.

a. Jack receives a benefit from John's consumption of a certain good.

Which of the following is the best statement about markets? a. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. b. Markets are generally inferior to central planning as a way to organize economic activity. c. Markets fail and are therefore not an acceptable way to organize economic activity. d. Markets are a good way to organize economic activity in developed nations, but not in less-developed nations.

a. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.

Two ways to reduce pollution which require firms to pay to pollute are a. Pigovian taxes and pollution permits. b. Pigovian taxes and a command-and-control policy. c. pollution permits and a command-and-control policy. d. pollution regulations and pollution permits.

a. Pigovian taxes and pollution permits.

Which of the following statements is most correct? a. Pigovian taxes are often preferred over direct regulation because they typically reduce externalities at a lower cost. b. Pigovian taxes are less preferred than direct regulation because they typically reduce externalities at a higher cost. c. Pigovian taxes are often preferred over direct regulation because they typically reduce externalities at a faster rate. d. Pigovian taxes are less preferred than direct regulation because they typically reduce externalities at a slower rate.

a. Pigovian taxes are often preferred over direct regulation because they typically reduce externalities at a lower cost.

In which of the following cases is the Coase Theorem most likely to work to solve the externality? a. Richard is annoyed because his roommate smokes. b. Chemicals from farms in the Mississippi Valley are polluting the Gulf of Mexico. c. Car exhaust in a small town is making one of its residents ill. d. Industrialization around the world is causing acid rain.

a. Richard is annoyed because his roommate smokes.

Dick owns a dog whose barking annoys Dick's neighbor Jane. Suppose that the benefit of owning the dog is worth $700 to Dick and that Jane bears a cost of $500 from the barking. Assuming Dick has the legal right to keep the dog, a possible private solution to this problem is that a. There is no private solution that would improve this situation. b. Jane pays Dick $650 to get rid of the dog. c. Jane pays Dick $800 to get rid of the dog. d. Dick pays Jane $600 for her inconvenience.

a. There is no private solution that would improve this situation.

The difference between a Pigovian tax and pollution permits is a. a Pigovian tax sets the price of pollution and permits set the quantity of pollution. b. a Pigovian tax provides a more efficient outcome than permits. c. a Pigovian tax sets the quantity of pollution and permits set the price of pollution. d. permits provide a more efficient outcome than a Pigovian tax.

a. a Pigovian tax sets the price of pollution and permits set the quantity of pollution.

The term market failure refers to a. a situation in which the market, on its own, fails to allocate resources efficiently. b. an unsuccessful advertising campaign which reduces demand. c. a situation in which competition among firms becomes ruthless. d. a firm which is forced out of business because of losses.

a. a situation in which the market, on its own, fails to allocate resources efficiently.

A Pigovian tax a. allocates pollution to those factories that face the highest cost of reducing it. b. is a form of regulation. c. works well for all types of externalities. d. is deemed inferior to regulatory policy by most economists.

a. allocates pollution to those factories that face the highest cost of reducing it.

When externalities are present in a market, the well-being of market participants a. are directly affected and market bystanders are indirectly affected. b. and market bystanders are both directly affected. c. and market bystanders are both indirectly affected. d. are indirectly affected and market bystanders are directly affected.

a. are directly affected and market bystanders are indirectly affected.

Internalizing an externality refers to making a. buyers and sellers take into account the external effects of their actions. b. certain that all market transaction benefits go to only buyers and sellers. c. certain government does not disrupt the internal workings of the market. d. buyers pay the full price for the products they purchase.

a. buyers and sellers take into account the external effects of their actions.

Transaction costs a. can keep private parties from solving externality problems. b. are incurred in the production process due to externalities. c. result from transaction complications between buyers and sellers due to externalities. d. will be eliminated in a market with externalities with government assistance.

a. can keep private parties from solving externality problems.

Regulations to reduce pollution a. cause each factory to reduce pollution to the same maximum level. b. are a less costly solution to society than a Pigovian tax. c. cause pollution levels to drop below the regulated amount. d. are a better solution for the environment than a Pigovian tax.

a. cause each factory to reduce pollution to the same maximum level.

According to an article in The Economist children can a. cause negative externalities. b. cause positive externalities. c. be allocated in a market setting, making the adoption process efficient. d. increase costs to families much like taxes increase costs to firms.

a. cause negative externalities.

Two types of private solutions to the problem of externalities are a. charities and the Golden Rule. b. charities and subsidies. c. the Golden Rule and taxes. d. taxes and subsidies.

a. charities and the Golden Rule.

The difference between social cost and private cost is a measure of the a. cost of a negative externality. b. loss in profit to the seller as the result of a negative externality. c. cost reduction when the negative externality is eliminated. d. cost incurred by the government from market intervention.

a. cost of a negative externality.

A local cafe which allowed patrons to smoke was recently forced to close its doors because it did not comply with local clean air standards. This decision provides an example of a. direct regulation of an externality. b. Pigovian taxes. c. a Coase theorem solution to an externality. d. unjustified discrimination against smokers.

a. direct regulation of an externality.

in which of the cases is the Coase thrm most likely to solve the externality? a. Ed is allergic to his roommate's cat b. Chemicals from manufacturing plants in the Midwest are causing acid rain in Canada c. Polluted water runoff from farms is making residents of a nearby town sick d. industrialization around the world causes global warming

a. ed is allergic to his roommate's cat

If making computer chips yields greater spillovers than making potato chips, some economists would argue that government should a. encourage the production of computer chips with subsidies. b. discourage the production of potato chips with taxes. c. encourage the production of potato chips with subsidies. d. discourage the production of computer chips with taxes.

a. encourage the production of computer chips with subsidies.

Pigovian taxes differ from most taxes in that Pigovian taxes a. enhance economic efficiency. b. do not raise revenue from the government. c. cause deadweight loss. d. cannot be divided between the buyer and seller.

a. enhance economic efficiency.

Externalities cause markets to a. fail to allocate resources efficiently. b. cause price to be different than the equilibrium price. c. benefit producers at the expense of consumers. d. cause markets to operate more equitably.

a. fail to allocate resources efficiently.

Josiah installed a metal sculpture in his front yard, a positive externality arises if the sculpture: a. increases the value of other properties in the neighborhood b. increases the value of josiah's home c. is visually unappealing to Josiah's neighbors d. creates a safety hazard for neighborhood children

a. increases the value of other properties in the neighborhood

With industrial policy, the belief is that a. industries yielding the largest positive externalities should receive the biggest subsidies. b. any industry which produces negative externalities should be heavily taxed. c. any production process which produces negative externalities must be shut down. d. any industry which produces a positive externality should be encouraged with subsidies.

a. industries yielding the largest positive externalities should receive the biggest subsidies.

Externalities tend to cause markets to be a. inefficient. b. unequitable. c. unnecessary. d. overwhelmed.

a. inefficient.

A negative externality a. is an adverse impact on a bystander. b. causes the product in a market to be under-produced. c. is an adverse impact on market participants. d. is present in markets in which the good or service is undesirable for society.

a. is an adverse impact on a bystander.

An externality a. is characterized as a form of market failure. b. causes markets to allocate resources efficiently. c. strengthens the role of the invisible hand in the marketplace. d. requires the producer to compensate society.

a. is characterized as a form of market failure.

When the government chooses an externality policy that aligns private incentives with social efficiency to solve an externality, a. it provides incentives to private decision makers to induce them to solve the externality problem on their own. b. it typically uses command-and-control techniques. c. the use of taxes is strictly forbidden. d. subsidies are always the best policy.

a. it provides incentives to private decision makers to induce them to solve the externality problem on their own.

In the absence of externalities the invisible hand of the marketplace a. leads to a market outcome that maximizes total benefit to society. b. is unable to resolve inherent inefficiencies in the market system. c. induces people to act in a manner inconsistent with self interest. d. increases the transactions cost of contracting between parties to an exchange.

a. leads to a market outcome that maximizes total benefit to society.

A positive externality will cause a private market to produce a. less than is socially desirable. b. more than is socially desirable. c. more than market equilibrium. d. less than market equilibrium.

a. less than is socially desirable.

Dog owners do not bear the full cost of the noise their barking dogs create and, therefore, tend to take too few precautions to prevent their dogs from barking. Local governments address this problem by a. making it illegal to "disturb the peace." b. having a well-funded animal control department. c. subsidizing local animal shelters. d. encouraging people to buy cats.

a. making it illegal to "disturb the peace."

Without government intervention, the market equilibrium for oranges will a. maximize total surplus in the market. b. be both efficient and equitable. c. not adjust, even if demand or supply changes. d. not allocate resources efficiently.

a. maximize total surplus in the market.

Assume that your roommate, Vanessa, is very messy, which is not a crime at your campus. Suppose she gets a $100 benefit from being messy but imposes a $200 cost on you. The Coase theorem would suggest that an efficient solution would be for you to a. pay your roommate at least $100 but no more than $200 to clean up after herself. b. pay your roommate at least $201 to clean up after herself. c. charge your roommate at least $100 to have you clean up after her. d. charge your roommate at least $200 but no more than $300 to keep you from complaining about the mess.

a. pay your roommate at least $100 but no more than $200 to clean up after herself.

A Pigovian tax a. places a price on the right to pollute. b. assigns a legal pollution limit for firms. c. causes each factory to reduce pollution by the same amount. d. causes higher cost to society than pollution regulations.

a. places a price on the right to pollute.

According to the Coase theorem a. private parties can bargain to reach an efficient outcome. b. government assistance is necessary for markets with externalities to reach an efficient outcome. c. externalities, both positive and negative, will always cause markets to be inefficient. d. no market will experience long-term externalities, since normal market adjustments will eliminate externalities.

a. private parties can bargain to reach an efficient outcome.

According to the Coase theorem, private markets will solve externality problems and allocate resources efficiently as long as a. private parties can bargain without cost. b. government assigns property rights to the harmed party. c. the externalities that are present are positive and not negative. d. businesses determine an appropriate level of production.

a. private parties can bargain without cost.

The best remedy for market failure is often a. properly redirected market forces. b. central planning. c. government regulations. d. ignoring externalities.

a. properly redirected market forces.

Research into new technologies a. provides positive externalities because it creates knowledge others can use. b. results in negative externalities because government funding for research causes less government spending in other areas. c. causes too many resources to be used for the small benefits received by society. d. should only be funded by the corporations which will receive the profits from the research.

a. provides positive externalities because it creates knowledge others can use.

Pigovian taxes are preferred over regulations to deal with pollution because Pigovian taxes a. reduce pollution at a lower cost to society. b. raise revenue and reduce pollution simultaneously, although efficiency is reduced. c. obtain faster results than regulations. d. allow for an accurate monitoring of pollution levels.

a. reduce pollution at a lower cost to society.

If the government were to limit the release of air-pollution produced by a steel mill to 10,000 units, this policy would be considered a a. regulation. b. Pigovian tax. c. subsidy. d. market-based policy.

a. regulation.

Internalizing a positive externality will cause the supply curve of an industry to a. shift to the right. b. shift to the left. c. become more elastic. d. remain unchanged.

a. shift to the right.

When dealing with externalities, the market equilibrium can be moved closer to the social equilibrium by a. taxing negative externalities and subsidizing positive externalities. b. taxing both positive and negative externalities. c. subsidizing both positive and negative externalities. d. None of the above are correct because government has no corrective policy with regards to externalities.

a. taxing negative externalities and subsidizing positive externalities.

According to the Coase theorem, private parties can solve the problem of externalities if a. the cost of bargaining is small. b. the initial distribution of rights favors the person being adversely affected by the externality. c. the number of parties involved is sufficiently large. d. All of the above are correct.

a. the cost of bargaining is small.

When a market experiences a positive externality, a. the demand curve does not reflect the value to society of the good. b. too much of the good is being produced. c. the government can internalize the externality by imposing a tax on the product. d. the private value is greater than the social value.

a. the demand curve does not reflect the value to society of the good.

When parties who are bargaining to eliminate an externality problem hold out for a better deal a. the inefficient outcome persists. b. the eventual outcome will maximize total well-being. c. transaction costs must be low. d. one party will gain more than the other party.

a. the inefficient outcome persists.

Private solutions often are not possible due to the costs of negotiating and enforcing these solutions. Such costs are called a. transaction costs. b. opportunity costs. c. deadweight loss. d. Pigovian taxes.

a. transaction costs.

The demand curve for a product reflects the a. value of the product to consumers. b. cost of the product to consumers. c. quantity consumers are able to purchase. d. price the product will sell for in the market.

a. value of the product to consumers.

At any given quantity, the willingness to pay in the market for automobile fuel is reflected in the a. value to the consumer of the last unit of automobile fuel bought. b. height of the supply curve at each quantity. c. value to the producer of the last unit of automobile fuel sold. d. total quantity of automobile fuel exchanged in the market.

a. value to the consumer of the last unit of automobile fuel bought.

Since air pollution creates a negative externality, a. welfare will be enhanced when some, but not all air pollution is eliminated. b. social welfare is optimal when all air pollution is eliminated. c. governments should encourage all private firms to consider only private costs. d. the free market result maximizes social welfare.

a. welfare will be enhanced when some, but not all air pollution is eliminated.

The Coase theorem suggests that private markets may not be able to solve the problem of externalities a. when the number of interested parties is large and bargaining costs are high. b. if government does not actively become involved in the process. c. if the firm in the market is a monopoly. d. if some people benefit from the externality.

a. when the number of interested parties is large and bargaining costs are high.

Children can be thought of as imposing negative externalities on airplane passengers because a. when they cry, passengers bear a portion of the cost. b. their tickets are free or obtained at reduced cost. c. children (and their parents) are typically isolated in the rear of the airplane. d. All of the above are correct.

a. when they cry, passengers bear a portion of the cost.

The Coase theorem suggests that private solutions to the externality problem a. will always allocate resources efficiently if private parties can bargain without cost. b. are effective under all conditions. c. are only efficient when there are negative externalities. d. may not be possible because of the distribution of property rights.

a. will always allocate resources efficiently if private parties can bargain without cost.

ATC

average fixed cost+ average variable cost ATC=AFC+AVC

atc stands for

average total cost

Two firms, A and B, each currently dump 50 tons of chemicals into the local river. The government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each ton of pollution dumped into the river. It costs Firm A $100 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river and it costs Firm B $50 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river. The government gives each firm 20 pollution permits. Government officials are not sure whether to allow the firms to buy or sell the pollution permits to each other. What is the total cost of reducing pollution if firms are not allowed to buy and sell pollution permits from each other? What is the total cost of reducing pollution if the firms are allowed to buy and sell permits from each other? a. $3,000; $1,500 b. $4,500; $3,500 c. $4,500; $4,000 d. $4,500; $2,500

b. $4,500; $3,500

Dick owns a dog whose barking annoys Dick's neighbor Jane. Dick receives personal benefit from owning the dog, and Jane bears a cost of Dick's ownership of the dog. Assuming Dick has the legal right to keep the dog, which of the following choices are true? a. A private solution can always be arranged. b. A private solution can be arranged only if the cost Jane bears exceeds the benefit Dick gets from his dog. c. A private solution can be arranged only if Jane's cost equals Dick's benefit from the dog. d. A private solution can be arranged only if Dick's benefit from his dog exceeds Jane's cost.

b. A private solution can be arranged only if the cost Jane bears exceeds the benefit Dick gets from his dog.

Dick owns a dog whose barking annoys Dick's neighbor Jane. Dick receives personal benefit from owning the dog, and Jane bears a cost of Dick's ownership of the dog. Assuming Jane has the legal right to peace and quiet, which of the following statements is true? a. If Dick's benefit exceeds Jane's cost, government intervention is necessary. b. Dick will pay to keep his dog if his benefit exceeds Jane's cost. c. If Jane's cost exceeds Dick's benefit, Dick will pay Jane to keep his dog. d. If Jane has legal right to peace and quiet, she only has to pay Dick when her cost is below his benefit.

b. Dick will pay to keep his dog if his benefit exceeds Jane's cost.

Which of the following statements is false? a. Patents help internalize the externalities associated with technological advances. b. Economists typically prefer regulations to Pigovian taxes because regulations provide more incentives for firms to seek continued reductions in pollution. c. Allowing firms to trade pollution permits will lower the total cost of reducing pollution. d. A big impediment to implementing the Coase Theorem in many cases is high transactions costs.

b. Economists typically prefer regulations to Pigovian taxes because regulations provide more incentives for firms to seek continued reductions in pollution.

Two firms, A and B, each currently dump 50 tons of chemicals into the local river. The government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each ton of pollution dumped into the river. The government will sell 40 pollution permits for $75 each. It costs Firm A $100 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river and it costs Firm B $50 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river. It is likely that between the cost of permits and the cost of additional pollution abatement, a. Firm B will spend $3,500. b. Firm A will spend $4,000. c. Firm A will spend $4,500. d. Firm B will spend $3,000.

b. Firm A will spend $4,000.

Two firms, A and B, each currently dump 20 tons of chemicals into the local river. The government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each ton of pollution dumped into the river. The government gives each firm 10 pollution permits, which it can either use or sell to the other firm. It costs Firm A $100 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river and it costs Firm B $50 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river. After the two firms buy or sell pollution permits from each other, we would expect that a. Firm A will no longer pollute and Firm B will not reduce its pollution at all. b. Firm B will no longer pollute and Firm A will not reduce its pollution at all. c. Firm A will dump 10 tons of pollution into the river and Firm B will dump 10 tons of pollution into the river. d. Firm A will increase its pollution and Firm B will reduce its pollution.

b. Firm B will no longer pollute and Firm A will not reduce its pollution at all.

Which of the following statements about internalizing a negative externality is most correct? a. Internalizing a negative externality will cause an industry to decrease the quantity it supplies to the market and decrease the price of the good produced. b. Internalizing a negative externality will cause an industry to decrease the quantity it supplies to the market and increase the price of the good produced. c. Internalizing a negative externality will cause an industry to increase the quantity it supplies to the market and decrease the price of the good produced. d. Internalizing a negative externality will cause an industry to increase the quantity it supplies to the market and increase the price of the good produced.

b. Internalizing a negative externality will cause an industry to decrease the quantity it supplies to the market and increase the price of the good produced.

The tax on gasoline is an example of a/an a. consumption tax. b. Pigovian tax. c. income tax. d. command and control policy.

b. Pigovian tax.

Which of the following statements is most correct about a market which is characterized by a negative production externality? a. The equilibrium quantity of output is equal to the socially optimal quantity. b. The equilibrium quantity of output is greater than the socially optimal quantity. c. Government intervention is not required to achieve a socially optimal quantity of output. d. The cost to the producer exceeds the cost to society.

b. The equilibrium quantity of output is greater than the socially optimal quantity.

Which of the following is an example of a positive externality? a. A college student buys a new car when she graduates. b. The mayor of a small town plants flowers in the city park. c. Local high school teachers have pizza delivered every Friday for lunch. d. An avid fisherman buys new fishing gear for his next fishing trip.

b. The mayor of a small town plants flowers in the city park.

Which of the following statements about a market that is affected by a positive externality is correct? a. The optimum level of output is less than the free market level of output and the optimum price is greater than the free market price. b. The optimum level of output is greater than the free market level of output and the optimum price is less than the free market price. c. The optimum level of output is greater than the free market level of output and the optimum price is greater than the free market price. d. The optimum level of output is less than the free market level of output and the optimum price is less than the free market price.

b. The optimum level of output is greater than the free market level of output and the optimum price is less than the free market price.

If it is illegal for a biochemical manufacturer to release its waste into a nearby stream, then this is an example of a. a market-based policy. b. a command-and-control policy. c. pollution permits. d. transaction costs.

b. a command-and-control policy.

Technology spillover occurs when a. a firm passes the high costs of technical research on to society through higher prices. b. a firm's research yields technical knowledge that is used by society as a whole. c. the government subsidizes firms engaged in high-tech research. d. copyright laws prohibit firms from profiting from the research of others.

b. a firm's research yields technical knowledge that is used by society as a whole.

Technology spillover means that a. it is the government's responsibility to subsidize firms which are engaged in high-tech research. b. a firm's research yields technological knowledge that can then be used by society as a whole. c. those firms engaged in technology research may be taxed by the government if that research causes negative externalities in the market. d. when firms invest in the latest production technology, the cost of that technology "spills over" to the prices consumers must pay for the product.

b. a firm's research yields technological knowledge that can then be used by society as a whole.

When the social cost curve is above a product's supply curve we know that a. government has intervened in the market. b. a negative externality exists in the market. c. a positive externality exists in the market. d. the market reached equilibrium on its own.

b. a negative externality exists in the market.

To ensure the market reaches the social optimum in presence of a technology spillover, the government should subsidize producers by a. use of a Pigovian tax b. an amount equal to the value of the technology spillover c. helping those companies that are adversely affected by the new technology. d. transferring income to the low-income portion of the population.

b. an amount equal to the value of the technology spillover

Emission controls on automobiles are an example of a a. Pigovian tax on automobiles, based on how much they pollute. b. command-and-control policy to increase social efficiency. c. policy that reduces pollution by allocating resources through market mechanisms. d. policy to reduce congestion on urban freeways.

b. command-and-control policy to increase social efficiency.

Pigovian taxes are enacted to a. raise revenue from those most able to pay. b. correct the effects of negative externalities. c. discourage production of undesirable products. d. adjust markets with positive externalities.

b. correct the effects of negative externalities.

When the government reverts to a command-and-control policy to solve an externality, it a. is usually the most effective policy option available. b. creates policies that directly regulate behavior. c. usually involves taxing consumption of a commodity. d. typically refers to the Coase theorem to structure the policy.

b. creates policies that directly regulate behavior.

If a paper manufacturer does NOT bear the entire cost of the dioxin it emits it will a. emit lower levels of dioxin than is socially efficient. b. emit higher levels of dioxin than is socially efficient. c. emit an acceptable level of dioxin. d. not emit any dioxin in an attempt to avoid paying the entire cost.

b. emit higher levels of dioxin than is socially efficient.

Market failure can be caused by a. foreign competition. b. externalities. c. low consumer demand. d. scarcity.

b. externalities.

Once tradable pollution permits have been allocated to firms, a. the government controls the price of permits. b. firms that can reduce pollution only at high cost will be willing to pay the most for the pollution permits. c. the value of pollution-saving technology is always lower than the market value of a pollution permit. d. the total amount of pollution governed by the permit will always decrease.

b. firms that can reduce pollution only at high cost will be willing to pay the most for the pollution permits.

If education produces positive externalities we would expect a. government to tax education. b. government to subsidize education. c. people to realize the benefits and therefore cause demand for education to increase. d. colleges to relax admission requirements.

b. government to subsidize education.

Hikers frequently claim that livestock grazing in Wilderness Recreation Areas reduces the satisfaction of their recreational hiking experience. An explanation would be that a. hikers don't eat beef. b. grazing cows create negative externalities which make hiking less pleasant. c. ranchers are insensitive to the recreational use of public lands. d. cattle should not be allowed to graze on public property.

b. grazing cows create negative externalities which make hiking less pleasant.

Firms that are involved in more than one type of business could be evidence of an attempt to a. increase private profit at the expense of consumers. b. internalize some forms of positive externalities. c. reduce the impact of government regulation on their business. d. increase the marginal external cost of production.

b. internalize some forms of positive externalities.

The Golden Rule can be used as a private solution for a. reducing crime. b. internalizing externalities. c. coping with overproduction. d. coping with scarcity.

b. internalizing externalities.

Since externalities tend to keep markets from reaching a socially optimal equilibrium, government action a. is always needed, because private solutions can never be attained. b. is needed when private solutions fail to arise. c. will be needed only to correct for positive externalities. d. will be needed only to compensate consumers.

b. is needed when private solutions fail to arise.

One drawback to industrial policy is that a. technology spillovers often appear equivalent to policymakers. b. measuring the size of spillovers from different markets is difficult. c. spillovers often occur in industries that produce undesirable products for society. d. positive side effects are often outweighed by negative side effects.

b. measuring the size of spillovers from different markets is difficult.

A negative externality will cause a private market to produce a. less than is socially desirable. b. more than is socially desirable. c. more than market equilibrium. d. less than market equilibrium.

b. more than is socially desirable.

All remedies for externalities share the goal of a. moving the allocation of resources toward the market equilibrium. b. moving the allocation of resources toward the social optimum. c. increasing the allocation of resources. d. decreasing the allocation of resources.

b. moving the allocation of resources toward the social optimum.

Pigovian taxes are typically advocated to correct for the effects of a. positive externalities. b. negative externalities. c. regulatory burden. d. All of the above are correct.

b. negative externalities.

Reaching an efficient bargain is difficult when the a. externality is large. b. number of interested parties is large. c. externality is negative. d. government becomes involved.

b. number of interested parties is large.

When negative externalities are present in a market a. producers will be affected, but not consumers. b. overproduction will occur. c. demand will be too high. d. the market will still maximize total benefits.

b. overproduction will occur.

Assume that your roommate, Vanessa, is very messy, and according to campus policy, you have a right to live in an uncluttered apartment. Suppose she gets a $200 benefit from being messy but imposes a $100 cost on you. The Coase theorem would suggest that an efficient solution would be for your roommate to a. stop her messy habits or else move out. b. pay you at least $100 but less than $200 to live with the clutter. c. continue to be messy and force you to make other living arrangements elsewhere. d. demand payment of at least $100 but no more than $200 to clean up after herself.

b. pay you at least $100 but less than $200 to live with the clutter.

With a Pigovian tax, the supply curve for pollution rights is a. elastic. b. perfectly elastic. c. inelastic. d. perfectly inelastic.

b. perfectly elastic.

Technology spillover is one type of a. negative externality. b. positive externality. c. subsidy. d. producer surplus.

b. positive externality.

Suppose that a steel factory emits a certain amount of air pollution, which constitutes a negative externality. The social cost of producing the steel includes the a. private costs of the steel producers and the price consumers pay for the steel. b. private costs of the steel producers and the costs to the bystanders affected by the pollution. c. costs to the bystanders effected by the pollution only. d. price consumers pay for the steel.

b. private costs of the steel producers and the costs to the bystanders affected by the pollution.

When externalities cause markets to be inefficient a. government action is always needed to solve the problem. b. private solutions can be developed to solve the problem. c. given enough time, externalities can be solved through normal market adjustments. d. there is no way to eliminate the problem of externalities in a market.

b. private solutions can be developed to solve the problem.

An optimal tax on pollution (a negative externality) would be one in which a. producers choose not to produce any pollution. b. producers internalize the cost of the pollution. c. a benevolent social planner is able to maximize production. d. the value to consumers at market equilibrium exceeds the cost of production (including tax).

b. producers internalize the cost of the pollution.

an optimal tax on pollution would result in which of the following? a. producers will choose not to produce any pollution b. producers will internalize the cost of the pollution c. producers will maximize production d. the value to consumers at market equilibrium will exceed the social cost of production

b. producers will internalize the cost of the pollution

When the government intervenes in markets with externalities it does so to a. increase production when negative externalities are present. b. protect interests of bystanders. c. make certain all benefits are received by market participants. d. better coordinate the action of buyers and sellers.

b. protect interests of bystanders.

Policymakers have chosen to solve the problem of too much car exhaust pollution by a. setting emission standards and limiting driving by commuters. b. setting emission standards and taxing gasoline. c. taxing car producers and limiting driving by commuters. d. taxing gasoline and taxing car producers.

b. setting emission standards and taxing gasoline.

Internalizing a negative externality will cause the supply curve of an industry to a. shift to the right. b. shift to the left. c. expand. d. remain unchanged.

b. shift to the left.

When negative externalities are present in a market a. private costs will be greater than social costs. b. social costs will be greater than private costs. c. government regulation to resolve the problem is always necessary. d. the market will not be able to reach any equilibrium situation.

b. social costs will be greater than private costs.

Since almost all forms of transportation produce some type of pollution a. the government should ban all transportation. b. society has to weigh the cost and benefits and decide how much pollution to allow. c. corporations should voluntarily reduce pollution levels with new car models. d. the government should tax the types of transportation that pollute most to eliminate it altogether.

b. society has to weigh the cost and benefits and decide how much pollution to allow.

A fertilizer plant emits a very foul odor during the production process. If the government forces the plant to internalize this negative externality, then the a. supply curve for fertilizer would shift to the right (down). b. supply curve for fertilizer would shift to the left (up). c. demand curve for fertilizer would shift to the right (down). d. demand curve for fertilizer would shift to the left (up).

b. supply curve for fertilizer would shift to the left (up).

The height of the demand curve shows a. how much each buyer in the market is willing to pay. b. the willingness to pay of the marginal buyer. c. the maximum price all buyers will pay for a product. d. the lowest price buyers will pay for a product.

b. the willingness to pay of the marginal buyer.

If there are no externalities, the "invisible hand" leads a market to maximize a. producer profit from that market. b. total benefit to society from that market. c. both equity and efficiency in that market. d. output of goods or services in that market.

b. total benefit to society from that market.

Tradable pollution permits a. prices are set by the government. b. will be bought by firms which can reduce pollution only at high costs. c. are likely to create a higher level of total pollution. d. are less desirable than Pigovian taxes in reducing pollution.

b. will be bought by firms which can reduce pollution only at high costs.

One way to internalize a technology spillover is a. with taxes. b. with patents. c. with government regulations. d. allowing free markets to work.

b. with patents.

atc

bath tub graph

when a negative externality exists in a market, the cost to producers will:

be less than the cost to society

Suppose that at present there are no laws to restrict pollution produced by the widget industry. The market price of a widget is $20. If the government imposes a tax equal in value to the cost of the pollution, then firms would continue to produce widgets if a. the cost imposed by the pollution is less than $20 per widget produced. b. the private cost of producing a widget equals the cost of the pollution generated per widget. c. $20 minus the private cost of producing a widget is greater than the cost of the pollution generated per widget. d. $20 minus the private cost of producing a widget is less than the cost of the pollution generated per widget.

c. $20 minus the private cost of producing a widget is greater t

Which of the following illustrates the concept of a negative externality? a. A college professor plays a vigorous game of racquet ball with the racquet he recently purchased. b. A flood wipes out a farmer's entire corn crop. c. A college student plays his new stereo system at 2:00 a.m. d. A janitor eats a Big Mac during his lunch break.

c. A college student plays his new stereo system at 2:00 a.m.

Dick owns a dog whose barking annoys Dick's neighbor Jane. Suppose that the benefit of owning the dog is worth $500 to Dick and that Jane bears a cost of $700 from the barking. Assuming Dick has the legal right to keep the dog, a possible private solution to this problem is that a. Jane pays Dick $500 to get rid of the dog. b. Dick pays Jane $650 for her inconvenience. c. Jane pays Dick $650 to get rid of the dog. d. There is no private solution that would improve this situation.

c. Jane pays Dick $650 to get rid of the dog.

If children impose a negative externality, the following must be true: a. Parents would rather have fewer children. b. Parent's costs exceed the benefits associated with having children. c. Parents do not bear the full cost imposed by their children. d. All of the above are true.

c. Parents do not bear the full cost imposed by their children.

If the government were to impose a fee of $10,000 for each unit of air-pollution released by a steel mill, this policy would be considered a a. subsidy. b. regulation. c. Pigovian tax. d. command-and-control policy.

c. Pigovian tax.

Anita enjoys growing flowers in her yard and has a lot of spare time, but can't afford the $100 it costs to buy flower seeds, fertilizer and water. Sally, who has a good view of Anita's yard, would also enjoy Anita's flowers. Sally has plenty of money but has no time to plant flowers. According to the Coase Theorem, a. the city government should give Anita the $100 needed to grow flowers. b. the city government should require Anita to grow flowers. c. Sally and Anita might both be better off if Sally gave $100 to Anita to plant flowers. d. Sally and Anita would definitely both be better off if Sally gave $100 to Anita to plant flowers.

c. Sally and Anita might both be better off if Sally gave $100 to Anita to plant flowers.

Which of the following is true of positive externalities? a. Social value exceeds private value and market quantity exceeds the socially optimal quantity. b. Social value is less than private value and market quantity exceeds the socially optimal quantity. c. Social value exceeds private value and market quantity is less than the socially optimal quantity. d. Social value seldom exceeds private value and therefore social quantity is less than private quantity.

c. Social value exceeds private value and market quantity is less than the socially optimal quantity.

Suppose that large-scale pork production has the potential to create ground water pollution. Why might this type of pollution be considered an externality? a. The groundwater pollution reduces the cost of large-scale pork production. b. The economic impact of a large-scale pork production facility is localized in a small geographic area. c. The pollution has the potential for creating a health risk for water users in the region surrounding the pork production facility. d. Consumers will not reap the benefits of lower production cost from large-scale pork production.

c. The pollution has the potential for creating a health risk for water users in the region surrounding the pork production facility.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a negative externality? a. Smelter, Inc. creates steel and pollution in Anytown, U.S.A. b. Your friend buys a new puppy that barks every night. c. You have an adverse reaction to a medication your doctor prescribed for you. d. Your neighbor buys the most powerful stereo money can buy for his patio.

c. You have an adverse reaction to a medication your doctor prescribed for you.

Nancy loves to landscape her yard, but her neighbor Lee places a low value on his landscaping. When Lee's grass is neglected and gets long, Nancy will mow it for Lee. This is an example of a. a situation in which the Coase theorem fails to explain the lawn mowing arrangement. b. improper allocation of resources. c. a private solution to a negative externality problem. d. an exploitation of a common resource.

c. a private solution to a negative externality problem.

If only a few people are affected by an externality, then it is likely that a. Pigovian taxes will provide the most efficient solution to the externality. b. command and control regulation will provide the most efficient solution to the externality. c. a private solution to the inefficiency will occur. d. a private solution will be very difficult to negotiate.

c. a private solution to the inefficiency will occur.

When dealing with externalities, government a. can correct the market failure only in the case of positive externalities. b. can correct the market failure only in the case of negative externalities. c. can correct the market failure in both the positive and negative externalities by inducing market participants to internalize the externality. d. cannot correct for externalities due to consumer rights laws.

c. can correct the market failure in both the positive and negative externalities by inducing market participants to internalize the externality.

Private contracts between parties with mutual interests a. can only reduce the well-being of society. b. will always lead to market outcomes in which the public interest is sacrificed for personal gain. c. can solve some inefficiencies associated with positive externalities. d. will always cause negative externalities to arise.

c. can solve some inefficiencies associated with positive externalities.

The supply curve for a product reflects the a. value of the product to suppliers. b. quantity buyers will ultimately purchase of the product. c. cost to sellers of producing the product. d. seller's profit of producing the product.

c. cost to sellers of producing the product.

The height of the supply curve at any given quantity of coal shows the a. value to the consumer of the last unit of coal bought. b. consumer's willingness to pay for coal at each quantity. c. cost to the producer of the last unit of coal sold. d. total quantity of coal exchanged in the market.

c. cost to the producer of the last unit of coal sold.

Private markets fail to account for externalities because a. externalities don't occur in private markets. b. sellers include costs associated with externalities in the price of their product. c. decisionmakers in the market fail to take account of the external effects of their behavior. d. the government can easily correct any adverse effect on the market that externalities may cause.

c. decisionmakers in the market fail to take account of the external effects of their behavior.

Local governments address the problem of barking dogs by imposing a. leash laws. b. dog registration. c. disturbing the peace laws. d. All of the above are correct.

c. disturbing the peace laws.

Two ways that private markets can solve the problem of externalities is with a. integrating businesses and subsidies. b. contracts and patents. c. integrating businesses and contracts. d. subsidies and patents.

c. integrating businesses and contracts.

One reason private solutions to externalities do not always work is because a. government participation in such solutions complicates the process. b. some people benefit from externalities. c. interested parties incur costs in the bargaining process. d. the actual costs and benefits of the problem are difficult to see.

c. interested parties incur costs in the bargaining process.

A positive externality will cause a market to produce a. more than is socially desirable. b. more than is market optimal. c. less than is socially desirable. d. less than is market optimal.

c. less than is socially desirable.

When externalities exist, buyers and sellers a. neglect the external effects of their actions but the market equilibrium is still efficient. b. do not neglect the external effects of their actions and the market equilibrium is efficient. c. neglect the external effects of their actions and the market equilibrium is not efficient. d. do not neglect the external effects of their actions and the market equilibrium is not efficient.

c. neglect the external effects of their actions and the market equilibrium is not efficient.

Because decisions in a market economy are guided by individual self-interest, there is a. a strong need for government intervention in the market. b. less efficiency in market economies than in command economies. c. nevertheless the ability to achieve desirable economic well-being for society as a whole. d. more need for a strong legal system to control individual greed.

c. nevertheless the ability to achieve desirable economic well-being for society as a whole.

An externality is the impact of a. society's decisions on the well-being of society. b. a person's actions on that person's well-being. c. one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander. d. society's decisions on the well-being of one person in the society.

c. one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander.

Patents do NOT a. provide firms an incentive to research. b. assign property rights to inventors. c. protect the rights of inventors for their lifetime. d. internalize externalities.

c. protect the rights of inventors for their lifetime.

With technology spillover, to ensure that the market equilibrium equals the social optimum, government should a. impose a tax greater than the value of the technology spillover. b. not allow production of any product that causes a technology spillover. c. provide a subsidy equal to the value of the technology spillover. d. require producers to "clean up" any spillover that results from their production process.

c. provide a subsidy equal to the value of the technology spillover.

In class action lawsuits interested parties to the lawsuit are not required to pay attorney fees directly. This is an example of an attempt to a. increase attorney fees from a final judgment. b. reduce the incentive of attorneys to take on class-action law suits. c. reduce the transaction costs of finding a private solution to an externality. d. regulate attorney fees in class action lawsuits.

c. reduce the transaction costs of finding a private solution to an externality.

Dioxin emission that results from the production of paper is a good example of a negative externality because a. self-interested paper firms are generally unaware of environmental regulations. b. there are fines for producing too much dioxin. c. self-interested paper producers will not consider the full cost of the dioxin pollution they create. d. toxic emissions are the only form of an externality.

c. self-interested paper producers will not consider the full cost of the dioxin pollution they create.

Internalizing a positive externality through a government subsidy will cause the industry's supply curve to a. remain unchanged. b. shift down by an amount less than the subsidy. c. shift down by an amount equal to the subsidy. d. shift down by an amount greater than the subsidy

c. shift down by an amount equal to the subsidy.

Markets are often inefficient when negative externalities are present because a. private costs exceed social costs at the private market solution. b. externalities can never be corrected without government regulation. c. social costs exceed private costs at the private market solution. d. production externalities lead to consumption externalities.

c. social costs exceed private costs at the private market solution.

Private markets fail to reach a socially optimal level when negative externalities are present because a. social costs equal private costs at the private market solution. b. private costs exceed social costs at the private market solution. c. social costs exceed private costs at the private market solution. d. they internalize externalities.

c. social costs exceed private costs at the private market solution.

Private markets fail to reach a socially optimal level when positive externalities are present because. a. private benefit equals social benefit at the private market solution. b. private costs exceed private benefits at the private market solution. c. social value exceeds private value at the private market solution. d. private costs exceed social benefit at the private market solution.

c. social value exceeds private value at the private market solution.

Which of the following policies is government most inclined to use when faced with a positive externality? a. taxation b. permits c. subsidies d. usage fees

c. subsidies

If the government wanted to ensure that the market reaches the social optimum in the presence of a technology spillover, it should a. impose a Pigovian tax on any firm producing a technology spillover. b. offer tax credits to consumers who are adversely affected by the new technology. c. subsidize producers by an amount equal to the value of the technology spillover. d. provide research grants to those firms not currently engaging in research to increase competition in the industry.

c. subsidize producers by an amount equal to the value of the technology spillover.

To enhance the well-being of society, a social planner will encourage firms to increase production when a. the firms are producing basic goods. b. there is a shortage in the market. c. technology spillovers are associated with production. d. any negative externalities associated with production are imposed only upon consumers.

c. technology spillovers are associated with production.

Which of the following choices suggests that the private market can be effective in dealing with externalities? a. the "invisible hand" b. the law of diminishing social returns c. the Coase theorem d. technology policy

c. the Coase theorem

If a sawmill creates too much noise for local residents a. it will be up to the residents to either adapt or move. b. a sense of social responsibility will cause owners of the mill to reduce noise levels. c. the government can raise economic well-being through noise-control regulations. d. the government can raise economic well-being by providing free hearing screening for residents who live closest to the sawmill.

c. the government can raise economic well-being through noise-control regulations.

One advantage of allowing a market for pollution permits to control the total amount of pollution released in an area is that a. the government knows exactly how much each firm is allowed to pollute. b. government revenue from the sale of permits is greater than revenue from a Pigovian tax. c. the initial allocation of permits to firms does not affect the efficiency of the market. d. firms will work together to eventually eliminate pollution.

c. the initial allocation of permits to firms does not affect the efficiency of the market.

Suppose that a steel factory emits a certain amount of air pollution, which constitutes a negative externality. If this market is not required to internalize this externality, a. the supply curve would adequately reflect the marginal social cost of production. b. consumers will be required to pay a higher price for steel than they would have if the externality were internalized. c. the market equilibrium would not be the socially optimal quantity. d. producers will produce less steel than they otherwise would have if the externality were internalized.

c. the market equilibrium would not be the socially optimal quantity.

When a negative externality exists in a market the cost to producers a. is greater than the cost to society. b. will be the same as the cost to society. c. will be less than the cost to society. d. and society will be different regardless of whether an externality is present.

c. will be less than the cost to society

mpl=

change in output(Q)/ change in labor (L)

long run

changing labor or production cost; more than one variable changing something that requires a fixed cost

private solution to externalities

coase theorem: as long as property rights are defined, and transaction costs are low, the efficient outcome will arise

if the government were to limit the release of air pollution produced by a glue factory to 75 parts per million, this policy would be considered a

command-and-control policy

atc constant

constant returns to scale

marginal cross with average total cost

crosses

average variable cost

curve, hire more workers might help; avc=vc/q

Which of the following statements about a well-maintained yard best conveys the general nature of the externalities? a. A maintained yard conveys a positive externality because it increases the home's market value. b. A maintained yard conveys a negative externality because it increases the property tax liability of the owner. c. A maintained yard conveys a negative externality because it makes other property owners in the neighborhood feel like their homes are less valuable. d. A maintained yard conveys a positive externality because it increases the value of adjacent properties in the neighborhood.

d. A maintained yard conveys a positive externality because it increases the value of adjacent properties in the neighborhood.

Assuming transaction costs are small, the Coase Theorem is likely to be helpful in articulating a solution to a a. neighborhood problem with unattended dogs running loose. b. neighbor who doesn't care for his yard. c. neighbor who deals drugs out of his house. d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

When one firm sells its pollution permit to another firm, which of the following does NOT occur? a. Both firms benefit. b. The total amount of pollution remains the same. c. Social welfare is enhanced. d. Over time, pollution will be eliminated.

d. Over time, pollution will be eliminated.

An externality exists when a. the government intercedes in the operation of private markets by forcing the market to adjust to the balance of supply and demand. b. markets are not able to reach equilibrium. c. a firm sells its product in a foreign market. d. a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives payment for that effect.

d. a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives payment for that effect.

Employing a lawyer to draft and enforce a private contract between parties wishing to solve an externality problem is an example of a. an opportunity cost. b. an implicit cost. c. a sunk cost. d. a transaction cost.

d. a transaction cost.

Negative externalities occur when one person's actions a. cause another person to lose money in a stock market transaction. b. cause his or her employer to lose business. c. reveal his or her preference for foreign-produced goods. d. adversely affect the well-being of a bystander who is not party to the action.

d. adversely affect the well-being of a bystander who is not party to the action.

The impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander is called a. an economic dilemma. b. deadweight loss. c. the third-party problem. d. an externality.

d. an externality.

One advantage market economies have over other types of economies is that market economies a. provide an equal distribution of goods and services to consumers. b. establish government economic control. c. solve the problem of scarcity. d. are more efficient.

d. are more efficient.

A patent is used to a. disseminate information. b. restrict ownership. c. protect inventors for as long as they live. d. assign property rights.

d. assign property rights.

When a beekeeper places his hives of bees in an orchard so that the bees can gather nectar to produce honey, the bees pollinate the orchard, which increases the yield of fruit. This benefits a. only the beekeeper. b. the beekeeper, but creates a negative externality because the bees are a hazard to the orchard owner. c. only the owner of the orchard. d. both the beekeeper and the orchard owner.

d. both the beekeeper and the orchard owner.

According to an article in The Economist, negative externalities in the form of noise pollution can be caused by a. barking dogs. b. mobile phones. c. public transportation. d. children.

d. children.

At any given quantity, the height of the supply curve for pliers shows the a. willingness to pay of the marginal supplier. b. willingness to pay of the marginal buyer. c. cost of the marginal buyer. d. cost of the marginal seller.

d. cost of the marginal seller.

The height of the supply curve shows the a. maximum cost a seller will pay to produce a product. b. price a seller can expect to receive for a certain quantity of a product. c. maximum amount buyers are willing to pay for a product. d. cost to the producer of the last unit sold.

d. cost to the producer of the last unit sold.

In many countries, one of the most heavily taxed goods is a. food. b. clothing. c. hotel/recreation services. d. gasoline.

d. gasoline.

Pigovian taxes a. encourage consumers to avoid sales taxes by shopping online. b. are frequently used to discourage imports. c. are rarely preferred to direct regulation. d. give factory owners an economic incentive to reduce pollution.

d. give factory owners an economic incentive to reduce pollution.

If an externality is present in a market, economic efficiency may be enhanced by a. increased competition. b. weakening property rights. c. better informed market participants. d. government intervention.

d. government intervention.

In Singapore, littering fines are strictly enforced. This is an example of a policy a. in which moral codes and social sanctions reduce the pollution externality. b. that relies on the Coase Theorem. c. that discriminates against foreigners. d. in which private incentives are used to reduce the pollution externality in Singapore.

d. in which private incentives are used to reduce the pollution externality in Singapore.

The gas tax is imposed to correct each of the following EXCEPT a. congestion. b. accidents. c. pollution. d. income inequality.

d. income inequality.

Government intervention that aims to promote technology-enhancing industries is called a. assisted technology. b. intervention policy. c. industrial technology assistance. d. industrial policy.

d. industrial policy.

Too few resources are generally devoted to research in new technologies in developing countries because a. new technologies cannot be patented. b. government research grants are not easily obtainable. c. negative externalities are created from some research. d. inventors cannot capture the full benefits of their inventions.

d. inventors cannot capture the full benefits of their inventions.

A positive externality a. causes the product to be overproduced. b. provides an additional benefit to market participants. c. benefits consumers because it results in a lower equilibrium price. d. is a benefit to a market bystander.

d. is a benefit to a market bystander.

Pigovian taxes are unlike most other taxes because they a. distort incentives. b. move the allocation of resources away from the social optimum. c. raise revenue for the government. d. move the allocation of resources closer to the social optimum.

d. move the allocation of resources closer to the social optimum.

Many times the problems of externalities are solved by each of the following EXCEPT a. self-interest. b. moral codes and social sanctions. c. charity. d. normal market adjustments.

d. normal market adjustments.

One of the Ten Principles of Economics is that "markets are usually a good way to organize market behavior." Use of the word "usually" does NOT reflect the fact that a. some markets produce negative externalities. b. the invisible hand of the marketplace does not always lead buyers and sellers to maximize total benefit to society. c. some markets are characterized by market failure. d. other types of economies are more efficient than market economies.

d. other types of economies are more efficient than market economies.

With pollution permits, the supply curve for pollution rights is a. elastic. b. perfectly elastic. c. inelastic. d. perfectly inelastic.

d. perfectly inelastic.

In a market economy, economic activity is guided by a. the government. b. businesses. c. central planners. d. prices.

d. prices.

A market that experiences a positive externality will also experience a a. smaller market output and a higher market price than is optimal. b. greater market output and lower market price than is optimal. c. greater market output and higher market price than is optimal. d. smaller market output and lower market price than is optimal.

d. smaller market output and lower market price than is optimal.

A local laundry advertises that clothes it washes smell "sunshine fresh" because it line dries everything outside. Then a steel factory moves in next door and emits black smoke which stains the clothes drying at the laundry. According to the Coase Theorem, granting the a. steel factory the right to pollute would be efficient, but granting the laundry the right to clean air would be equitable. b. laundry the right to clean air would be efficient, but granting the steel factory the right to pollute would be equitable. c. steel factory the right to pollute has the same effect on equity as granting the laundry the right to clean air. d. steel factory the right to pollute has the same effect on efficiency as granting the laundry the right to clean air.

d. steel factory the right to pollute has the same effect on efficiency as granting the laundry the right to clean air.

The government can internalize a positive externality by a. taxing production which would decrease supply. b. taxing production which would increase supply. c. subsidizing production which would decrease supply. d. subsidizing production which would increase supply.

d. subsidizing production which would increase supply.

Which of the following best defines the situation where one firm's research yields knowledge that is used by society as a whole? a. social cost b. opportunity cost of technology c. internalization of an externality d. technology spillover

d. technology spillover

Some environmentalists argue that we should protect the environment as much as possible, regardless of cost. The implication of such a disregard for cost is likely to lead to each of the following EXCEPT a. lower levels of nutrition, health care, and housing. b. a lower standard of living. c. slowing or reversing technological advancement. d. the elimination of all pollution.

d. the elimination of all pollution.

In some cases, pollution permits may be better than a Pigovian tax because a. pollution permits allow for a market solution while a Pigovian tax does not. b. pollution permits generate more revenue for the government than a Pigovian tax. c. Pollution permits are never preferred over a Pigovian tax. d. the government can set a maximum level of pollution using permits.

d. the government can set a maximum level of pollution using permits.

When externalities are present in a market a. the established equilibrium maximizes the total benefit to society as a whole. b. market participants lose some market benefits to bystanders. c. both equity and efficiency are maximized. d. the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.

d. the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.

AtC rise

diseconomies of scale

implicit costs

do not require cash, opportunity cost; like not advertising

fixed cost

does not vary with the output or quantity produced

Since restored historic buildings convey a positive externality, local governments may choose to a. provide tax breaks to owners who restore them. b. restrict the destruction of historic buildings. c. increase property taxes in historic areas. d. All of the above are correct. e. Both a and b are correct.

e. Both a and b are correct.

When a market is in equilibrium and the marginal consumer values a commodity at less than the social cost of producing it, then a. at market equilibrium the demand curve lies below the social cost curve. b. reducing production to a level below the equilibrium level could possibly raise total economic well-being. c. the equilibrium price is higher than necessary to insure maximum economic well-being. d. All of the above are correct. e. Both a and b are correct.

e. Both a and b are correct.

suppose the socially-optimal quantity of good x is 2500 units and the market-equilibrium quantity of good x is 3000. When 2,500 units of good x are produced, the social cost of good x

equals the private value of good x

average fixed cost

fc/Q (q quantity produced (that your firm is making))

command-and-control policy

gov. option to regulate -set specific amount -ex; set limit on how much pollution a firm can emit

diminishing marginal product

hiring another worker, total output increasing but total cost is diminishing

marginal cost

is the increase in total cost form producing one more unit

if education produces positive externalities and the government does not intervene in the market, we would expect the equilibrium quantity to be

lower than the optimal level

costs of production

machinery, cost of workers, cost of materials, advertising, taxes, opp. cost

in positive externalities

market equilibrium quantity < socially optimal quantity

mr=mc

profit maximum level of output for all firms

explicit costs

require a outlay of money- show up on a balance sheet

short v long run

short- only change 1 variable labor; long run- more than 1 variable changing something that requires some change in a fixed cost, changing labor or production cost

production function chart

shows relationship between the quantity of inputs used to produce a good and the output of that good

even if equal

still hire because of competition. unless its a monopoly; its a wash, 0 $ dollars; if theres a change in the market you miss out

the difference between social cost and private cost is a measure of:

the cost of an externality

atc fall

the economies of scale

depending on the state of your production (in the long run)

the fixed can fall, rise and stay the same

marginal product of labor

the increase in output arising from an additional unit of labor

marginal cost

the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production; MC=TC/Q

efficient scale

the quantity that minimizes ATC(most efficient unit)

suppose that flu shots create a positive externality equal to $9 per shot. Further suppose that the gov. offers a $9-per-shot subsidy to producers. What is the relationship between the equilibrium quantity and the socially optimal quantity of flu shots produced?

they are equal

total cost

total cost- variable cost+ fixed cost; the market value of all the inputs that a firm uses in production

variable costs

vary with the quantity produced

which of the following is a difference between corrective taxes and tradable pollution permits

with a corrective tax, the government sets the price for pollution; with tradable pollution permits, demand and supply set the price of pollution