Microbiology: Mastering Chapter 1

false

All pathogens known to infect humans have been identified at this point in time. True False

true

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first microbiologist to use a microscope to examine environmental samples for the presence of microorganisms. True False

have diverse cell wall compositions.

Archaea differ from bacteria in that archaea -have diverse cell wall compositions. -lack nuclei. -use organic compounds for food. -reproduce by binary fission. -are prokaryotic.

development of life forms from preexisting life forms.

Biogenesis refers to the -development of aseptic technique. -germ theory of disease. -spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter. -development of life forms from preexisting life forms.

mycologists.

Fungal infections are studied by -virologists. -bacteriologists. -mycologists. -herpetologists. -parasitologists.

MRSA is transmissible.

Further characterization of the S. aureus isolated from George's wound reveals that the strain is MRSA. Why is George's doctor concerned that MRSA has been identified as the causative agent of George's infection? -The available treatment options are quite aggressive, including removal of damaged tissue in an effort to contain the infection. -MRSA is not typically associated with the type of infection that George has. -MRSA is transmissible. -There are no effective antibiotic options for treating MRSA.

using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms

If you were setting up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation in a liquid medium, which of the following would be essential to the experiment? -adding antibiotics to the liquid -starting with a liquid that contains microorganisms -using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms -adding carbon dioxide to the liquid -supplying the liquid with nutrients

smog production.

Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes EXCEPT -infection. -decomposition of organic material. -food production. -O2 production. -smog production.

molds, yeast, and mushrooms.

Mycology is the study of -mycoplasma. -protozoa. -mushrooms. -molds. -molds, yeast, and mushrooms.

blood

Normal microbiota are typically found in and on all the following body locations EXCEPT the -colon. -blood. -upper respiratory system. -mouth. -skin.

B, C, E

Pasteur's experiments and observations provided the basis for developing aseptic techniques that prevent the introduction of unwanted microorganisms into controlled environments. Given what you have learned from the design of Pasteur's experiment, which of the following scenarios would be considered an aseptic technique? Select all statements that apply. A. blowing on heated, sterile surfaces with your mouth in order to facilitate cooling B. using a Bunsen burner (flame) to heat a wire inoculating loop prior to use C. wearing gloves when handling sterile laboratory equipment D. allowing sterile solutions to be openly exposed to the air E. taking steps to prevent contaminants from entering sterile solutions

Alexander Fleming.

Penicillin was discovered by accident by -Joseph Lister. -Paul Ehrlich. -Edward Jenner. -Robert Koch. -Alexander Fleming.

genetics

Pick the area of biology that studies DNA and chromosomes. -genetics -biochemistry -molecular biology -genealogy

cilia, flagella, and pseudopods.

Protozoan motility structures include -cilia. -flagella. -pseudopods. -cilia and pseudopods -cilia, flagella, and pseudopods.

anthrax.

Robert Koch identified the cause of -anthrax. -diphtheria. -gonorrhea. -AIDS. -smallpox.

Inject the S. aureus into an animal, observe whether the animal gets an infection similar to George's, and isolate the same strain of S. aureus from the infection.

S. aureus has been isolated from George's infected wound. To satisfy Koch's postulates, what would George's doctor need to do with the isolated S. aureus? View Available Hint(s) -Inject the S. aureus strain into an animal and see whether it develops the same type of infection that George has. -Inject the S. aureus into an animal, observe whether the animal gets an infection similar to George's, and isolate the same strain of S. aureus from the infection. -Compare the DNA sequence of the strain of S. aureus isolated from George to other S. aureus strains to see whether it has been isolated from other similar infections. -Inject the S. aureus into an animal; if the animal develops the same infection, isolate the infectious material from the animal and test its ability to vaccinate another animal.

Carolus Linnaeus

The formal system for classifying and naming organisms was developed by -Aristotle. -Louis Pasteur. -Ignaz Semmelweis. -Robert Koch. -Carolus Linnaeus.

higher plants, cyanobacteria, and algae.

The major food producers for other living organisms is/are -higher plants. -cyanobacteria. -algae. -higher plants and algae. -higher plants, cyanobacteria, and algae.

fermentation

The microbial process of converting sugars to alcohol is known as -lyophilization. -tyndallization. -alcoholism. -pasteurization. -fermentation.

the cell theory, stating that all living things are composed of cells

The observations of Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek documenting the existence of microscopic cells formed the basis of what important theory? -the cell theory, stating that all living things are composed of cells -the germ theory of disease and causative agents -the theory of spontaneous generation, which held that life forms could arise spontaneously -the theory of chemotherapy, or use of antimicrobials to destroy pathogenic organisms

Lister

The use of phenol (carbolic acid) as a wound disinfectant was first practiced by -Koch. -Semmelweis. -Lister. -Pasteur. -Holmes.

animalia

Which of the following is NOT a domain in the three-domain system? -bacteria -eukarya -animalia -archaea

Staphylococcus aureus (italicized)

Which of the following represents the correct format for the scientific name? -Staphylococcus aureus (italicized) -STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS -Staphylococcus aureus -Staphylococcus Aureus

Robert Hooke

Who is credited with first observing cells? -Carolus Linnaeus -Robert Koch -Anton van Leeuwenhoek -Robert Hooke -Louis Pasteur

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Who is credited with first observing microorganisms? -Carolus Linnaeus -Robert Hooke -Louis Pasteur -Anton van Leeuwenhoek -Robert Koch

false

All cells possess a cell wall. True False

vaccinations that control epidemiologic spread

All of the following factors contribute to the threat of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) EXCEPT __________. -increased human exposure to new, unusual infectious agents in areas that are undergoing ecological changes, such as deforestation and construction -evolutionary changes to existing organisms through genetic changes -spread of known diseases to new geographic regions or populations by modern transportation -vaccinations that control epidemiologic spread

increased number of illnesses.

Microorganisms are essential to our life. Each of the following is an example of a beneficial function of microorganisms EXCEPT -increased number of illnesses. -bioremediation. -alternative fuel production. -gene therapy. -agriculture.

false

Infectious disease is almost totally eradicated in our world. True False

Koch's postulates

A disease breaks out among sheep in California. A scientist takes blood from the sheep and grows a previously unknown organism. That organism is then injected into a healthy sheep. The healthy sheep becomes sick with the same symptoms as the original sheep and dies. That sheep's blood is then cultured, and the original organism is isolated. This applies the principles of __________. -spontaneous generation -vaccination -epidemiology -Koch's postulates

riboflavin, acetone and insulin.

Common commercial benefits of microorganisms include synthesis of -riboflavin. -acetone. -insulin. -aspirin. -riboflavin, acetone and insulin.

fungi

Consider organisms that are eukaryotic, are found in both unicellular and multicellular forms, may resemble plants but are not photosynthetic, have chitin in their cell walls, and absorb organic nutrients from decomposing material in the environment. These organisms would be classified as which of the following types of organisms? -protozoa -archaea -fungi -bacteria

use of genetically modified foods.

Development of emerging infectious disease can be a result of all of the following EXCEPT -modern transportation. -overuse of antibiotics. -changes in the environment. -use of genetically modified foods. -microbial mutation.

Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks supported the concept that microbes in the air were responsible for contaminating nonliving matter.

How was disproving spontaneous generation associated with developing principles important to microbiology? -Proving spontaneous generation confirmed the existence of microbes. -Needham disproved spontaneous generation through his experiments, in which boiled flasks of broth, when covered, became cloudy, teeming with microorganisms after a few days. -Spallanzani disproved spontaneous generation through his experiment, in which flasks of meat broth were boiled and then melted shut, preventing the passage of air altogether. -Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks supported the concept that microbes in the air were responsible for contaminating nonliving matter.

The broth would become contaminated with microbes because they were trapped in the neck.

In 1861, Pasteur conducted his now-famous experiments using flasks with long necks bent into an S-shape. Imagine that you are a scientist working in Pasteur's lab at this time. You decide to tip the flasks so that broth enters the long S-shaped neck. You then return the flask to its upright position. Predict the most likely outcome of tipping one of Pasteur's S-necked flasks. -Since the broth had been heated (effectively sterilizing it), no microbes would grow in the broth. -The broth would become contaminated with microbes because they were trapped in the neck. -Microbes would grow in the broth because the tipping would introduce the oxygen necessary for microbial growth. -The broth would remain uncontaminated because no microbes could enter the long S-shaped neck of the flask.

You give a patient an antibiotic to treat an infection.

In the late 1800s, a researcher by the name of Robert Koch developed a series of postulates (guidelines) that can be used to prove that a given pathogen is the true cause of a disease. Koch's Postulates 1. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts. 2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host. 3. When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease. 4. The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host. Which of the following steps does NOT follow one of Koch's postulates? Pick step that does NOT follow the postulates. -A mouse that was exposed to a potential viral pathogen has died and you are able to isolate the virus from the liver of the mouse. -You collect a throat swab from a family member who has also become sick. -You give a patient an antibiotic to treat an infection. -You are able to isolate a pathogenic bacterium from someone with a new type of pharyngitis.

The results of his experiment demonstrated that living organisms are derived from other living organisms.

One of the first set of experiments to refute spontaneous generation was done in 1688 by Francesco Redi. Which of the following statements regarding Francesco Redi's experiments is true? View Available Hint(s) -His experiments determined a series of conditions that must be satisfied in determining the causative agent of disease. -His experiments demonstrated that oxygen is essential to all life. -He determined that material from an infectious agent taken from one person could be used to stimulate immunity in another person. -The results of his experiment demonstrated that living organisms are derived from other living organisms.

Design and run some tests or experiments.

The tests for these uncommon pathogens are similar to the ones that have already been performed for the common viruses, but in this case, you will try to identify the DNA or proteins of specific viruses that are not often seen in clinics or hospitals in that area of the country. Each region of the country has certain viral pathogens that are spread throughout the human population that live in that area. When one of these viruses spreads to a new area, we consider it to be "emerging" in this new population of people. Some detective work and deductions will be required. By applying the scientific method, you can focus and refine your list of possible viral pathogens to experimentally test for. You'll begin your investigation by reviewing the patient's history and symptoms and formulating a hypothesis for possible causative agents. Based on what you know of the scientific method, what would you like to do next? Choose what your next step should be. -Revise your list of possible viruses. -Review the patient's charts again. -Record your test results. -Design and run some tests or experiments.

The primary role of microbes on the planet involves causing disease in animals and humans

Which of the following are FALSE concerning microbes? -The primary role of microbes on the planet involves causing disease in animals and humans. -Microbes play a role in breaking down waste and decomposing dead organisms. -Microbes produce vitamins in the intestines. -Microbes generate oxygen through photosynthesis.

B,C,D

Which of the following are limitations of antibiotics? Select all that apply. A. The cost of producing antibiotics is high, which in turn leads to higher prices for consumers. B. Treatment with antibiotics can lead to the emergence of resistant strains. C. Antibiotics may be toxic. D. Antibiotics are not effective in treating viral infections. E. Mass production of antibiotics is extremely difficult.

C, D, E, F

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from Pasteur's experiment involving the flasks with S-shaped necks? Select all statements that apply. A. Beef broth is an unsuitable environment for growing microorganisms. B. Microbial life can arise from nonliving matter. C.Microbes can be blocked from accessing favorable growth environments. D. Microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter, such as air, liquids, and solids. E. Pasteur's observations support the theory of biogenesis. F. Microbial life can be destroyed by heat. G. Pasteur's observations support the theory of spontaneous generation.

organelles

Which of the following is NOT associated with viruses? -nucleic acid -protein coat -envelope -chemical reactions -organelles

In some cases, antibiotics are able to kill pathogenic microbes without harming human cells.

Which of the following is true about antibiotics? -In some cases, antibiotics are able to kill pathogenic microbes without harming human cells. -Antibiotics are unaffected by enzymes. -Although some antibiotic resistance has been reported, it is not considered a real problem in medicine today. -Antibiotics are effective against viruses.

Gene expression in bacteria is very similar to gene expression in humans, which facilitates the use of bacteria in recombinant biotechnology and gene therapy

Which of the following is true of microbes? -All bacterial enzymes are harmful to humans and the environment. -99% of all microbes are pathogenic. -Gene expression in bacteria is very similar to gene expression in humans, which facilitates the use of bacteria in recombinant biotechnology and gene therapy. -Microbes create pollutants and toxins that harm the environment

eukarya--single-celled and multicellular organisms, with a defined nucleus and a variety of nutritional sources

Which of the following matches the organisms described with the correct domain? -archaea--multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that do not have cell walls -bacteria--unicellular, eukaryotic organisms that always lack cell walls -bacteria--unicellular, eukaryotic organisms with cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan -eukarya--single-celled and multicellular organisms, with a defined nucleus and a variety of nutritional sources

scenario A & B

in this figure, four scenarios are proposed (as indicated by arrows) in which the S-shaped neck is broken at different points. Identify the scenario(s) in which airborne microbial contamination of the sterile beef broth is most likely to occur. -scenario a: break near the mouth of the flask -scenario b: break before the first curve in the S-shaped neck -scenario c: break between the first and second curve in the S-shaped neck -scenario d: break after the second curve in the S-shaped neck