Mid Term 3 Geology

The dry falls of the grand coulee in Eastern Washington was produced by a giant receding waterfall during the draining of lake Missoula, and would have looked a lot like Niagara Falls.

...

Most fault surfaces like joints, are roughly planar in orientation.

... true

Most dissolution of bedrock to form caves takes place

..... just below the water table

The Miocene epoch saw the spread of which new vegetative Zone

...... Grasslands

The metallic content of earth's core is

1. Likely similar to what has been found in metallic meteorites 2. Partly liquid and partly solid 3. An iron alloy (mostly iron with a few other elements mixed in)

The inner planets are terrestrial because

1. They are made of refractory matterials 2. As our solar system's proto-sun formed, the inner part of our protoplanetary disk got hotter causing evaporation.

When did the universe begin?

13.7 Ga ago

The universe is 14 billion years old or

14 Ga

Earth is how old?

4.57 billion years old

Which river threatens to capture the flow of the Mississippi river

Atchafalaya river

Of the three primary chemical layers of the earth (crust mantle core) which is the thickest?

Core

From outer to inner label the sections of earth sliced

Crust, upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core,

The oldest terrestrial insect fossils are found in rocks from the

DEVONIAN period

All flooding events occur so rapidly that there is no time to alert people in harm's way.

False

All the water in rivers and streams arrives directly from rainfall runoff.

False

Freshwater lakes are always discharge areas

False

Why is earth round?

It has magnetic field, it has a large mass.

The Palouse Formation is made of wind blown silt known as

LOESS

Where is lake Missoula located ?

Montana

An episode of mountain building is termed an

Orogeny

Why do the stars and constellations change locations over the course of one night?

Our planet rotates on its own axis

Which Gas found in today's atmosphere was virtually absent in the Hadean's and Archean's

Oxygen

The eon represented by abundant deposits of strata with shelly fossils is the

Phanerozoic

A shield is a low-lying region where

Precambrian rocks crop out

At a waterfall, where two sedimentary lithologies are juxtaposed, which lithology is more likely to form the cliff over which of the waterfalls?

Sandstone

A body of rock affected by compressive stress will likely undergo

Shortening

Force of rock affected by tensile stress will likely undergo

Stretching

In a region characterized by parallel series of ridges and valleys, a______drainage network is expected.

TRELLIS

It is possible for offset along an oblique-slip fault to have both normal and left lateral components.

True or False?

A body of rock at high pressure is more likely to exhibit ductile behavior more than

a body of rock at low pressure

In a region with prominent perpendicular sets of joints,

a rectangular drainage network is expected

The Cambrian Period is a time in earths history when the first

abundant shelly organisms appear in the fossil record

An arroyo refers to an ephemeral stream channel that only has discharge,

after rainfall or snowmelt

A fold shaped like an elongate arch is an

anticline

The majority of large cave and karst systems have resulted from

carbonic acid etching into Lime stone

Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic forests were dominated by large

conifers and cycads

A shield that surrounding platform together are synonymous with

craton

The outer edge of a meander where material is being eroded , is called a

cut bank

Groundwater may increase or decrease porosity through

dissolution or deposition

Freshwater lakes are always discharge areas

false

If ground water is clear, it can be assumed that it is drinkable.

false

Motion along all faults is either strike-slip or dip-slip, combinations of these two types of displacement are never found together on a single fault.

false

The deltas of all major rivers consist of multiple radiating lobes of sediment in "bird's foot" configuration, similar to the Mississippi river delta.

false

The sediment load of a stream consists of only those grains that are fine enough to stay in suspension.

false

The flat-lying area surrounding a river channel is termed the

floodplain.

The central portion of high curvature on a fold is termed the

fold hinge

As a rule, ground water always flows from areas of

greater hydraulic head to those of lesser hydraulic head

The size of lake Missoula would be about

greater than 2 of our great lakes.

If a P-wave is traveling through the earth and encounters a molten magma chamber, what will happen to the velocity of the P-wave

it will slow down

Sinkholes are a concern primarily for residents whose dwellings are constricted atop

limestone

Earth's surface is protected from solar wind and cosmic radiation by Earth's

magnetic Field

Water flowing from hot springs contains

more dissolved minerals than water flowing from cool springs

The fossil fish tiktaalik made headlines in 2005 because it represents a transitional form between

more typical bony fish and terrestrial vertebrates

An explanation for the origin of planets, moons, asteroids, and comets is the

nebular theory.

A mountain range made of granite would produce a

negative gravity anomly

A meander that is cut off to become a completely isolated from the main channel but that retains water is called an

oxbow lake.

Perched water tables occur above the regional water table within

permeable rock or sediment

The inner edge of a meander, where sediment is deposited, is called a

point bar

Well-sorted sediments typically have greater____compared to poorly sorted sediments

porosity

Bioremediation of contaminated groundwater involves

pumping oxygen and nutrients into a contaminant plume to help local bacteria metabolize the plume.

The majority of earth's liquid freshwater exists in pores within

rock and sediment

Extensive pumping of fresh groundwater from coastal aquifer can induce saline intrusion, with time the well will start to deliver

saline water.

Ultimately the base level of a stream can be no lower than

sea level

Braided streams consist of a series of intertwined channels that are overloaded with

sediment.

As seismic (earthquake-generated waves travel downward and reach Moho they

speed up.

Any place where ground water naturally flows outward at the surface of earth is termed a

spring

All else being equal water will flow faster in a stream with

straight channels

Change in shape, induced by stress is termed

strain

Right lateral and left lateral are both examples of

strike- slip faults

Atoms that are heavier than iron are generally produced by explosions of

supernovas

A fold shape like an elongated trough is a

syncline

On a geologic map, if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a series of parallel lines, with the youngest units in the center, the underlying structure is a

syncline

Without the addition of heavy elements (produced by fusion reactions in stars and super nova explosions)

the nebulae, planets would not have been produced.

The distinction between a valley and a canyon is

the sides of a canyon are steeper than those of a valley

The Doppler effect refers to the change in wavelength, (frequency) of waves that happens if

the source of the waves is moving

On a geologic map, if the contacts between sedimentary rock units for a bull's eye pattern of concentric circles, with the youngest unit in the center,

the underlying structure is a basin

When rocks form a series of parallel lines, with the youngest unit in the center,

the underlying structure is a syncline

If the inside of earth was molten the land would rise and fall due to

tidal forces.

Most fault surfaces, like joints, are roughly planar in orientation.

true

Permeable rock or sediment between the water table and the land surface represents

unsaturated zone

S waves of a_________don't travel though liquid

volcanoe

The geocentric model

was developed during the time of ancient greeks which was held true by thinkers throughout the middle ages, up until the renaissance.