MORS 113: Embalming Lecture Final Exam
postmortem stain
aka "laking" Extravascular color change that occurs when heme, released by hemolysis of red blood cells, seeps through the vessel walls and into the body tissues. (caused by hemolysis)
Instant tissue fixation
aka Head freeze
Head freeze
aka Instant tissue fixation
SHORT TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT
aka STEL Legal limits established by OSHA to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without damage or injury exposures at the STEL should not be for more than 15 minutes and not repeated more than 4 times per work day.
instantaneous rigor mortis
aka cadaveric spasm; immediate stiffening of the muscles of the dead human body
bruise
aka contusion/ecchymosis; an injury caused by a blow without laceration
edema
aka dropsy; abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavities
jaundice
aka icterus; yellowing of the body; excessive concentrations of bilirubin
goal of embalming is to convert soluble __ to insoluble __
albumins to albuminoids
What is the anatomical guide of the common carotid artery?
along the medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Describe the place of incision for the common carotid artery at the supraclavicular incision
along the superior border of the clavicle; most prefer the medial 1/3 of the clavicle bone thus exposing the vessel near its point of origin; fewer prefer the middle 1/3 because the incision is less visible
tiny air sacs of the lungs
alveoli
water conditioner
an agent used to remove chemical constituents from municipal water supplies that could interfere with drainage and preservation.
electric spatula
an electrically heated blade which may be used to dry moist tissue, reduce swollen tissue, and restore contour
drainage forceps
an embalming instrument which allows the removal of blood from the body without using the conventional drain tube
What is a incorrectly dissected incision?
an incision that is three inches on the surface but only one inch at the deepest point
needle injector
an instrument used to impel specially designed metal pins (with wire attached to each pin) into bone. Normal use would be as mouth closures.
Define eversion and inversion
an outward or inward turning of the sole of the foot
gas gangrene
antemortem necrosis. caused by c. perfringens
the internal carotid extends and subdivides into the
anterior cerebral and middle cerebral
the "circle" of willis is technically formed by the
anterior cerebrals
right and left anterior cerebral are connected via
anterior communicating A
the plantar arch also receives blood from the
anterior tibial (hence the plantar arch receives the medial and lateral plantars from the posterior tibial as well as the anterior tibial A)
from dorsalis pedis vein the blood flows into the
anterior tibial vein
valve from left ventricle to aorta
aortic semilunar valve
hydroaspirator
apparatus that is connected to the water supply; when the water is turned on a suction is developed and is used to aspirate the contents of body cavities
gravity injector
apparatus used to inject arterial fluid during the vascular (arterial) phase of the embalming process; relies on gravity to create the pressure required to deliver the fluid (.434 pounds of pressure per one foot elevation)
Where is the center of embalming circulation?
arch of the aorta
What do you do with long hair when suturing the cranium?
tie the hair above and below the incision in a pony tail. Make a collection of small curved hair combs often used by elderly women. These combs can be place along the line of the incision to keep the average length hair out of the way. Superior method is to use spring loaded hair clips along incision line to keep hair out of the way.
Galea aponeurotica
tissue over top of cranium
basic embalming
arterial and cavity embalming
capacity of blood in vessels
arteries 5%, veins 10%, capillaries 85%
largest to smallest (arteries)
arteries, arterioles, capillaries
right lumbar
ascending colon, lower part of right kidney
What are the 5 types of muscle contractions
tonic, twitch, tetanic, isotonic, and isometric
calvarium
top of skull; domelike superior portion removed during cranial autopsy
case analysis
total sum of those considerations given to the case at hand; begins before and during embalming
cornea
transparent part of eyeball that covers the iris and pupil; admits light
What is the worm stitch?
is the same as the single intradermal suture, except the stitches arc made parallel to the incision. It is easily waxed over if used on exposed areas of the body. It is used to turn under excess margins of the skin. It is the opposite of the draw stitch in regards to the exposed areas of the ligature.
What is the draw stitch?
is the same as the single intradermal suture, except this stitch penetrates completely through the skin. The draw stitch obtained its name because it draws the sides of the incision together.
umbilical
transverse colon, jejunum, ileum,
the right and left internal jugular veins receive blood from the
transverse sinuses
the superior sagittal sinus connects with the straight sinus to form the paired
transverse sinuses
posterior boundary
lateral border of latissumus dorsi
anterior boundary
lateral border of pectoralis muscle
the pulmonary veins bring blood back to the heart and into the
left atrium
subdivisions of celiac artery
left gastric, hepatic, splenic
esophageal veins and pericardial veins empty into the
left innominate vein
superior phrenic veins empty into the
left innominate vein
the esophageal veins and the pericardial veins empty into the
left innominate vein
the superior phrenic veins empty into the
left innominate vein
left gonadal vein empty into the
left renal vein
the left suprarenal vein empties into the
left renal vein
third branch off of arch of aorta
left subclavian
short term exposure limit
level at which you can be continuously exposed for a short period of time without damage or injury; should not be for more than 15mins and should not occur more than 4 times per work day
anatomical guide of brachial
lies in the bicipital groove at the posterior margin of the medial border of the belly of the biceps brachii muscle
anatomical guide of radial
lies just lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle and just medial to the tendon of the brachiaradialis muscle
anatomical guide of ulnar
lies just lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Internal jugular
lies lateral and superficial to the common carotid artery
femoral vein
lies lateral to the femoral vein
Radial artery
lies lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle
Ulnar artery
lies lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi unlaris muscle
common carotid
lies medial to the jugular vein
Brachial artery
lies posterior to the medial border of the belly of the biceps muscle
axillary artery
lies posterior to the medial border of the coracobrachialis muscle
supplies blood to the tongue
lingual artery
the __ supplies blood the to tongue
lingual artery
right hypochondriac
liver, part of right kidney
anatomical guide of the axillary
located just behind the medial borderof the coracobrachialis muscle
left lumbar
lower part of left kidney, descending colon
arteries extending to the muscles of the skin and abdominal wall
lumbar arteries
just below gonadal arteries are the
lumbar arteries
What is The Double Intradermal or Double Subcutaneous Suture?
made in the same manner as the single intradermal stitch, except that a suturing needle is used on each end of the ligature, two suturing needles, and the ligatures are crossed at each stitch, using crisscross motion just like tying shoes. This suture gives more protection against leakage in comparison with the single intradermal stitch
What is the The Single Intradermal, Subcutaneous Suture, or Hidden Stitch?
made with a single suturing needle with a non-cutting edge and is used on exposed areas of the body, particularly in plastic surgery operations. The suturing needle is inserted deep into the tissue at one end of the incision, one end of the ligature is anchored there. The suturing needle is brought to the surface and directed through the subcutaneous tissue only--not through the skin itself. The threaded suturing needle is then directed back and forth from one side of the incision to the other until the end of the incision is reached . The suturing needle is now pushed through the tissue for an inch or two and brought out through the skin. The ligature is then pulled to close the incision and the ligature is cut off close to the skin.Because it is a subcutaneous suture, nothing should show on the surface of the skin. There aren't any ridges on the surface of the skin as there are in other suturing methods. Very thin ligature and a small suturing needle should be used. The larger the suturing needle, the larger the puncture holes will be, making the incision more noticeable. The sutures may not hold very well if the suturing is performed through fatty tissue.
What is the The Lock Stitch, Half Stitch or Blanket Suture
makes a tight, leakproof closure, but creates an unsightly ridge on the surface of the incision. To make this stitch use a large, full curved suturing needle strung with strong ligature. Anchor or tie the ligature at one end of the incision, then pull up the ligature which is anchored. This will pull the tissue up so the suturing needle can pass through both sides of the incision from the outside. Always keep the ligature tight in the hand that is not holding the suturing needle. After the suturing needle has passed through the tissue, lock the stitch by looping it through the ligature, which is being held, releasing the ligature long enough to complete the loop; then catch the ligature and pull it tight again. This is repeated until the incision is closed. The suturing needle insertion is always made from the same side
How do desiccation marks adversely affect the positioning of the body?
may occur in the area of the right common carotid artery caused by instruments at this injection site
at ankle, posterior tibial branches into the __ and __
medial and lateral plantar arteries
at ankle, posterior tibial divides into
medial and lateral plantar arteries
from the plantar venous arch, blood flows into the
medial and lateral plantar veins
musculature suture
method of mouth closure in which a suture is passed the septum of the nose and through the mentalis muscle of the chin
Coliform organisms
microorganisms (colon bacillus) found normally in the colon
the __ artery extends to sacrum and coccyx
middle sacral
artery extending to sacrum and coccyx
middle sacral A
aka bicuspid valve
mitral valve
arterial solution
mixture arterial fluid and water; may contain supplemental fluids
congestion of arterial fluid in capillaries producing a cauliflower effect
mottling
most prominent feature in death
mouth
oral cavity
mouth and vestibule or opening to the throat
extension
movement away from each other
Define rotation
movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
Define Supination
movement of the palm from a backward or downward, to a forward or upward position
Define Pronation
movement of the palm from forward or upward, to a backward or downward position
Define abduction
moving a body part away from the median plane
Define adduction
moving a body part toward the median plane
conjunctiva
mucous membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white portion of the eye
the lumbar arteries feed the
muscles of the skin and abdominal wall, lumbar vertebrae, and spinal cord
reliable mouth closures
muscular suture, mandibular suture, needle injector, wire through bones
5 items on impermeable tag
name, ssn, dob, dod, optional: name of funeral home
external carotids supply
neck, face, mouth, jaws, scalp
What are the three aka for smooth muscle
non-striated, involuntary, and visceral
facultative anaerobe
normally an aerobe but can live in an anaerobic environment
facultative aerobe
normally an anaerobe but can live in an aerobic environment
epistaxis
nosebleed
the __ supplies blood to scalp
occipital artery
Passive capillary congestion
occurs when venous drainage from an area is decreased
lumen
opening of a vessel
artery carrying blood to the eye
opthalmic (first branch of internal carotid a)
What are important temperatures for bacteria?
optimum is 100, maximum is 120, and minimum is 32
these gases are exchanged at the surfaces of alveoli
oxygen and carbon dioxide
all arteries carry ___________ blood; except _____________.
oxygenated; pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood
splenic artery provides blood to
pancreas, spleen, and parts of stomach
blood supply to the walls surrounding the cavities
parietal branches of descending aorta
cranium
part of skull that encloses brain
colon
part of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum
anatomical guide of femoral
passes through the center of the femoral triangle and is bounded laterally by the medial border of the sartorius muscle and medially by the adductor longus muscle
posterior tibial extends and gives off a branch;
peroneal artery
the posterior tibial A gives off a branch just below the knee
peroneal artery
canalization
physiological formation of new channels in a tissue
the medial and lateral plantar arteries form the
plantar arch
medial and later plantar arteries form the
plantar arch (which also receives blood from the anterior tibial)
from dorsalis pedis, blood flows to the
plantar arch of the foot
aside from the dorsal venous arch, there is another deep arch where blood may flow
plantar venous arch
what blood is made of
plasma and formed elements, blood cells, or corpuscles
Capri garment
plastic protective garment designed to cover the legs, buttocks, and abdomen. A combination of pants and stockings
thrombocytes
platelets
anatomical limit
points of origin and points of termination in relation to adjacent structure; used to designate the boundaries of arteries
Anatomical limits
points of origin and points of termination in relation to adjacent structures; used to designate the boundaries of arteries
basilar branches into right and left
posterior cerebral A's
posterior communicating arteries lead to corresponding
posterior cerebral arteries
as the internal carotids reach brain, they form branches, right and left
posterior communicating arteries
from the tissues fed by the branches of external carotid, the blood returns via the __ and __
posterior facial and posterior auricular veins
medial and lateral plantar veins empty into the
posterior tibial vein
tissue gas
postmortem condition resulting from gas gangrene
hose holder
prep room equip used to hold tubing in place on the embalming table
hypodermic needle and syringe
prep room instrument used to inject embalming chemicals and tissue builder into the body tissues
embalming table
preparation room equipment on which human remains are placed for the embalming procedure
Pneumatic collar
preparation room equipment used to reduce neck swelling by variable air pressure
dressing table
preparation room equipment which is specifically designed for the dressing of the deceased
combination table
preparation room equipmpent which may serve for both embalming and dressing human remains
The ingredient found in arterial fluids that inactivates saprophytic bacteria and arrests decomposition is:
preservatives
engineering controls
procedures that isolate or remove the Bloodborne pathogen hazards from the workplace such as sharps disposal container and self sheathing needles
cadaveric spasm
prolonged last violent contraction of the muscles into the rigidity of death; aka instantaneous rigor mortis
Mentalis
protrudes lower lip
from right ventricle, blood goes to __ artery
pulmonary artery (carries deoxygenated blood to lungs)
blood comes back to the heart from the lungs via the __ __
pulmonary veins
the brachial A divides into the __ and __ just below elbow
radial A and ulnar A
the deep volar venous arches empty into the __ and __
radial and ulnar veins
Levator anguli oris
raises angle of mouth
Frontalis
raises eyebrows of nose area
Levator palpebra superioris
raises upper eyelid
Levator labii superioris
raises upper lip
erythorcytes
red blood cells
anastomosis
refers to the union of distal ends of two arteries
LEFT spermatic and ovarian veins empty into the
renal vein first!
buffers
resist changes in pH
branches off ASCENDING aorta
right and left coronary arteries
two small branches of ascending aorta that supply blood to the heart muscle
right and left coronary arteries
pair of arteries arising from a point below the renal arteries
right and left gonadal (spermatic or ovarian depending on sex) arteries
Where is the center of venous drainage?
right atrium of the heart, at the juncture of the superior and inferior vena cava
hepatic artery supplies blood to liver, but also has three branches; the
right gastric artery, gastroduodenal artery, and cystic artery
9 regions of 9 region plane
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar right inguinal (iliac), hypogastric, left inguinal (iliac)
What site near the right atrium is often the site of drainage?
right internal jugular
Sternocleidomastoid
rotates and flexes head
Popliteus
rotates lower leg
What types of gloves should not be worn?
rubber
Bulb syringe
self-contained, soft rubber and manual pump designed to create pressure to deliver fluid as it passes through one-way valves located within the bulb. It is used only to deliver fluids; it cannot be used for aspiration.
bulb syringe
self-contained, soft rubber and manual pump designed to create pressure to deliver fluid as it passes through one-way valves located within the bulb. It is used only to deliver fluids; it cannot be used for aspiration.
from the ventricles, blood passes through the __ __
semilunar valves
blunt dissection
separation of and pushing aside superficial fascia and fascia around blood vessels using manual techniques and rounded instruments that separate rather than cut
mandibular suture
septum and around mandible; mouth closure
Anasarca
severe generalized edema
anasarca
severe generalized edema
What happens to muscles during rigor?
shortened, stiffened, acid in reaction, and loss of sensory stimnuli
left inguinal (iliac)
sigmoid flexure of colon, part of descending colon
3 advantages in using common carotid artery?
size, accompanied by a large vein for drainage, rarely sclerotic, close to heart
What are the 3 basic categories of muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
superficially, blood flows from dorsal venous arch into the
small saphenous vein (along back of leg) or the greath saphenous vein (medial)
dorsal venous arch empties into the
small saphenous vein (superficially) or great saphenous vein
What type of cells are tunica media?
smooth muscle?
death throe
spasm of death
cartilage
specialized type of dense connective tissue attached to the ends of bones and forming parts of structures
left hypochondriac
spleen
blood flows from inferior mesenteric vein into the
splenic vein first!
inferior mesenteric vein empties into the
splenic vein, then to portal vein, then to vena cava
Define constriction and dilation
squeezing closed or widening/opening an orifice
autoclave
sterilization apparatus using steam pressure; usually at 250F or 120C
What is aspirated?
stomach, cecum, ascending, transverse, and descending colon, small intestine, urinary bladder, right atrium and ventricle, inferior and superior vena cava, aorta, lungs, throat via trachea, liver, and re-aspirate thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
epigastric
stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, duodenum
the superior sagittal sinus connects with the
straight sinus
Define Extension
straightening out a body part, or increasing the angle between two bones
cardiology
study of the heart
angiology
study of vessels of the body
external jugular vein empties into the
subclavian vein
dye
substances which upon being dissolved, give color to solution. dyes are classified by ability to impart color to body
the radial and ulnar A's extend into the palm where they subdivide into the
superficial and deep volar arches
artery leading to face AND scalp from external carotid
superficial temporal artery AND internal maxillary
all veins have valves; excepts the __________
superior and inferior vena cava does not have valves
Brachioradialis
superior lateral part of forearm
after celiac artery the next branch is the
superior mesenteric artery; supplying blood to first half large intestines and small intestines
3rd branch of abdominal aorta
superior mesenteric; which feeds small intestines and first half of large intestines
the uppermost venous sinus
superior sagittal sinus
the __ supplies bood to the thyroid
superior thyroid artery
azygos vein empties into the
superior vena cava
the azygos vein empties into the
superior vena cava
from the venules at the digits, blood flows into the
supervicial and deep volar venous arches
inferior mesenteric artery
supplies blood to second half large intestines
injector needle
supply; specialized spike for mouth closure using needle injector
Incision types used to raise common carotid artery
supraclavicular, anterior vertical, posterior vertical, anterior horizontal, semilunar, strap line
articulo-mortis
tendency of blood to leave arteries and go to capillaries at moment of death
Ideal injection pressure
that pressure which just overcomes the vascular resistance in the body and causes the arterial solution to enter the body at a moderate and uniform rate
the inferior mesenteric feeds
the 2nd half large intestines
continuation
the act of continuing or going on
injection
the act or instance of forcing a fluid into the vascular system or directly into the tissues
How does cachexia adversely affect the positioning of the body?
the area of the femoral may be inaccessible as an injection site
Base of the axillary space
the armpit
Autolytic Enzyme
the body's own digestive enzymes that are capable of destroying body cells AKA autolytic decomposition
nasal cavity
the cavity behind the nose and above the roof of the mouth that filters air and moves mucous and inhaled contaminants outward and away form the lungs.
only fixed factor in case analysis
the concentrated fluid
Where do all major trunk arteries arise or originate
the descending aorta
in the foot, blood flows from venules to
the dorsal venous arch
What are non-suture methods to close an incision?
the embalmer may use a liquid adhesive, spray sealing compound, or cream sealing compound
Give an example of how certain atomical structures may hinder good drainage
the external iliac vein as it becomes the femoral vein when is passes through the ilium bone
Coinjection
the injection of a specialized chemical in conjunction with the routine arterial chemical
coinjection
the injection of a specialized chemical in conjunction with the routine arterial chemical
How does the anatomical limit of the left and right common carotid artery differ?
the left common carotid artery is longer than the right
the celiac artery branches to form
the left gastric artery, hepatic artery, and splenic artery
retina
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
plasma
the liquid portion of blood
splenic artery supplies blood to
the pancreas, spleen, parts of stomach
extrinsic factors
atmospheric conditions, thermal influences, microbial influences, vermin and insects, humidity, postmortem interval, embalmer
blood passes through the _ _ as it flows from right atrium to right ventricle
tricuspid valve
arteries carry blood
away from the heart
at the outer border of the first rib, the subclavian artery becomes the
axillary
What is the accompanying vein of the axillary artery?
axillary vein, medial and superficial to the axillary artery: therefore, the axillary artery will lie lateral and deep to the axillary vein.
bronchial veins and intercostal veins empty into the
azygos vein
the bronchial veins and intercostal veins empty into the
azygos vein
drain tube
tubular instrument of varying diameter and shape, preferably with a plunger, that is inserted into a vein in drainage of blood and to restrict the exit of vascular embalming fluid
three layers of vessels
tunica intima (interna), tunica media, tunica adventicia (externa)
three layers of vessels
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventicia
Define circumduction
turning or swinging a body part in a circular motion
hydraulic apparatus
type of air pressure apparatus which is a fluid-power driven machine working by the force of a moving liquid
Coracobrachialis
upper arm area
veins carry blood
back to the heart; exception: the hepatic portal vein
veins carry blood
back to the heart; exception: the hepatic portal vein (takes blood to liver)
Coli-Flora
bacterial inhabitants of the colon
right and left vertebrals unite at base of brain, forming the
basilar A
the __ vein extends upward to form the brachial vein, and then the axillary vein
basilic
the __ vein extends superficially from the DVN along the little finger side
basilic vein
anatomical limit of right common carotid
begins at the level of the right sternoclavicular articulation and extends to the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
anatomical limit of left common carotid
begins at the level of the second costal cartilage and extends to the superios border of the thyroud cartilage
What are the anatomical limits of the left common carotid artery?
begins at the level of the second costal cartilage and terminates at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
What are the anatomical limits of the right common carotid artery?
begins at the level of the sternoclavicular articulation and terminates at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
Define Flexion
bending a body part, or decreasing the angle between two bones
intercellular
between cells
as blood moves from left atrium to left ventricle it passes through the
bicuspid (mitral) valve
biohazard
biological agent or condition that poses a hazard to humans
hypogastric
bladder in children, uterus during pregnancy
hemoptysis
blood in sputum
hematuria
blood in urine
hematemesis
blood in vomit
hypostasis
blood settling to dependent portions of the body; ante or postmortem
What is vasa vasorum?
blood vessels supplying nutrients to the larger arteries and veins. These tiny blood vessels are distributed to the walls of the larger veins and arteries throughout the vascular system.
congestion of blood in capillaries as a result of nervous or emotional tension
blushing
anatomical position
body erect; palms forward
Human remains
body of a deceased person, including cremated remains
after the axillary A passes the armpit, it is called the
brachial A
internal carotids supply
brain, eyes, forehead, nose
visceral arteries of the thoracic aorta are the:
bronchial arteries, the esophageal arteries, and the pericardial arteries
visceral arteries of the thoracic aorta
bronchial, esophageal, and pericardial
cauterizing agent
capable of drying tissues by searing; caustic
from the heart muscle capillaries, blood returns via ___ into the __, finally returning to the R atrium
cardiac veins; coronary sinus
intrinsic factors
cause and manner of death, pathological conditions, microbial influence, moisture content, thermal influences, nitrogenous waste, gas in tissues or cavities, presence of discolorations, postmortem chemical and physical change, pharmaceutical agents, age, gender, weight
Corrosive
causing visible distruction of living tissue at point of contact
right inguinal (iliac)
cecum, vermiform appendix, part of ascending colon
2nd branch abdominal aorta
celiac artery
2nd branch of abdominal aorta is the
celiac artery
the superficial volar venous arches empty into the __ and __
cephalic and basilic veins
the __ vein empties into the axillary vein
cephalic vein
the __ vein extends superficially from the DVN along the thumb side
cephalic vein
from the dorsal venous network, two veins emerge
cephalic vein, basilic vein
from brain, blood empties into
cerebral veins
Postmortem physical changes
change in the form or state of matter without any change in chemical composition
hardening compound
chemical in powder form; absorb and disinfect
Preservative powder
chemical in powder form; typically used for surface embalming of the remains
deodorants
chemicals having the capability of displacing unpleasant odor
unreliable mouth closures
chin rest, dental tie, hypodermic injection of masseters, tack and thread, drywall adhesive
Blood vascular system
circulatory network composed of the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
Orbicularis oculi
closes eyes
Masseter
closes jaw
Temporalis
closes jaw
Orbicularis oris aka kissing muscle
closes lips
cardinal signs of decomp COPSA*
color, odor, purge, skin slip aka desquamation,accumulated gases, *only true positive sign of death is decomp.
carbohydrate
compound of C H O; sugars, starches, glycogen
Buccinator aka trumpeters muscle
compresses cheeks
External obliques
compresses the abdomen
Internal obliques
compresses the abdomen
Transversus
compresses the abdomen
arterial fluid
concentrated preservative embalming chemical; will be diluted with water to form embalming solution
apparent death
condition in which manifestations of life are feebly maintained
catalepsy
condition in which the vital signs are feebly maintained AND there is a waxy rigidity of the body
cold stiffening
condition which occurs in dead bodies when exposed to temperatures near or below the freezing point, thus causing the tissues to become firm and rigid
What type of cells are tunica adventica?
connective tissue
work practice controls
controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed (e.g. prohibiting recapping of needles, and not allowing blood splatter or Aerosolization of blood while draining during the embalming process.
What is the shape of the superior lip?
cupids bow
anatomical guide
using anatomical structures which are known
Describe aspiration of the right side of the heart
dark venous blood; Direct trocar point along a line from the left anterior superiod illiac spine to the lobe of the right ear; keep point up against cavity wall until it has pierced diaphragm, then dip it downward and insert into the right atrium of the heart. The Anterior Superior Iliac Spine is a bony protuberance , that can be palpated topographically, found on the ilium, the superior, broad portion of the hipbone; the origin of the inguinal ligament and the sartorius muscle
How does the lumen of a vessel change as they distance themselves from the aorta and vena cava
decreases in diametric size
small saphenous vein empties into the
deep popliteal vein
chemical evaporation
dehydration caused by using too harsh of an arterial solution to embalm
all veins carry ___________ blood; except _____________.
deoxegenated; pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
Omohyoid
depresses hyoid
Platysma
depresses madible and lip
internal intercostals
depresses ribs in breating
What artery is used on an infant?
descending abdominal aorta
anatomical guide
descriptive references for locating arteries and veins by means of the anatomical structures that are known
greatest single problem encountered
variation
largest to smallest (veins)
veins, venules, capillaries
exception to valves
vena cava does not have valves
right suprarenal vein empties directly into
vena cava; however left empties into renal vein first!!
from cerebral veins blood flows to
venous sinuses
What branches off of each subclavian artery?
vertebral, internal mammary, costocervicular, and thyrocervical
buccal cavity
vestibule of the oral cavity; space between lips gums and teeth
blood supply to the viscera
visceral branches of descending aorta
the superficial and deep volar arches extend into the
digital A's
right gonadal vein empty into the
directly into vena cava
right spermatic or ovarian vein empties
directly into vena cava! see the common theme here?
the right suprarenal vein empties into the
directly to vena cava!
blood discoloration
discolorations resulting from changes in blood composition content or location; IV or EV
What function does phenol serve?
disinfectant, bleaching agent, drying agent, and cauterizes
subcutaneous emphysema
distention of the tissues beneath the skin by gas or air; an antemortem condition brought about by a surgical procedure or trauma
What is the midsagittal plane
divides the body through the midaxis into right and left halves
non-cosmetic fluid
does not contain active dye, cannot color tissues
blood returning from foot empties into the
dorsal venous arch
from the superficial and deep volar venous arches, blood flows into a network of superficial veins, the
dorsal venous network (of the hand)
from deep, blood flows from dorsal venous arch into the
dorsalis pedis vein
linear guide of the axillary artery
draw or visualize a line of the surface of the skin from a point over or through the center of the base of the axillary space
linear guide of common carotid
draw or visualize a line of the surface of the skin from a point over the anterior surface of the base of the respective earlobes
linear guide of brachial
draw or visualize a line on the surface of the skin from a point over the center of the lateral border of the base of the axillary space to a point approximately 1 inch below and in front of the elbow
linear guide of ulnar
draw or visualize a line on the surface of the skin from the center of the antecubital fossa on the forearm to a point between the 4th and 5th digits
linear guide of radial
draw or visualize a line on the surface of the skin of the forearm from the center of the antecubital fossa to the center of the base of the index finger
linear guide of femoral
draw or visualize a line on the surface of the skin of the thigh from the center of the inguinal ligament to the center of the medial prominence of the knee
Risorius aka false smiling muscle
draws angle of mouth backward
Depressor anguli oris
draws angle of mouth down
Corrugator
draws eyebrows down and in
Depressor labii inferioris
draws lower lip down
Occipitalis
draws scalp back
Procerus
draws skin of forehead down
Zygomaticus aka smiling muscle
draws upper lip back and up
solid edema
drug induced edema; abnormal fluid retention within the cell; no noticeable depression upon palpation
active dyes
dyes which aid in restoring a life-like surface pigmentation to a body and also stain the body tissue cells
pitting edema
edema in which skin remains depressed
ascites
edema of peritoneal cavity
hydrocele
edema of scrotum
hydrothorax
edema of thorax
Digastricus
elevates hyoid
external intercostals
elevates ribs in breathing
Cavity fluid
embalming chemicals which are injected into the cavities of the body following the aspiration in the cavity embalming; cavity fluid can also be used as the chemical in hypodermic and surface embalming
poze injector
embalming equipment used to inject substance into mouth to fill it out
cavity injector
embalming instrument that is connected to a bottle of cavity fluid
hypo valve trocar aka parietal needle
embalming instrument used to hypodermically inject areas of the body with embalming chemicals
centrifugal force machine
embalming machine that uses an electrical pump to create pressure either pulsating or non-pulsating
Occipitofrontalis aka epicranium
entire structure that covers the top of the head
What types of cells are tunica intima?
epitheleal
three kinds of blood cells
erythocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
lateral boundary
established by drawing a line which connects the two points where the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles blend into the arm
medial boundary
established by drawing a line which connects the two points where the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles blend into the chest wall
How do you releave rigor in fingers?
extend all fingers at once
Latissimus dorsi
extends and adducts arm
Gastocnemius
extends foot
Soleus
extends foot
anatomical limit of radial
extends from a point approximately 1 inch below an in front of the bend of the elbow to a point over the base of the thumb
anatomical limit of ulnar
extends from a point approximately 1 inch below and in front of the bend of the elbow to a point over the pisiform bone
anatomical limit of brachial
extends from a point beginning at the inferior border of the tendon of the teres major muscle and extends to a point inferior to teh antecubital fossa
anatomical limit of axillary
extends from a point beginning at the lateral border of the first rib and extends to the inferior border of the tendon of the teres major muscle
anatomical limit of femoral
extends from a point behind the center of the inguinal ligament to the opening in the adductor magnus muscle
Trapezius
extends head, raises the scapula
Triceps brachii
extends lower arm
Rectus femoris
extends lower leg
vastus latteralis, medialis, and intermedius
extends lower leg
Gluteus maximus
extends thigh
at the upper border of the thyroid the common carotids divide into the __ and __
external and internal carotid A's
the posterior facial and posterior auricular veins combine to form the
external jugular vein
the __ supplies blood to face
external maxillary artery
most prominent feature in life
eyes
great saphenous vein empties into the
femoral vein
the great saphenous vein empties directly into the
femoral veins
What are two aka's for skeletal muscle
voluntary or striated muscle
Flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris
flex the wrist
What is the order of methods to break rigor?
flex, extend, rotate, massage
Pectoralis major
flexes and adducts arm
Sartorius
flexes and rotates leg
Tibialis anterior
flexes foot
Biceps brachii
flexes lower arm at elbow
Brachialis
flexes lower arm at elbow
Semimembranous
flexes lower leg
Semitendinous
flexes lower leg
biceps femoris
flexes lower leg
Psoas major
flexes thigh
Rectus abdominus
flexes trunk
preinjection fluid
fluid injected primarily to prepare the vascular system and body tissues for the injection of the preservative vascular (arterial) solution; this solution is injected before the preservative vascular solution is injected
removal blood drainage from vascular system or even livor mortis but not postmortem stain
flushing
cavitation
formation of cavities in organs or tissue
Define protraction and retraction
forward and backward movement of a body part
embolism
free-floating object in the bloodstream
When is the artery deep and vein superficial?
from the bottom of the descending aorta and up, the artery is deep and the vein is superficial
anatomical guide of common carotid
the right and left common carotid arteries are located posterior to the medial border of the SCM on their respective sides of the neck
dry gangrene
gangrene caused by arterial blockage
cachexia
general deterioration of the body; malnutrition/wasting; wasting syndrome
cutis anserina
goosebumps; erector pilli muscles cause skin puckering
Erector spinae
group of muscles in the back that run vertically from the lower back up to the more superior vertebrae and ribs
Death Struggle
the semi-convulsive twitches which often occur before death
death struggle
the semi-convulsive twitches which often occur before death
rigor mortis
the stiffening of the body after death
leukocytes
white blood cells
hematology
the study of blood
phlebology
the study of veins in the body
Blotched
having relatively large patches of color somewhat different from the remainder of the coloring
Lateral pterygoid
helps in mastication
Medial pterygoid
helps in mastication
What is in the right hypocondriac?
hepatic flexure of the colon; gallbladder
hand pump
historical instrument resembling a large hypodermic syringe attached to a bottle apparatus; used to create either pressure for injection or vacuum for aspiration
What shape is the mouth?
horseshoe
supplemental embalming
hypodermic and surface, hypodermic is better
Another name for the internal iliac artery
hypogastric artery
aka internal iliac artery
hypogastric artery
humectant
imparts moisture; internal tissue builder
aspiration
withdrawal of gas, liquids, and semisolids from the viscera using aspirator and trocar
intracellular
within cells
TURBID
in liquids, muddy with particles of extraneous matter, not clear or transparent.
anatomical limits
in relation to adjacent structures; boundaries of arteries
Agonal fever
increase in body temperature immediately before death
Diaphragm
increases chest capacity for breathing
Describe aspiration of the urinary bladder
yellow bubbles; Direct trocar toward intersection of median line and pubic bone, the symphysis pubis, keeping it well up toward abdominal wall until it touches the bone; then withdraw about one-half inch, dip the point slightly and insert into bladder. The Pubic Symphysis is the fibrocartilage that joins the two pubic bones in the median plane
yellow cast vs. golden yellow
yellow cast is dehydration, golden yellow is jaundice
the __ sagittal sinus connects with straight sinus as well
inferior
What is the line of eye closure?
inferior 1/3
where in eye closure suppose to occur within the thirds of the eye?
inferior 2/3
1st branch of abdominal aorta are the
inferior phrenic arteries
first branch of arteries from abdominal aorta
inferior phrenics
anticoagulant fluid
ingredient of embalming fluids that retards the natural postmortem tendency of blood to become more viscous or prevents adverse reactions between blood and other embalming chemicals
in event vein is not readily recognizable?
inject until the vein is able to be recognized
hypodermic embalming
injection of embalming chemicals directly into the tissues through the use of a syringe and needle or trocar
first branch off of ARCH of aorta
inonimate/brachiocephalic artery
groove director
instrument used to guide vein tubes into vessels
asphyxia
insufficient intake of O2 aka apnea
The blood flows from the muscles and skin of the chest wall through the
intercostal Veins
parietal arteries of the thoracic aorta are the
intercostal and superior phrenic A's
parietal arteries of the thoracic aorta are the:
intercostal arteries and the superior phrenic arteries
DA VINCI, LEONARDO
(1452-1519) Italian sculptor and painter produced anatomical plates; injected the arterial system for preservation of anatomical specimens.
HARVEY, DR WILLIAM
(1578-1657) An influential person in medical embalming who discovered the circulation of blood in 1628 [British]
MALPIGHI, MARCELLO
(1628-1694) An influential person in medical embalming who was the first to note capillary circulation and was later known as the "Father of Microscopic Anatomy." "Father of Histology." [Italian]
VAN LEEUWENHOEK, ANTHONY
(1632-1723) "Father of Bacteriology." He made his own microscopes which were superior to any of that time He gave the first complete account of the red blood cell He demonstrated the capillary connections between arteries and veins "Father of Microbiology." [Dutch]
RUYSCH, FREDERICK
(1665-1717) An influential person in medical embalming who is known as the "Father of Embalming." [Dutch]
HUNTER, DR WILLIAM
(1718-1783) An influential person in medical embalming who is acknowledged as the first person to successfully adopt a method of arterial injection to preserve [Scottish]
HUNTER, JOHN
(1728-1793) An influential person in medical embalming for whom Hunter's Canal is named [Scottish]
GANNAL, JEAN
(1791-1882) An influential person in medical embalming who was the first to make embalming available to the public and who also wrote the first embalming text (first printing in French) [French]
HARLAN, RICHARD
(1796-1843) An influential person in medical embalming who translated Gannal's text into English and promoted embalming for sanitary purposes [American]
HOLMES, DR. THOMAS
(1817-1900) An influential person in medical embalming who is regarded as the "Father of Modern Embalming," and "Father of Embalming in the United States." [American]
BUTLEROV, ALEXANDER M
(1828-1866) One of the discoverers of formaldehyde [Russian]
Worm suture
(Inversion, draw stitch) a method of sewing an incision along the edges without entering the opening whereby the suture becomes invisible and the line of suture becomes depressed, which lends its ease of concealment by waxing.
CLAUDERUS, GABRIAL
(Late 17th C.) An influential person in medical embalming who published a book about a method of embalming without evisceration [German]
moist gangrene
(wet gangrene) necrotic tissue that is wet as a result of inadequate venous drainage; may be accompanied by the invasion of saprophytic bacteria.
BEGIN LAB MANUAL
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BEGIN LECTURE NOTES MORS113
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BEGIN VOCAB
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Coverall
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bifurcation
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branch
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continuation
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extension
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remember the muscles and what regions they are from
...
the axillary vein receives blood from both the cephalic and the basilic vein
...
How much pressure per foot high?
.43 or .413 pounds of pressure
action level
0.5 ppm formaldehyde; AL; minimize compliance burdens for employers that have employees that are exposed below the 8 hr PEL
What are characteristics of nerves?
1 . Solid and Striated; 2. Glistening White - shiny; 3. No lumen - solid; 4. Inelastic; 5. No Vasa Vasorum; 6. Often mistaken for an artery
How do you formulate the proper chemical solution?
1) Gather necessary chemicals: arterial restorative co-injection, cosmetic dye, water softener - can use Calgon from grocery store; 2) Learn the working of your embalming machine; always run solution through machine; 3) Pressure - rate of flow - pulsator; 4) Do not mix more than three gallons of solution at one time; in life there are only six quarts - 5.5 liters of blood; 5) Determine your solution by sex, age, weight, time lapse since death, cause of death, time until burial.
What are 6 points regarding the aortic veins?
1) Main drainage vein in the body; 2) Lies to the right of the spine; 3) All veins have valves except the superior and inferior vena cava; 4) All veins will eventually drain into the superior and inferior vena cava; 5) Right atrium of the heart is formed by the juncture of the superior and inferior vena cava; 6) Right atrium of the heart is the center of venous drainage during embalming
Describe methods of mouth closure
1) Needle injector method; 2) Suturing the frenulum of the lower lip to the septum of the nose - muscular suture; 3) Suturing through the septum of the nose and around the mandible - mandibular tie; 4) Wire through the bone in special situations
Summarize medical examiner autopsies, aka medico-legal, aka forensic autopsy
1) cause of death; 2) does not need permission; 3) Manner of death is a concern - natural, accident, suicide, homicide, or unknown
Summarize hospital autopsies
1) cause of death; 2) needs permission
What is the proper order to relieve rigor?
1) mouth; 2) neck; 3) arms; 4) hands; 5) legs
What brings about post-mortem changes
1) stoppage of blood circulation - gravitation of blood to dependent body parts and surface evaporation; 2) blood remains liquid - hypostasis to hemolysis is rapid; appear embalmed but it is cold stiffening and rib discoloration resembling active dye; slows onset of rigor mortis and hinders bacteria growth therefore decomposition; increases algor mortis; freezer burn similar to desiccation marks during extended refrigeration
What are the disadvantages of the gravity method? (3 items)
1. Affords limited pressure range due to the limited height you can achieve from the mobile stand 2. There is a small unit of volume, usually no more than one gallon. 3. It is inconvenient to fill the percolator
What factors govern selection of arteries to be used for injection
1. Age; 2. Sex; 3. weight; 4. fat distribution; 5. disfigurations; 6. disease; 7 edema; 8. location obstruction; 9. trauma; 10. medico-legal requirements; 11. cause of death; 12. manner of death
List the characteristics of a non-thinking anacephalic -robot embalmer: (4 items)
1. All remains receive the same chemical formulation [type and volume] including cavity treatment regardless of condition of the body 2. All remains receive the same injection and drainage sity- same artery and vein 3. All remains receive the same mouth closure method 4. All embalmed remains receive the same cosmetics- no variation whatsoever
What are precautions relative to drain tubes?
1. Avoid the use of veins which require the abrupt turning of a curve by the drain tube, as the rupturing of the vein may result. 2. Be sure the tube is well lubricated to insure easy insertion and prevent the rupture of the vessel wall. Oiling the inside of the drain tube will help prevent blood coagulation within the tube. 3. Always use the largest tube the vein will accommodate. This insures the most copious flow of both liquid blood and clots.
6 Cardinal signs of decomposition: (HINT: COPSA*)
1. Color 2. Odor 3. Purge 4. Desquamation (skin slip) 5. Accumulated gas 6. *Only positive sign of death is decomposition
6 Cardinal signs of decomposition: (HINT: COPSAD)
1. Color 2. Odor 3. Purge 4. Desquamation (skin slip) 5. Accumulated gas 6. Decomposition
What are the advantages of the bulb syringe method? (4 items)
1. Convenient and easy to use 2. Inexpensive to purchase and operate 3. Will develop some variation in the pressure range 4. Requires no electricity
What are the advantages of the manual injection, hand pump and jug method? (4 items)
1. Creates a wide pressure range 2. Can be used as a method of both injection and aspiration. Will create a vaccum for aspiration 3. It is sensitive to the internal vascular pressures. Increased resistance in the vascular system can be detected in the operators thumb. 4. Requires no electricity
Purpose and Importance of drainage: (5 items)
1. Diminish secondary dilution 2. Remove intravascular discolorations 3. Prevent distension 4. Permit disinfection and preservation 5. Retard post-embalming decomposition
What are the characteristics of an ideal (recommended) injection pressure? (5 items)
1. Dislodge congested drainage 2. Stimulate capillary filtration 3. Minimize fluid loss due to excessive drainage 4. Saturate capillary bed without causing ruptures 5. Penetrate surface tissue and not cause feature swelling
What are the 6 causes of the puffed or swollen eye?
1. Edema 2. Trauma 3. A poor eye closure procedure 4. Too great a rate of flow or injection pressure 5. Poorly done eye enucleation by eye bank 6. Poorly done eye enucleation restoration by embalmer
List 4 Major factors embalmers must consider in making pre-embalming analysis:
1. General condition of the body after death 2. Effects produced by disease processes 3. Effects produced by drugs or surgical procedures 4. Effects that occur during postmortem interval [from death to embalming]
What are the disadvantages of the manual injection, hand pump and jug method? (5 items)
1. Inconvenient when refilling the container 2. Requires the constant use of one hand, often two, like the bulb syringe method 3. Has no pressure gauge or regulator, thus a great irregularity of pressure with an unknown maximum 4. Because this system produces a terrific amount of pressure, swelling of the neck and facial features is common 5. There is the danger of implosion or explosion
Methods of stimulating drainage: (5 items)
1. Increase pressure and pulsating pressure. Increase rate of flow 2. Creating backpressure by opening and closing drain tubes 3. Massage of the body, especially arms and legs; always toward heart; elevation of appendages 4. Instruments- drain hoses, trocar, drain tube, drain forceps, vibrating embalming table 5. Chemicals- co-injection, pre-injection- dilates and lubricates lumen of vessels and prevents further clotting
Predisposing conditions leading to purge: (4 items)
1. Intestinal flora (i.e. E. coli) 2. Certain pathological conditions (diseases) (liver disease, lung cancer) 3. General decomp 4. Environmental conditions (heat)
What are the advantages of the gravity method? (4 items)
1. It creates a constant flow of arterial fluid solution 2. The low cost of equipment 3. Requires no mechanical apparatus 4. Requires no electricity
What are the advantages of the motorized centrifugal forced pump machine? (5 items)
1. It is the most reliable method of injection used today [it is the modern day embalming machine] 2. No subordinate equipment is necessary; it is a self- contained unit 3. It has a high pressure range- some as high as 200lbs. 4. It has a large volume, eliminating the need to constantly refill the machine. Some have as large as a four-gallon tank. 5. It will maintain a constant rate of flow and pressure
Advantages of pulsation: (4 items)
1. More even distribution of fluid solution 2. Less swelling of facial features 3. Minimizes post-embalming dehydration 4. Improvement of preservation
What are the disadvantages of the motorized centrifugal forced pump machine: 1(a-f) and 2(a-c(i, ii))
1. Needs frequent servicing, such as: a. Broken belts b. Leaky base plate gaskets c. Corroded or oxidized base plates d. The motor burns up e. The pump burns up f. The glass tank breaks when carried improperly 2. It requires the constant attention of the embalmer due to: a. Feature swelling b. If allowed to run when the tank is empty, the motor and the pump will b urn up c. Never leave the tank dry, when you are finished injecting, run at least 2-3 tanks of clean water through the machine and leave at least 12 quart of water in the tank to: i. Prevent oxidation of the base plate ii. Keep the base plate gasket moist in order to prevent dry rotting and leaky conditions
List the advantages of the immediate method: (3 items)
1. Only practical method in high volume funeral homes 2. Eliminates the chance of gas build-up in the thoracic cavity which may cause feature swelling, particularly in the neck 3. Eliminates the chance of post embalming purge; thereby, you avoid having to redo the features
Conditions needing treatment for a swollen neck, can occur before or during embalming: (4 items)
1. Pressure and flow too high on injector 2. Obese - bodies create low resistance areas in the face and neck 3. Clotted drainage in left and right internal jugular veins 4. Thoracic and abdominal gas (i.e. tissue gas and subcutaneous
Maryland requires that identification tags be attached to a long bone after embalming. List what information goes on the tag: (4+1 optional; 5 items)
1. Print name 2. Social Security # 3. Date of birth 4. Date of death 5. Recommended but not required: Name of funeral home *tag must be laminated
List the three primary purposes of cavity aspiration
1. Remove as much of the liquid and semi-solid contents of the viscera as possible and thus reduce the germicidal obligation of the cavity fluid 2. Remove gases and liquids and thus relieve pressure against the blood vessels and other organs. Prevent purge 3. Remove blood from the heart and major trunk veins by direct aspiration so the blood is not forced by gravity or gas pressure into the superficial capillaries of the neck, ears, or face to cause a visible stain
What are the disadvantages of the bulb syringe method? (3 items)
1. Rubber deteriorates rapidly and valves fall 2. Requires the constant use of one's hand which hinders the embalmers activity. 3. Creates a variable pressure with an unknown maximum
What are the advantages of the air pressure machines? (4 items)
1. The mechanical and the hydraulic machines can both inject and aspirate. The mechanical air pressure machine was the forerunner of the electric aspirator and the hydraulic machine has a hydro-aspirator type attachment 2. They are convenient because they free the embalmers hands to do more important tasks. [ CO2 canister or cylinder cannot aspirate; cannot create a vaccum] 3. They developed a wide pressure range to overcome vascular obstructions 4. They have the ability to maintain a constant pressure and they have pressure gauges and regulators for safety reasons
What are the disadvantages of the air pressure machines? (6 +1*)
1. They are extremely dangerous because many employ glass fluid containers which may explode during injection and implode during aspiration. It is highly recommended that a metal bottle guard or rubber trash can be used with these machines 2. They usually have small unit injection volumes, seldom more than one gallon 3. They are inconvenient to refill 4. They require frequent servicing 5. They may cause the features to swell if any air is forced into the vascular system [subcutaneous emphysema] 6. They are very noisy *7. requires electricity
What are the characteristics of veins?
1. Three thin coats; 2. Usually have valves; 3. May be superficial; 4. Blue in color when engorged with blood; 5. Collapse when cut; 6. May be arteries and vein in common sheath; 7. Thin at the edges; 8. No noticeable vasa vasorum; 9. Large lumen
Name the 9 abdominal quadrants
1. Upper row - right hypochondriac, epigastric with transpyloric line, and left hypochondriac; 2. Middle row - Right lumbar aka lateral, umbilical with transtubercular line, and left lumbar aka lateral; 3 Lower row - right inguinal aka iliac, hypogastric, and left inguinal aka iliac
Frictional resistance: (indicates the drag of fluid solution or of the blood against the interior of the blood vessels or lumen. It is determined by: (4 items)
1. Viscosity of blood 2. Amount of inner surface presented 3. Nature of inner surface 4. Age (frictional resistance is less in young and noticeable in the elderly)
List the advantages of the deterred method: (4 items)
1. Will allow sufficient time to get the best results from arterial injection 2. The organs in the viscera will be firm, allowing easy entrance for the trocar 3. Liquids and juices will have time to settle to the bottom of the cavities, thus making for easier aspiration 4. Usually only one bottle of cavity fluid will be sufficient, rather than the two or three bottles used in the immediate method
precautions of femoral
1. arteriosclerosis, 2. obese bodies may be deep, 3. no control over solution distribution going into the head
What are considerations regarding accessibility of arteries and veins?
1. artery and vein deep or superficial?; 2. what is the relationship to the surrounding structures?; 3. the presence or absence of branches of vessels which might be disturbed or blocked.; 4. all incisions should be no more than 3 inches
What are 3 possible disfigurations?
1. arthritis; 2. tumors; 3. cachexia
Signs of Fluid Diffusion: See Book page 257 (7 items)
1. dye in tissues 2. Firming of tissues 3. loss of skin elasticity 4. drying of tissues 5. rounding of fingertips, lips, toes 6. mottling of tissues 7. fluorescent dye observed using black light
Signs of Fluid Distribution: See Book pages 257 (5 items)
1. fluid dye (color) 2. distension of superficial blood vessels 3. blood drainage 4. leakage from intravenous punctures 5. clearing of intravascular blood discolorations
precautions of common carotid
1. incision may be visible, 2. arterial tube may leave mark on face, 3. face may be over injected
considerations of femoral
1. large in size, 2. incision is not visible, 3. both sides of head receive even fluid distribution, 4. accompanied by large vein which is good for drainage
What are the 3 traumas relative to artery selection?
1. mutilation; 2. accident; 3. surgery
What is proper technique for raising vessels
1. shave area; 2. select instruments and prepare ligature; 3. locate place of incision using linear guide; 4. make proper incision through skin, superficial and deep fascia; 5. blunt dissection of superficial fascia, fat, and deep fascia; 6. find vessels using anatomical guide and positions of vein; 7. clean off by blunt dissection and ligate vein loosley; 8. clean off and ligate artery loosely; make incision
considerations of carotid
1. very large in diameter, 2. rarely sclerotic, 3. supplies fluid directly to the head, 4. close to the heart, 5. very elastic, 6. accompanied by a large vein which is good for drainage
Determine the strength of the arterial solution when 7 ounces of a 25 index fluid and one gallon of water are used:
1.3%
You have 8 ounches of a 25 index arterial fluid and you want to create a 2% solution. How many ounces of water would you need to add?
100 ounces
How much cavity fluid per 50 pounds?
16 ounces
Rigor mortis is first observed in the average body how many hours after death?
2
What are characteristics of arteries?
3 heavy coats and thick walled; no valves; deep and well protected; cream colored in youth; white brittle with vasa vasorem with aged; stand open when cut; Usually accompanied by vein and nerves in a common sheath; Thick at the edges; Noticeable elasticity except in the aged; Small lumen
Number of arcs in the line of lip closure
5
blood volume in human body
6 quarts
The normal pH of living human tissue is:
7.4
How does pH change, assuming a starting pH of 7.4?
7.4 to 7.0 during primary flaccidity; 7.0 to 6.0 and then 6.0 to 7.0 during rigor; 7.0 to 7.4 during secondary flaccidity; 8.0 microbes go nuts
Approximate percent of body moisture in infants
75%
circle of willis
9 arteries: R/L internal carotids Anterior communicating artery, R/L anterior cerebral arteries, R/L posterior cerebral arteries, R/L posterior communicating arteries, Basilar artery (Sometimes considered)
circle of willis
9 arteries: R/L internal carotids, Anterior communicating, R/L anterior cerebral arteries, R/L posterior cerebral arteries, R/L posterior communicating arteries, basilar artery
High
A ______ atmospheric humidity may reduce dehydration but it will favor early decomposition because heat and moisture are favorable for rapid bacterial growth
Low
A ______ atmospheric humidity will extract moisture from the boy causing early dehydration (and may lead to mummification) but it will deter decomposition. It will, however, cause problems with cosmetics due to discolored surface tissues
Current/Jelly Clot
A blood clot which contains all of the blood elements coagulated in a an evenly mixed mass
Chicken fat clot
A blood clot which contains all of the blood elements with red and white blood cells separated into distinct layers.
Hepatitis G (HGV)
A bloodborne virus
Hepatitis D (HDV)
A bloodborne virus, it can only exist in combination with the hepatitis B virus. HBV vaccine will offer protection against HDV.
TACHE NOIRE
A brown to black band of discolored sclera of the eye. Created by the postmortem drying of the sclera by the air.
Tache Noire
A brown to black band of discolored sclera of the eye. created by the postmortem drying of the sclera by the air
TINNITUS
A buzzing or ringing in the ears.
Tinnitus
A buzzing or ringing of the ears
Carcinogen
A cancer-causing chemical or material
Hypothetical normal case
A case having no mutilations, no blood coagulation, no antemortem or postmortem discoloration, no communicable disease(s), no blockages or breaks in the blood vascular system, no excessive rigidity, no cardinal signs of decomposition (COPSA), and minimal postmortem chemical and physical changes, can be called what?
Sequestering Agent
A chemical agent that can "fence off" or "tie up" metal ions so they cannot react with other chemicals
Radioactive isotope
A chemical element that is similar in chemical properties to another element, but differs in atomic weight and electric charge and emits radiation.
Radionuclide
A chemical element that is similar in chemical properties to another element, but differs in the atomic weight and electric charge and emits radiation; an atom that disintegrates by emission of electromagnetic radiation
Leukemia
A chronic or acute disease of unregulated clonal proliferation of the stem cells of the blood form tissues; resident cells eventually replaced by tumor cells
Incision
A clean cut made with a shark instrument; in emblaming, a cute made with a scalpel to raise arteries and veins.
Cafe coronary
A collapse of a person who is eating, caused by asphyxiation that results from obstruction of the glottis by food bolus. Because the signs are similar to those of a heart attack, such episodes are frequently mistaken for coronary occlusions
Idophores
A compound consisting of iodine combine with a carrier, such as polyvinlpyrrolidine, often used as preoperative skin disinfectant
Carbohydrate
A compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen; sugars, starches, and glycogen
DEATH TRANCE
A condition in which the muscles become rigidly fixed, the body becomes pale and cold, pulse and respiration are feeble.
Death Trance
A condition in which the muscles become rigidly fixed, the body becomes pale and cold, pulse and respiration are feeble.
Catalepsy
A condition in which the vital signs of life are feebly maintained and there is a waxy rigidity of the body.
Cutis Anserina
A condition of skin puckering caused by the contraction of the erector pili.
Water-logged
A condition resulting from the use of an embalming solution containing an insufficient amount of preservative to meet the preservation demand of the tissues; the interstitial spaces are overly filled, engorged with water.
Secondary Flaccidity
A condition, which occurs after rigor mortis has left the body where the muscles of the body return to a state of limpness and flaccidity.
Drywall adhesive
A controversial method deemed unprofessional by many embalmers, but effective as a mouth closure method; is the application of the adhesive to top or bottom teeth. The mandible is positioned, the adhesive sets in fifteen minutes and the mouth is permanently closed. The method is useless if the deceased had no teeth. Same problem as the dental tie. Applied with a caulking gun in conjunction with replaceable adhesive tubes
Opaque cosmetic
A cosmetic medium able to cover or hide skin discolorations
Anemia
A decrease in erythrocytes or hemoglobin.
65
A dehydrated body will yield ___ pounds of water per 100 pounds of body weight
Plug cutter
A device attached to an electric drill which is placed on the mastoid bone centered over the external auditory canal. The entire temporal bone is removed by twisting after dissection
Surface Discoloration
A discoloration due to the deposit of matter on the skin surface; these discolorations may occur antemortem, during, or after embalming of the body; ex. adhesive tape, ink, iodine, paint, tobacco stains.
Dermatosis
A disease or disorder of the skin
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)
A drug resisnt bacterium found in feces and open wounds. It also can be found associated with nasaogastric tubes often in patients who have had long hospitalization
LANUGO
A fine growth of downy hair which is sometimes found on the face of a baby.
Exudate
A fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris that has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation
Frenulum
A fold of mucous membrane that connects the gums to the inner lining of the lip
Antigen
A foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that react specifically with it
Atherosclerosis
A form of arteriosclerosis marked by the deposition of lipids in the inner layer of arterial walls
Antibody
A glycoprotein substance developed by the body in response to, and interacting speciffically with, an antigen. AKA IMMUNOGLOBULIN
Occupational safety and health administration
A governmental agency with the responsibility for regulation and enforcement agency with the responsibility for regulation and enforcement agency may supercede the u.s. health matters for the most united states employees;
DEATH FIRE
A kind of ignis fatuus (glow) supposed to forebode death.
Solvent
A liquid holding another substance in solution
DEATH BILL
A list of dead to be prayed for.
Aneurysm
A localized abnormal dilation of outpocketing of a blood vessel resulting from a congenital defect or a weakness of the vessel wall
DEATH CANDLE
A luminous appearance like a candle flame, superstitiously thought to prestage death.
Neoplastic agent
A material capable of causing an abnormal growth of tissue
Mutagen
A material which can cause inherirable generic changes in offspring
Needle injector
A mechanical device used to impel specially designed metal pins into bone
Combination gravity method and bulb syringe
A method of creating injection pressure in which a bulb syringe is built into the tubing of the gravity percolator
Air pressure apparatus
A method of creating injection pressure with air forced under pressure into a fluid chamber that displaces the arterial solution by pushing it into the arterial system of the body
air pressure apparatus
A method of creating injection pressure with air forced under pressure into a fluid chamber that displaces the arterial solution by pushing it into the arterial system of the body.
Microbe (Microorganism)
A minute one celled form of life not distinguishable as to vegetable or animal tissue
Vermiform Appendix
A narrow, wom -shapped tube connected to the cecum
Antiseptic
A non-toxic disinfectant suitable for the use on animal tissue.
75
A normal body will yield ___ pounds of water per 100 pounds of body weight
Primary flaccidity
A period immediately following death and before rigor mortis occurs, where the muscles of the body are limp and flaccid.
Stockings
A plastic garment covering the entire foot and to the hip to prevent leakage and odor
Pants
A plastic garment which fits tightly around the waist and thighs of the deceased to guard against leakage and to avoid stains and odors.
Sleeves
A plastic or rubber garment which covers the arm to the area of the wrist to guard or protect against leakage
Inner ear
A plug cutter is used to remove what kind of tissue from the body?
What is the linear guide of the common carotid artery?
A point from the sternoclavicular articulation to the anterior surface of the lobe of the ear
Injector needle
A preparation aid used in mouth closure. It is inserted into a needle injector and forced into the mandible and maxilla
Sanitation
A process to promote and establish conditions which minimize or eliminate boihazards
Agonal bacterial migration
A process which is the result of capillary permability changes, where the bacteria from the intestinal area of the body migrate to the blood vascular system and is spread throughout the body
AGONAL BACTERIAL MIGRATION
A process which is the result of capillary permeability changes, where the bacteria from the intestinal area of the body migrate to the blood vascular system and is spread throughout the body.
Fatty acids
A product of decomposition of fats
DEATH RATE
A relation or ratio of the number of deaths, for a given period, to the total population.
Musculature suture
A reliable method of mouth closure; you suture the mentalis muscle of the chin to the septum of the nose, as follows: (reversed for left-handed people) Use a half-moon needle and a single, fine strand of suture Pass the needle through the mentalis muscle just inferior to the frenulum in a wide arc as close to the gum as possible [one inch] Needle goes through both nostrils via the septum and back down towards the mouth. Tied.
Legionnaires Disease
A severe, often fatal bacterial disease characterized by pneumonia, dry cough and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms
LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE
A severe, often fatal bacterial disease characterized by pneumonia, dry cough and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms.
DEATH WEIGHT
A small weight, such as a penny, laid on the eyelids to keep them closed.
Hypertonic solution
A solution having abnormally high tension or viscosity and an osmotic pressure higher than that in an isotonic solution (too thick for arterial solution) - Topical jelly
Hypotonic solution
A solution having abnormally low tension or viscosity and an osmotic pressure lower than an isotonic solution (better for arterial fluids)
Colloid
A solution-like system in which the size of the solute particle is beween 1 and 100 nanometers. Particles of solute pass through filters but not membranes.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/aids
A specific group of diseases or conditions which are indicative of severe immunosuppression related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (MV); persons dead having had AIDS may exhibit conditions such has wasting syndrome, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and Kaposi's syndrome
Solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Dilution
A substance thinned or reduced in concentration; a cosmetic lessened in brillance
Flow meter
A supplemental piece of equipment attached to the embalming machine which measures the flow of fluids in both galls per hour and ounces per minute
Purse string suture
A suture made around the circumference of a circular opening or puncture to close it or to hold the margins in position
Hematoma
A swelling or mass of clotted blood confined to an organ or space caused by ruptured blood vessel
Tracer Dye test
A test for fluid distribution and diffusion Adding any of the commercial active dyes to the arterial fluid solution. This will be detected in the surface tissues. This is the most common method. Always inject from the femoral artery so it enters the head evenly; for highly concentrated dye, two capfuls to a tankful
Fluorescent dye test
A test for fluid distribution and diffusion Detected only under ultraviolet black light, viso-balm co-injection
Puncture test
A test for fluid distribution and diffusion (Not used) Slightly puncture tissues with a needle, then squeeze to detect fluid at the legs/toes, arms/fingers, and head (behind ear)
Blister
A thin vesicle on the skin containing liquid matter.
Uremia
A toxic condition caused by retention in the blood of waste products normally excreted in the urine
Hydraulic Apparatus
A type of air pressure apparatus which is a fluid power driven machine working by the force of a moving liquid
INTRADERMAL SUTURE aka HIDDEN STITCH
A type of suture used to close incisions in such a manner. that the ligature remains entirely under the epidermis.
Longitudinal incision
A vascualr incision that is made lenthwise on a vessel
What is a T Shaped incision?
A vascular incision created by making a short transverse incision at a right angle to the long axis of the vessel; then with the point of the scissors inserted into the original opening, a second incision is made parallel to the long axis of the vessel
T-shaped incision
A vascular incision created by making a short transverse incision at a right angle to the long axis of the vessel; then with the point of the scissors inserted into the original opening, a second incision is made parallel to the long axis of the vessel.
What is a diaganol incision?
A vascular incision made on vessels by cutting in an oblique or slanting direction
What is a longitudinal incision?
A vascular incision that is made length-wise on a vessel
What is a triangular wedge incision?
A vascular incision which is made by cutting a small triangular wedge from the wall of the vessel
What is the mid axillary line of the axillary artery?
A vertical line drawn from the center of the medial border of the base of the axillary space.
Atrophy
A wasting, decrease in size of an organ or tissue.
Jaundice
A yellow case to the tissue due to dehydration is NOT the same as ________
American congress of Government Industrial Hygienists AKA
ACGIH: An organization of professional personnel in government agencies or educational institutions who are employed in occupational safety and health programs
Asphyxia
AKA APNEA: Insufficient intake of oxygen resulting from numerous causes
Surface Evaporation
AKA Air Swipe: Dehydration resulting from the passage of air or air currents over the surface of the body
Post mortem aspirator
AKA Autopsy Aspirator: an embalming instrument for aspirating liquid materials from thje trunk cavity of autopsied cases
Bischloromethyl
AKA BCME A carcinogen potential produced when formaldehyde and sodium hypochlorite come into contact with each other. normally occurs only in a controlled settinga and requires a catalyst
Furuncle
AKA Boil: An abcess or pyogenic infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle
Center for disease control and prevention
AKA CDC: A major agency of the deparment of health and human services, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, concerned with all phases of control of communicable , vector-borne, and occupational diseases
Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease
AKA CJD: A disease of the central nervous system with unknown Etiology assumed to be a slow virus; because of unknown etiology, care givers using invasive precedures use extreme caution
Compressed Air/Gas
AKA CO2 apparatus: A type of air pressure apparatus where air or CO2 is pumped from tanks into a fluid chamber to create pressure
Instantaneous Rigor mortis
AKA Cadaveric spasm: The immediate stiffening of the muscles of a dead human body
Cavity embalming
AKA Cavity treatment: Direct treatment, other than vascular (arterial) injection, of the contents of the body cavities and the lumina of the hollow viscera; usually accomplished by aspiration and injection.
Liquid adhesive
AKA Collodions/Solution: Type of sealing compounds used to brush over incisions, cavities, raw surfaces and areas where any pinpoint leakage may occur
Basket weave suture
AKA Cross stitch: A network of stitches which cross the borders of a cavity or excision to anchor fillers and to sustain tissues in their proper position
Ischemic necrosis
AKA Dry Gangrene: Condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic and occurs when the arteries but not the veins are obstructed
Ethylenediamine Tetracetic Acid
AKA EDTA: Is found in products as either the tetrasodium or disodium salt. They rect chemically to "bind" calcium, which inhibits the blood clotting mechanism. It is a skin irritant, causing dryness and cracking
Electroencephalogram
AKA EEG: Record of the electricity of the brain.
Bruise
AKA Ecchymosis AKA Contusion: An injury caused by a blow without laceration; a contusion
Federal Trade commision
AKA FTC: Agency or federal government created in 1914 to promote free and fair competition by prevention of trade restraints, price fixing, false advertising and other unfair methods of competition
Preservative Demand
AKA Formaldehyde Demand: Amount of preservative (formaldehyde) required to effectively preserve and disinfect remains; depends on the condition of the tissues as determined in the embalming analysis
Boil
AKA Furuncle: Acute, deep-seated inflammation in the skin which usually begins as a subcutaneous swelling in the hair follicle
Clostridium perfringens
AKA Gas Bacillius: Anaerobic, saphrophytic, spore-forming bacterium, responsible for tissue gas; referred to as a gas bacillus
Gravity Percolator
AKA Gravity Bottle: A method of creating injection pressure which consists of a gravity bottle with tubing attatched, that is suspended at a desired distance above the point of injection
Instant tissue fixation
AKA Head Freeze: Injection of very strong arterial fluid (often waterless) under relatively high pressure into head and face through both common carotid arteries to effect preservation and disinfection while minimizing swelling
Restorative Fluid
AKA Humectant: Supplemental fluid, used with regular arteril solution whos purpose is to retain body moisure and retard dehydration
Paralyzer
AKA Inactivator: Substances which temporarily or permanently inhibits and enzyme's action.
Biohazard waste
AKA Infectious Waste: Bloodborne pathogens, blood or body fluids exposure, any potentially infective, contaminated waste associated with the preparation of human remains that constitutes a hazard to humans in the workplace
Post mortem stain
AKA Laking: Extravascular color change that occurs when heme, released by hemolysis of red blood cells, seeps through the vessel walls and into the body tissues
Methicillin Resistant staphylococcus aureus
AKA MRSA Pathogenic bacterial Staphylococcus aureus, resistant to most drugs. A causative agent of bedsores, surgical wound infections, skin and nose infections, and pneumonia.
Mechanical Apparatus
AKA Mechanical Air pressure machine: An electrical appliance which forces air into a machine resulting in pressure
Non-cosmetic fluid
AKA Passive dye:
Razor Burn
AKA Razor Abbrasion: Mark of desiccation
Dialysis
AKA Selective Diffusion Separation of substances in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermermeable membrane
Ecchymosis
AKA Suggillation/Bruise/Contusion: Extravasation of blood into a tissue
Pack application
AKA Surface Application:
Osmotic embalming
AKA Surface embalming: preservation of the body's surface (to dry and harden lesions), of excisions and cavities, or of areas that received inadequate arterial preservative. Materials used in osmotic embalming include surface packs, embalming powders, and autopsy gels
Surfactant
AKA Surface tension reducer; wetting penetrating; surface active agent: Chemical that reduces the molecular cohesion of a liquid so it can flow through smaller apertures
Bridge suture
AKA Temporary interrupted suture: Individual stitch knotted at the tissue edge; may be applied prior to embalming to align tissues
Neoplasm
AKA Tumor: The abnormal, excessive and uncontrolled multiplication of cells the formation of a mass or new growth of tissue
Cachexia
AKA Wasting syndrome: General deterioration of the body; a state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting. It may occure in many chronic diseases as certain malignancies and advanced pulmonary tuberculosis
Triangular incision
AKA Wedge incision: A vascular incision made by cutting a small triangular wedge from the wall of the vessel.
Tough dry clots
AKA White Fibrin Clot: Blood clots which form when blood plasma passes through the capillary walls and leaves the blood cells behind.
Rigor Mortis
AKa Cadaveric rigidity: Postmortem stiffening of the body muscles by natural body processes
Describe aspiration of the cecum
yellow fecal matter; Direct the trocar point toward a point 1/4 of the distance from the right anterior-superior iliac spine to the pubic symphysis keep point of trocar well up near abdominal wall until within 4 inches of right anterior superior iliac spine; then dip point 2" and insert it forward into colon.
After the subclavian passes the first rib, it is called the
Aaxillary Artery
Below the diaphragm, the blood enters the
Abdominal Aorta
Hypdrocephalus
Abnormal accumilation of cerebrospinal fluids in the ventricles of the brain
Hydrocele
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in a saclike structure, especially the scrotal sac.
Stenosis
Abnormal constriction or narrowing of a structure
neoplasm
Abnormal growth or tumor
Hygroscopic
Absorbing moisture readily.
Imbibition
Absorption of the fluid portion of blood by the tissues after death resulting in postmortem edema.
LIST AND EXPLAIN THE (5) ADVANTAGES OF PULSATION : (A.L.I.M.E.)
Accelerates embalming time Less swelling of facial features Improved preservation Minimizes post-embalming dehydration Even distribution of arterial fluid
A group of chemicals used in addition to vascular and cavity embalming fluids where most are applied to the body surface are considered:
Accessory Chemicals
ABFSE
Accredit mortuary science schools and write their curriculum
Ascites
Accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Dissection
Act of cutting apart. Distend. To expand or swell.
Pressure
Action of a force against an opposing force (a force applied or acting against resistance)
What is the medial boundary of the femoral triangle?
Adductor longus muscle
ICFSEB
Administer the NBE
The Suprarenal arteries lead to the Suprarenal glands, also known as
Adrenal Glands
Womb
After embalming and aspiration of a mother who died during pregnancy, return the fetus, still in the viscera bag, to the _______ or place it in the foot of the casket
Knees
After embalming, be sure the legs are straight and close together; if necessary, tie them together and the ______immediately
15
After embalming, the head may be tilted NO MORE THAN how many degrees to the right?
When do you start embalming?
After features are posed
How do you close an incision?
After the operation has been completed, the vessels are tightly ligated and the free ends of the ligatures are cut off with utility scissors. The incision is then dried with cotton and filled with powdered incision sealer to inhibit subsequent leakage - cauterize with phenol. As the final step, the incision is sutured with stitches, which should be taken close together and close to the edge of the incision and pulled tight to form a neat closure . In most cases the so-called baseball stitch will be employed. Staples are not waterproof
Bacteriostatic agent
Agent that has the ability to inhibit or retard bacterial growth. No destruction of viability of the microorganism is implied.
Hermetic seal
Airtight seal; associated with Ziegler cases or soldered containers.
Livor Mortis
Aka Cadaverielividity AKA postmortem lividity: Post mortem, intravascular, red-blue discoloration resulting from hypstasis of blood can usually be cleared via arterial injection and drainage
Edema
Aka Dropsy: Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavities
Embalming Analysis
Aka case analysis
Drywall adhesive
Aka liquid nail
Dialysis
Aka selective diffusion
Braciocephalic artery
Aka the innominate artery The first branch off the arch of the aorta
What postmortem change is not speeded by a warm environment?
Algor mortis
Pulmonary
All arteries carry oxygenated blood except for what single artery?
From the cerebral arteries, the blood flows to
All parts of the brain
Portal
All veins carry blood back to the heart except for what single vein?
Pulmonary
All veins carry deoxygenated blood except for what single vein?
Superior and inferior vena cava
All veins have valves except for the _____________________
What is the place of incision for the femoral artery?
Along any portion of the superior two-thirds of the linear guide
What is the place of incisions of the external facial artery, aka the maxillary artery?
Along the anatomical guide, not more than one inch in length, directly over the mandibular notch
What is the place of incision of the axillary artery?
Along the anterior margin of the hairline of the axilla aka arm pit
Where is the small saphenous vein located
Along the back of the leg
What is the place of incision of the subclavian artery?
Along the inferior border of the lateral one-third of the clavicle bone, exposing the vessel near its point of termination
What is the anatomical guide of the external facial artery, aka the maxillary artery?
Along the inferior border of the mandible just anterior to the angle of the mandible
What is the place of incision for the anterior tibial artery?
Along the lateral margin of the inferior one-third of the crest of tibia bone
What is the place of incision of the brachial artery?
Along the linear guide
What is the anatomical guide of the external iliac artery
Along the medial border of psoas major muscle
Where is the great saphenous vein located
Along the medial side of the leg
Where is the place of incision for the dorsalis pedis artery?
Along the superior one-third of the linear guide - superficial
LIST AND EXPLAIN THE (4 ) METHODS OF DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO INJECTION :
Alternate method (inject and drainage one at a time) Intermittent method (continuous injection with intermittent drainage (drain tube only) Continuous method (continually inject and drainage) Discontinuous method (inject and drain at intervals)
The capillaries in the lungs are in direct contact with many tiny air sacs called
Alveoli
What is the order of aspiration?
Always aspirate from high to low; Clear your trocar often so that it doesn't back up and reverse itself.
How do you handle a spinal autopsy?
Always sew the dorsal/posterior incision before you inject any part of the body. If possible, have an assistant hold the body on its side while you sew this incision either with a baseball stitch or glover stitch, aka roll stitch. Be careful not to distort facial features. If you are alone, roll body over, put chin on head block to keep face from hitting the table, then sew incision.
Injection pressure
Amount of pressure produced by an injection device to overcome initial resistance within or on the vascular system
Surface pack
An absorbent material, compress, saturated with an embalming chemical and placed in direct contact with the tissue
Diptheria
An acute infectious disease characterized by the formation of a flase membrane on any mucous surface
Fixative
An agent employed in the preparation of tissues for the purpose of maintaining the existing form of the structure. Many agents are used, the most important one being formalin.
Hazardous material
An agent or material exposing one to risk
Tetrogen
An agent which can cause non-inheritable mutations in offspring
Disinfectant
An agent, usually chemical, applied to inanimate objects/surfaces to destroy disease causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores
TRANSLOCATION
An agonal or postmortem redistribution of host microflora on a hostwide basis.
Translocation
An agonal or postmortem redistrubution of host microflor on a host wide basis
Resinous substance
An amorphous, nonvolatile solid or soft side substance, a natural exudation from plants; any of a class of solid or soft organic compounds of natural or synthetic origin.
Phenol (Also Carbolic Acid)
An antiseptic/disinfectant employed to dry moist tissues and to bleach.
85
An edemous body will yield ___ pounds of water per 100 pounds of body weight
What is a cavity injector?
An embalming instrument which is connected to a bottle of cavity fluid to aid in injecting the cavity fluid into the various cavities of the body.
TIME-WEIGHED AVERAGE /TWA
An evaluation of exposures that are time-weighted over an established period It allows the exposure levels to be averaged generally over an eight-hour time period.
Where does the dorsalis pedis artery originate
An extension of the anterior tibial artery
Concussion
An immediate and temporary disturbance of brain function
What is important regarding injection of infants?
An incision from the xiphoid process of the sternum to the umbilicus is made to the left of the midline to raise the descending abdominal aorta as an injection site. The drainage site would be the same only to the right of the spine, the inferior vena cava.
Describe the place of incision for the common carotid artery using a parallel incision
An incision is made along the posterior border of the inferior one-third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The incision is thus parallel to the muscle and vessel itself.
Half Moon Incision
An incision on the surface of the skin used when raising the common carotid arteries. It is made from the center of one clavicle by a curve to the center of the other clavicle aka semi-lunar incision
Nosocomial
An infection that is acquired in a hospital setting
Herpes
An inflammatory skin disease marked by small vesicles in clusters, usually restricted to diseases
Hunter, Dr. Willam
An influenctial person in medical embalming who is acknowledged as the first person to successfully adopt a method of arterial injection preserve
Malpighi, Marcello
An influenctial person in medical embalming who was the first to note capillary circulation and was later known as the "Father of Microscopic Anatomy" Father of Histology
Hunter, John
An influential person in medical embalming for whom Hunter's canal is named
Clauderus, Gabrial
An influential person in medical embalming who published a book about a method of embalming without evisceration (German)
Gannal, Jean
An influential person in medical embalming who was the first to make embalming available to the public and who also wrote the first embalming text (First printing in French)
Harlan, Richard
An influential person in medical embalming, who translated Gannal's text into English and promoted embalming for sanitary purposes
Harvey, Dr. William
An influential person is medical embalming who discovered the circulation of blood in 1628
Dermatome
An instrument used for peeling off very thin layers of skin, approximately 1/15,000th of an inch thick and approximately 3 inches wide
Agonal Intussusception
An invagination of an upper segment of intestine within a lower segment
AGONAL INTUSSUSCEPTION
An invagination of an upper segment of intestine within a lower segment.
Agonal Intussusception
An invagination of an upper segment of intestine within a lower segment.
NYSTAGMUS
An involuntary, rapid movement of the eyeball, usually from side to side.
Nystagmus
An involuntary, rapid movemnt of the eyeball, usually from side to side
Ulcer
An open sore or lesion of skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
Dental tie method
An outdated form of mouth closure; most elderly people have no teeth, making the method useless from the start. This method consists of fastening a strong ligature or fishing line around one of the upper incisors and allowing the free end to hang loose. A similar ligature is placed around the corresponding lower incisor and then both loose ends of the ligature are tied together. The biggest fault is that most people have an overbite
Chin Rest Method
An outdated form of mouth closure; the mouth is closed and a head block, bottle, or a nose-chin clamp is positioned. Both carotids are raised and the head is over-embalmed. These positioning devices are left in place until the facial tissue and muscles are firm, they they are removed. The theory is that the tissue is fixed and firm so that the mouth won't open, but this method seldom works and the devices leave marks on the face
Agonal exudation
An outpouring of lymph into the peritoneal cavity
Sodium Hypochlortite
An unstable salt usually produced in an aqueous solution and used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent
Generalized edema
Anasarca is aka?
What is the figure eight suture?
Anchor surface ligature around pins. This is considered as a temporary suture. Its suggested use is to bring and hold the lips of the incision together before and during the embalming operation until a more permanent closure and repair is made. Also, a suggested use of this suture is to assist in a permanent closure by bringing and holding the lips of the incision together when an adhesive or sealer is used inside the incision to seal it permanently. This suture is normally used only on exposed areas.
Abrasion
Antemortem Injuries resulting from friction of the skin against a firm object resulting in the removal of the epidermis
Hypostasis
Antemortem and or postmortem settling of blood and/or other fluids to dependent portions of the body.
Pathological discoloration
Antemortem discoloration that occurs during the course of certain diseases; gangrene and jaundice.
Petechia
Antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discoloration visible as purpleish hemorrhages of the skin
The right and left anterior cerebral arteries are connected by means of the
Anterior Communicating Artery
From the dorsalis pedis vein, the blood flows into the
Anterior Tibial Vein
Just below the knee, the popliteal artery subdivides into the
Anterior and Posterior Tibial arteries
What is the lateral boundary of the anterior cervical triangle?
Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoideus
After giving off its first branch, the internal carotid artery subdivides into two parts, the
Anterior cerebral artery and Middle Cerebral artery
Sodium Citrate would be considered which type of modifying agent?
Anticoagulant
This modifying agent retards the tendency of the blood to become more viscous:
Anticoagulants
Operative corrections
Any and all techniques to treat a problem area, excision, incision, wicking.
Lesion
Any change in structure produced during the course of a disease or injury
Disease
Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a body part, organ, or system
Cancer
Any malignant neoplasm marked by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
Local congestion
Any obstruction in the vascular system causing an increase in injection pressure demand
Ptomaine
Any one of a group of nitrogenous organic compounds formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria on proteins; indole, skatole, cadaverine, and putrescine
Vacuum breaker
Apparatus that prevents the back-siphoning of contaminated liquids into potable water supply lines or plumbing cross-connections within the preparation room.
As the aorta leaves the heart, the curved part is called the
Arch of the aorta
Dessication marks
Areas of embalmed tissue where excessive dehydration has occurred
What are the anatomical limits of the left subclavian artery?
Arises directly from the arch of the aorta as the third branch: begins at the level of the second costal cartilage and terminates at the lateral border of the first rib.
What is the origin of the ascending aorta?
Arises from the left ventrical of the heart
What are the anatomical limits of the right subclavian artery?
Arises from the right brachiocephalic artery, aka innominate artery: begins at the sternoclavicular articulation and terminates at the lateral border of the first rib
Concentrated fluids that are diluted with water to be injected into the vascular system are considered:
Arterial Fluids
5
Arteries have a blood vessel capacity of _____%
Arterioles
Arteries to __________ to capillaries
Capillaries
Arteries to arterioles to ___________
From the digital arteries the blood flows into
Arterioles and Capillaries
The blood flows from the thoracic aorta through the visceral and parietal arteries, through the
Arterioles and capillaries
The pulmonary __________ carry blood to the lungs
Artery
What is Phenol most often used for in embalming?
As a cavity preservative fluid
Filled
As you fill the aorta, the pressure needle will not move. Once the aorta is _______, the pressure needle should bob
Will not
As you fill the aorta, the pressure needle will or will not move?
The aorta arises from the left ventricle and arches backward, descending to the left. For descriptive purposes it may be considered as being subdivided into
Ascending Aorta, Arch of the Aorta, Thoracic Aorta, Abdominal Aorta
As the aorta leaves the heart, the upward part is called the
Ascending aorta
As the blood leaves the heart it flows into the
Ascending aorta and then the arch of the aorta
What is in the right lumbar aka lateral?
Ascending colon.
ADSORPTION
Assimilation of gas, vapor, or dissolved matter by the surface of a solid or liquid.
The pulmonary veins carry blood
Away from the lungs
At the outer border of the first rib the subclavian artery becomes the
Axillary Artery
The Brachial vein extends upwards into the
Axillary Vein
The basilic vein extends superficially upward and then joins the brachial vein to form the
Axillary Vein
The cephalic vein extends upward to empty into the
Axillary Vein
The blood flows from the bronchial veins and from the intercostal veins through the
Azygos Vein
Fermentation
Bacterial decomposition of carbohydrates
The right and left vertebral arteries extend upwards to the base of the brain where they unite to form the
Basilar Artery
This extends superficially upward along the little finger side of the arm
Basilic Vein
What is the accompanying vein for drainage of the brachial artery?
Basilic vein, relative location - medial and superficial to the brachial artery : therefore, the brachial artery will lie lateral and deep to the basilic vein.
Gas
Because the liquid aspect of the arterial solution is simply a vector for the gas, the formaldehyde _____ is what actually effects and fixes the tissue cell protoplasm
How do you suture the head?
Begin on the right and end on the left
What is the anatomical limit of the femoral artery?
Begins at a point posterior to the center of the inguinal ligament, aka pouparts ligament, and terminates at the opening in the adductor magnus muscle
What are the anatomical limits of the brachial artery?
Begins at the inferior border of the tendon of the teres major muscle and terminates at a point just inferior to the antercubital fossa, aka the elbow
What are the amatomical limits of the axillary artery?
Begins at the lateral border of the first rib and terminates at the inferior border of the tendon of the teres major muscle
What is the anatomical limit of the popliteal artery?
Begins at the opening of adductor magnus muscle and terminates at the inferior border of popliteus muscle
Subcutaneous
Beneath the skin
From the left atrium the blood passes through the
Bicuspid valve
Biohazard
Biological agent or condition that constitutes a hazard to humans.
What is in the hypogastric?
Bladder in children in adults if distended. Uterus during pregnancy.
Vesicle
Blister-like elevation of skin of containg serious fluid
Hemoptysis
Blood in sputum
Hematemesis
Blood present in vomitus, vomiting of blood from the stomach.
Where do the accompanying veins of the aorta, the superior and inferior vena cava empty?
Both empty into the right atrium of the heart
After the axillary passes the axilla, it is called the
Brachial Artery
The radial and ulnar veins combine just below the elbow to form the
Brachial Vein
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the
Brain, eyes, forehead, and nose
Describe the external facial artery aka maxillary artery
Branch of the external carotid artery that supplies blood to the cheeks and lips
What is the anatomical guide of the internal iliac artery?
Branches off approximately half way down psoas major muscle toward the pubic viscera. Carries blood to organs in the pubic cavity. This artery is usually severed in autopsied cases.
Individual temporary sutures that are used to align tissues:
Bridge sutures
The visceral arteries (3) branching from the thoracic aorta are the
Bronchial Arteries, Esophageal Arteries, and Pericardial Arteries
The blood flows from the bronchi through the
Bronchial Veins
The blood flows to the bronchi through the
Bronchial arteries
Describe aspiration of the stomach
Brown coffee ground consistency with acrid odor - sour smell; Direct trocar point toward the intersection of the fifth intercostal space and the left mid-axillary line; continue until the trocar enters the stomach on the left side
Borates, carbonates, and EDTA are all what?
Buffers
These chemicals effect the stabilization of the acid-base balance within embalming solutions and embalmed tissues:
Buffers
livor mortis
Cadaveric Lividity; postmortem, intravascular, red-blue discoloration resulting from hypostasis of blood; the change that occurs in the latter parts of the death process; can be cleared
No
Can you embalm a fetus through the deceased mother's arterial system?
Pathogenic
Capable of causing disease.
Tumorigenic
Capable of inducing growth of a tumor
In the lungs the pulmonary artery subdivides into many tiny branches called
Capillaries
The coronary arteries divide into many tiny branches called
Capillaries
85
Capillaries have a blood vessel capacity of _____%
The scientific name for Phenol is:
Carbolic Acid
As the blood flows around the alveoli, it gives off
Carbon Dioxide
From the capillaries the hearts blood supply flows into the
Cardiac Veins
Usually
Cases showing little or no discolorations can ________ be injected safely at higher rates of pressure and flow
Manner of death
Cause of death is not as important as ______________
Sensitizer
Causing an allergic reaction after repeated exposure.
When you direct the trocar to a point one fourth the distance on a line from the right anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis, you are entering:
Cecum of the large intestine
After the inferior phrenic arteries, the next artery extending from the abdominal aorta is the
Celiac Artery
The second branch of the abdominal aorta are the
Celiac Artery
Arch of the aorta
Center of embalming circulation is the _____________
Right atrium
Center of venous drainage is the juncture of the superior and inferior vena cava at the ________
This extends superficially from the dorsal venous network along the thumb side of the arm
Cephalic Vein
From the dorsal venous network, two large veins extend superficially upward, returning the blood towards the heart, known as the
Cephalic and Basilic Veins
The superficial volar venous arches branch into the
Cephalic vein and Basilic Vein
The axillary vein also receives the blood flowing from the
Cephalic vein and Basilic vein (once joined with the brachial vein)
From the brain, blood flows into the
Cerebral Veins
Physical post mortem changes
Changes that are not primarily responsible for alterations in the chemical compositions and properties of the body substances.
Pustular lesion
Charateristic pus-fileld structure of a disease, such as smallpox, syphillis, and acne
Hardening compound
Chemical in powder form that has the ability to absorb and to disinfect. Often used in cavity treatment of autopsied cases.
Modifying agents
Chemicals added to the embalming solution to deal with varying Demands predicated upon the type of embalming, the environment and the embalming fluid to be used.
Germicide
Chemicals which kill or render incapable of reproducing disease causing microorganisms
Carbuncle
Circumscribed inflammation of the skin and deeper tissues that ends in suppuraction and is accompanied by systemic symptoms, such as fever and leukocytosis; Several communicating boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissue with the production and discharge of pus and dead tissue
Describe aspiration of the brain
Clear Fluid; may contain small specks of tissue with no odor. May be creamy white; Enter cranial trocar, well lubricated, into the left nostril until it touches the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Exert pressure until trocar penetrates the cranial cavity and enters the brain.
Short circuit purge
Clear fluid purge False purge ____________ All synonymous; actually arterial fluid solution that has escaped the blood vascular system and is exiting the mouth and nose
False purge
Clear fluid purge ___________ Short circuit purge All synonymous; actually arterial fluid solution that has escaped the blood vascular system and is exiting the mouth and nose
Describe aspiration of the right and left lung
Clear or red foam or frothy white; no odor; Direct the trocar point along an imaginary line first high and then low toward the center of both the right and left clavicle bones
Ether
Clear, volatiles liquid used as a wax solvent or to remove grease, oil, and adhessive tape stains
Surface compress
Cloth, wet or dry, folded and applied firmly to a body part
Aerosol
Colloidal solution dispensed as a mist
Iodophor
Combination of iodine and a solubilizing agent or carrier that liberates free iodne in solution; a chemical disinfectant
The brain is supplied with blood by means of the
Common Carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries
These arteries extend upward and supply blood to the head and neck
Common Carotids and Vertebral
The femoral vein empties into the external iliac vein which in turn empties into the
Common Iliac Vein
LIST THE (4) MAJOR BIFURCATIONS :
Common carotid; internal / external carotids Brachial; ulnar / radial Base of the descending abdominal aorta; right / left common iliacs Popliteal; anterior / posterior tibia arteries
Where might sutures be visible?
Common carotids, ulnars, and radials
What is the accompanying vein of the common iliac artery
Common iliac vein lies directly inferior to the common iliac artery; therefore, the common iliac artery lies directly superior to the common iliac vein
The hypogastric veins empty into the
Common iliac veins
Mixture
Composition of two or more substances that are not chemically bound to each other
Portal
Concerning an entrance to an organ, especially through which the blood is carried to the liver.
Continuous
Concurrent method (a method of drainage in relation to injection) is aka?
Septicemia
Condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in blood.
Pitting edema
Condition in which interstitial spaces contain such excessive amounts of fluid that the skin remains depressed after palpation.
Apparent death
Condition in which the manifestations of life are feebly maintained.
Dry Gangrene
Condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic and occurs when the arteries but not the veins are obstructed.
Dry gangrene
Condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic and occurs when the arteries but not the veins are obstructed.
What is the origin of the femoral artery?
Continuation of the external iliac artery
What is the origin of the arch of the aorta?
Continues from the ascending aorta and is the center of embalming circulation
Define isotonic
Contractions which we normally think of when muscle undergo their normal movement
Define Isometric
Contractions with a constant tension on the muscle, but little or no movement occurs
Reduce
Copious drainage will do what to the arterial injection pressure requirements?
From the cardiac veins, the heart's blood supply flows into the
Coronary Sinus
From the cerebral veins the blood flows into the various
Cranial Venous Sinuses
Somatic Death
Death of the organism as a whole
Lipolysis
Decompsition of fats
What is catabolism?
Decrease in body temp post mortem from 99.6 to 98.6
Agonal algor
Decrease in body temperature
The small saphenous vein empties into the
Deep Popliteal Vein
The internal maxillary artery leads towards the
Deep structures of the face, towards the covering of the brain, and towards the teeth and jaws
Chemical evaporation
Dehydration caused by using too harsh of an arterial solution to embalm a dead human body.
What is in the left lumbar aka lateral?
Descending colon.
Bacteriolysis
Destruction of bacteria by action of certain chemical substances.
Third degree burns
Destruction of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues; seared, charred
Hemolysis
Destruction of red blood cells that liberates hemoglobin
Bactericidal agent
Destructive to bacteria
Anomalies
Deviations from the normal
The thoracic aorta extends down to the
Diaphragm
Where is the diaphragm of phrenic muscle?
Diaphragm, also called phrenic muscle, divides the descending aorta, aka descending thoracic aorta, from the descending abdominal aorta, left side of the spine
Differential pressure
Difference between actual pressure and potential pressure
Dyspnea
Difficult or painful breathing
The superficial and deep volar arches extend into the
Digital Arteries
LIST THE (5) REASONS OF THE PURPOSE OF AND IMPORTANCE OF PROPER BLOOD DRAINAGE : (D.R.R.P.P.)
Diminish secondary dilution Remove intravascular dilution Retard decomposition Prevent tissue distention Permit disinfection and temporary preservation
Embalming surface
Direct contact of internal or external body tissues with embalming chemicals
Cavity embalming
Direct treatment, other than vascular (arterial) injection, of the contents of the body cavities and the lumina of the hollow viscera; usually accomplished by aspiration and injection of undiluted cavity fluid
Blood discoloration
Discolorations resulting from changes in blood composition, content, or location either intravascularly or extravasculary
Exanthematous Disease
Disease characterized by a rash, for example, measles
Addison ' s disease
Disease resulting from a deficiency in the secretion of adrenocortical hormones, with "bronze" discoloration of the skin and electrolyte imbalances
Contagious disease
Disease that may be transmitted between individuals, with reference to the organism that causes a disease
Communicable disease
Disease that may be transmitted either directly or indirectly between individuals by an infectious agent
Pathological condition
Disease; due to a disease
Infectious disease
Diseases caused by the growth of pathogenic microorganisms within the body
Mutilated
Disfigured by a loss of natural part because of the application of force.
LIST AND EXPLAIN THE 5 REASONS INJECTION PRESSURE MUST BE SUFFICIENT TO (5)
Dislodge congested drainage Stimulate capillary filtration Minimize fluid loss Saturate the capillary bed Penetrate surface tissue
Subcutaneous Emphysema
Distension of the tissues beneath the skin by gas or air; an antemortem condition brought about by a surgical procedure or trauma.
Swelling
Distention is aka?
Hydronephrosis
Distention of the pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys with urine as a result of obstruction.
The blood returning from the foot flows into the venules of the foot and then the
Dorsal Venous Arch
The blood from the superficial volar venous arches flows into a network of superficial veins, known as the
Dorsal Venous Network of the hand
The anterior tibial artery continues along the anterior part of the leg to the ankle joint where it becomes the
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
The medial and lateral plantar arteries form the plantar arch which also receives blood from the
Dosalis Pedis
Define depression
Downward movement, or lowering a body part
Closed system drainage
Drainage procedure that limits the exposure of the embalmer to the drainage. Tubing is attached to a drain tube allowing drainage to flow directly from a vein into a sanitary disposal system; tubing may also be attached to a trocar and aspirator allowing drainage to be taken from the right atrium of the heart to the sanitary disposal system.
Decrease
Drainage sites above the heart can ______ the chances of swelling in the face (increase or decrease?)
Syneresis
Drawing together, or a contraction, of gels which results in the giving off of water.
Extraction
Drawn or pulled out.
Liquid nail
Drywall adhesive is aka ____________
Arch of the aorta
During life, the heart is the center of blood circulation, but in death, the ____________ becomes the center of the arterial embalming process
Counter staining compound
Dye that helps cover initial discoloration such as jaundice.
Eosin, ponceau, and erythrosine are all examples of:
Dyes
Electrocardiogram
EKG AKA ECG: Record of the electrical activity of the heart
Mechanical machine
Eckel's embalming machine was aka?
Skeletal Edema
Edema in the body appendages, trunk, and/or head as contrasted with edema of the body cavities
Hypertonic
Edematous fluids are _________; they draw out the moisture from the body tissues
Systemic
Effect occuring at sites remote from the route of entry
Percutaneous
Effected through unbroken skin
What do you do after turning on the machine and checking the rate of flow and pressure?
Elevate legs and massage towards the heart; Flex and extend arms and massage towards the heart; After you are sure fluid has penetrated arms, reposition them; Be sure fingernails are cleaned and trimmed; After you are certain that fluid has penetrated the legs and arms, massage the body trunk
Poze injectior
Embalming equiopment used to inject a substance into the mourth, giving the deceased a more life-like appearance by filling out the mouth
Poze injector
Embalming equipment used to inject a substance into the mouth, giving the deceased a more life-like appearance bu filling out the mouth [controversial]
Cosmetic Fluid
Embalming fluid that contains dyes and coloring agents intended to restore a more natural skin tone through the embalming process
HIGH INDEX ARTERIAL FLUID
Embalming fluids with a high formaldehyde content used on extremely difficult cases in which the embalmer may encounter or on cases in which the embalmer desires a great degree of rigidity generally 30 - 36 + index.
What is a parietal needle, aka hypo valve trocar?
Embalming instrument used to hypodermically inject areas of the body with embalming chemicals.
Embalming pack
Embalming where an absorbent material is saturated with an embalming chemical and placed in direct contact with the tissue.
What is the baseball or sail stitch?
the type of stitch used on baseball covers and was the type of incisions used by the Egyptians. Usually an "s" curved suturing needle with a cutting edge and a rather heavy ligature are employed. The stitch is made from beneath, up through the skin and the needle is crossed from side to side with each stitch. This makes for a strong closure, but pulls the tissues adjacent to the incision upward into a ridge. For the best results, be sure to keep the ligature taut after each suture.
Exoenzymes
Enzymes which function outside of the bacterial cell wall
Agonal edema
Escape of blood serum from an intravascular to an extra vascular location immediately before death
The blood flows from the esophagus through the
Esophageal Veins
Posterior boundary
Established by drawing a line along the fold of skin which envelops the lateral border of the latissimus dorsi muscle.
Posterior Boundary (Axillary space)
Established by drawing a line along the fold of the skin which envelops the lateral border of the latissimus dorsi muscle
Anterior Boundary (Axillary space)
Established by drawing a line along the fold of the skin which envelops the lateral border of the pectoralis major muscle
Medial Boundary (Axillary space)
Established by drawing a line which connects the two points where the pectoralis major and latissmus dorsi muscles belnd into the chest wall
Lateral Boundary (Axillary space)
Established by drawing line which connects the two points where the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscle blend into the arm
When aspirating the brain, an infant trocar is passed through the left or right nostril through the cribiform plate of the:
Ethmoid bone
Emaciation
Excessive leaniness; a wasted condition resulting in sunken surfaces of the face
Facies Hippocratica
Expression or appearance of the facial features after death. The look of death
The femoral vein empties into the
External Iliac Vein
The common iliac artery divides into these
External Iliac and Hypogastric Arteries
The third branch off the external carotid artery is the
External Maxillary Artery
The right and left common carotid arteries extend upwards along the trachea until the reach the upper border of the thyroid cartilage where they subdivide into the
External and Internal Carotid Arteries
At the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, the common carotids divide into the
External carotid and Internal Carotid Arteries
The right and left common iliac arteries divide into the
External iliac and hypogastric arteries
Each common iliac artery subdivides into the
External iliac and hypogastric artery
The posterior facial vein and the posterior auricular vein combine to form the
External jugular vein
Photophobia
Extreme sensitivity to light.
The ophthalmic artery carries blood to the
Eye
The external Maxillary Artery leads toward the
Face
The greater the surface tension, the faster the rate of penetration by the arterial solution: T/F
False
Proper angle of head is "16 DEGREES" to the right
False, 15 DEGREES
If an ARTERY is collapsed you may inject until is it able to be seen
False, VEIN
Atheroma
Fatty degeneration or thickening of the walls of the larger arteries occuring in atherosclerosis
Water logging
Feature swelling and distortion due to pre-injection of fluids causing an accumulation in the tissues and vessels; if offers greater resistance to the entrance of more solution
Rectal
Feces escaping from the rectum is what kind of purge?
The external iliac artery extends towards the thigh where it is called the
Femoral Artery
Femoral artery lies lateral and superficial to?
Femoral vein
What is the accompanying vein of the femoral artery?
Femoral vein, relative position - medial at the inguinal ligament progressing to immediately posterior at the apex of the femoral triangle, aka Scarpa' s Triangle; The femoral vein will lie medial and deep to the femoral artery; therefore, the femoral artery will lie lateral and superficial to the femoral vein.
What is the origin of the Brachiocephalic Artery, aka Innominate Artery?
First branch off the aortic arch: Approximately two to three inches in length; Right side only
How do you position remains
Flex 1) the facial muscles; 2) cheeks, jaw, and neck; 3) arm at shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger; 4) leg at hip, knee, foot; Alleviate by flexing as much rigor mortis as possible; Position the body the way you want it to appear in the casket
The passage of some elements of the injected arterial solution from within the capillary to the tissue spaces is the definition of:
Fluid Diffusion
The passage of embalming solution from the point of injection throughout the arterial system and into the capillaries is:
Fluid Distribution
Interstitial fluid
Fluid in the supporting connective tissues surrounding body cells (about one-fifth the body weight)
Supplemental Fluid
Fluid injected for purposes other than preservation and disinfection.
Preinjection Fluid
Fluid injected primarily to prepare the vascular system and body tissues for the injection of the preservative vascular (arterial) solution. This solution is injected before the preservative vascular solution is injected.
Intracellular fluid
Fluid inside cells of the body (constituing about one-half of the body weight)
From the plantar arch, the blood flows to all parts of the ____ through small arterteries, arterioles, and capillaries
Foot
Common iliac
For a mother who died during advanced pregnancy (rare), embalm through the left _____________ artery and establish drainage from the inferior vena cava through the right common iliac vein
Inferior vena cava
For a mother who died during advanced pregnancy (rare), embalm through the left common iliac artery and establish drainage from the _____________ through the right common iliac vein
.434
For the gravity method of embalming, for each 1 foot of elevation of the percolator, the pressure of injection increases by how many pounds?
1 foot
For the gravity method of embalming, for each ______ of elevation of the percolator, the pressure of injection increases by .434 pounds
Hot water embalming
Form of embalming that should only be used in desperation and in cases of decomposition. It has a rapid liberation of formaldehyde gas.
Hypodermically injecting the masseter muscles
Form of mouth closure; injection of high index cavity fluid, via small syringe into the masseter muscles (chewing muscles located at the rear of the mouth behind the teeth.) The mandible is then put in a closed position until the muscles firm. A problem that may arise is a circular burn mark in the cheek from the cavity fluid. Method seldom works.
Hepatitis A (HAV)
Formally called Infectious hepatitis. It is caused by the enterically transmitted (oral-fecal route).
Canalization
Formation of new channels in a tissue.
Where does the plantars arch originate?
Formed at the base of the digits toes anteriorly by the dorsalis pedis artery and posteriorly by the posterior tibial artery
Describe the volvar arch, aka deep and superficial palmar
Formed in the palm of the hand just inferior to the fingers by the juncture as well as the branches of the radial and ulnar arteries. Referring to the correct anatomical position, the volar arch is superior to the fingers.
Embolism
Free floating object in the blood stream
Asepsis
Freedom from infection and from any form of life; sterility
What is the linear guide of the brachial artery?
From center of the base of the axillary space to the center of forearm just below bend of elbow
Postmortem interval
From death to embalming
Trace the flow of blood from the heart to the esophagus and return
From heart to ascending aorta to arch of aorta to thoracic aorta to esophageal arteries to esophagus to esophageal veins to left innominate vein to superior vena cava to heart
What is the linear guide of the posterior tibial artery?
From the center of popliteal space to a point midway between medial malleolus and the calcaneus bone
Where is the linear guide for the dorsalis pedis artery?
From the center of the anterior surface of the ankle joint to a point between the first and second digits
Trace the path of the blood as it flows to nourish the heart
From the heart, to ascending aorta, to right and left coronary arteries, to heart capillaries, to cardiac veins, to coronary sinus, to right atrium.
What is the linear guide of the anterior tibial artery
From the lateral border of the patella to the anterior surface of the ankle joint
E
Gas formation in the cavities and organs can be removed by aspiration: A. Prior to injection B. During injection C. After injection D. All of the above E. A and B F. B and C
This artery carries the blood from the hepatic artery to the stomach and duodenum
Gastroduodenal
From the stomach and duodenum, the blood flows into the
Gastroduodenal ein
Dermatitis
General inflammation of the skin
Pneumoconiosis
General term used to denote any prolonged inhalation of mineral dust
Anasarca
Generalized edema
This component of the arterial fluid is designed to kill microorganisms:
Germicides
What is in the epigastric?
Greater part of the stomach including cardiac and pyloric orifices. The greater part of the pancreas.
What is the most dangerous but neatest needle?
Half moon
Procurement
Harvesting is slang for what term?
Highly toxic
Having a relatively low lethal dose.
Trace the path of the blood from the heart to the capillaries of the left hand
Heart, to ascending aorta, to arch of the aorta, to left subclavian artery, to axillary artery, to brachial artery, to radial and ulnar arteries, to superficial and deep volar arches, to digital arteries to arterioles to capillaries.
From the liver, the blood flows into the
Hepatic Veins
Arterial fluids that have an index between 30-35 are considered:
High Index Fluids
Bodies embalmed during and after rigor mortis need what index of arterial fluid?
High index
If senile purpura is in evidence over the hands and arms of the body, how would you embalm?
High index and slow rate of flow
LIST AND EXPLAIN THE CONDITIONS THAT CAN CAUSE THE NECK TO SWELL (5):
High pressure High rate of flow Obese cases Clotted drainage Thoracic and abdominal gas
Osmosis
Hindered diffusion is aka?
Hand pump
Historical instrument resembling a large hypodermic syringe attached to a bottle apparatus; used to create either pressure for injection or vacuum for aspiration.
True solution
Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances able to pass through a semi-permeable membrane. The size of the solute particles is less than one nanometer
Head freeze
Hook "y" into both common carotid arteries, aiming upward One 16 0z. bottle of 30 index or better fluid One bottle full of hot water (act as a catalyst to embalming fluid) Use a wet towel over machine to seal it; turn off pressure, minimize flow Up both carotids, try to get all 32 oz. in head unless you see swelling. This is used when you see bulging eyeballs, indicating the possibility of decomposition in the cranial cavity What is this called?
Nine
How many arteries make up the circle of Willis?
Three
How many kinds of blood cells are there?
Three
How many layers are there to vessels?
6
How many points of injection are you likely to have for someone with pitting edema?
6
How many quarts of blood does the body have in life?
Glycerin, sorbitol, and lanolin are examples of which type of modifying agent?
Humectant
First Degree Burn
Hyperemia: An injury caused by heat which produces redness of the skin.
When a solution has a greater concentration of dissolved solute than the solution with which it is compared is said to be:
Hypertonic
Treatment of small localized areas or large areas such as the trunk walls of the autopsied body but subcutaneous injection of a suitable chemical:
Hypodermic embalming
What supplies blood to the pelvis?
Hypogastric Artery
In the 9 region plan for dividing the abdominal cavity, the urinary bladder would be in the:
Hypogastric region
Gravitational settling of the blood to the dependent portions of the body
Hypostasis
A solution having a lesser concentration of dissolved solute that the solution with which it is compared is said to be:
Hypotonic
Swelling
If you are turning off the embalming machine, creating another point of drainage, preferably one point above the heart and one below, you are most likely trying to correct what?
Thermal
If you experience scanty and clotted drainage during embalming, it could be because the body had some sort of __________ influence
Moribund
In a dying state; in the agonal period
Picture frame
In a perfection half couch casket, the body should be centered utilizing the head panel - the roll [cove or puffing] acting as a ____________
Mottling
In embalming, is the congestion of arterial fluid solution in the superficial capillaries during the embalming process. It is a cauliflower effect on the tissue, usually with staining as a result of arterial dye. ___________ can be induced by clamping off the corresponding vein, creating backpressure
Heat
In extreme cases, what thermal influence will alter the growth of bacteria?
Maceration
In its broadest sense, refers to the moistening, and softening, of any tissue decomposing in a liquid medium.
Blushing
In life, is the congestion of blood in the superficial capillaries of the face and neck because of nervous or emotional tension
Hyperemia
In life, is the congestion of blood within the superficial capillaries of the immediate area of an infection or irritation
Blood circulation
In life, the heart is the center of _________
Turbid
In liquids, muddy with particles of extraneous matter, not clear on transport
Solvent
In osmosis, a solvent or a solute passes through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution?
Agonal coagulation
In reference to blood, a change from a fluid into a thickened mass
Decontaimination
Inactivation or removal of microbial toxins, as well as living microbial pathogens themselves.
Parallel Incision
Incision made parallel to the artery
Parallel Incision
Incision on the surface of the skin to raise the common carotid arteries; it is made along the posterior border of the inferior one-third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
What is anabolism?
Increase in body temp post mortem from 98.6 to 99.6; caused by oxidation of food products and cessation of cooling methods - respiration, circulation, and perspiration; bacteria just prior to death cause energy and heat buildup in tissues, causing excessive muscle activity
Agonal fever
Increase in body temperature immediately before death
Leukocytosis
Increase in number of leukocytes (above 10,000 per cumm) in blood, generally caused by infection and usually transient
LIST THE 5 METHODS OF STIMULATING DRAINAGE :
Increase pressure, pulsating pressure and rate of flow Creating back pressure (by opening and closing tube) Massage of the body Instruments Chemicals
What is used to reference the amount of absolute formaldehyde gas by volume present in the arterial fluid?
Index
Frictional resistance
Indicates the drag of the fluid solution or of the blood against the interior of the blood vessels or lumina. It is determined by four factors: -Viscosity of blood -Amount of the inner surface presented -Nature of the inner surface -Age - ___________ is less in the young, most noticeable in the elderly
What is the Bridge Suture or Temporary Interrupted Suture?
Individual stitch knotted at the tissue edge. This suture is normally used as a temporary stitch. It may be applied prior to embalming to align tissues
The common iliac veins empty into the
Inerior Vena Cava
The first group of arteries extending from the abdominal aorta are the
Inferior Arteries
The first branches of the abdominal aorta are the
Inferior Phrenic Arteries
Leading into the straight sinus is the
Inferior Sagittal Sinus
From the hepatic veins, the blood flows into the
Inferior Vena Cava
From the left renal vein the blood flows into the
Inferior Vena Cava
The blood flowing from the right spermatic vein or the right ovarian vein flows directly into the
Inferior Vena Cava
The blood flows from the inferior phrenic veins to the
Inferior Vena Cava
The blood flows from the left renal vein into the
Inferior Vena Cava
The common iliac veins empty into the
Inferior Vena Cava
The lumbar veins empty into the
Inferior Vena Cava
The renal veins empty into the
Inferior Vena Cava
What is the superior boundary of the anterior cervical triangle?
Inferior margin of the mandible
The vein receiving the blood flowing from the inferior mesenteric artery is the
Inferior mesenteric Vein
The right suprarenal vein empties directly into the
Inferior vena Cava
From the middle sacral vein, the blood flows into th
Inferior vena cava
Nephritis
Inflammation of a kidney.
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver. It may be caused by a veriety of agents, including viral infections, bacterial invasion, and physical or chemical agents. It is usually accompanied by fever, jaundice, and an enlarged liver
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
What is the superior boundary of the femoral triangle?
Inguinal ligament
How do you inject the head?
Inject the head from the left and then right common carotid arteries. Never inject the head simultaneously. Inject the left side first. Never inject the head with more than the minimum amount of pressure or rate of flow. Before posing features, thoroughly cream the forehead; open cranial incision; remove calvarium; have two small hemostats ready to clamp off the severed ends of the internal carotid arteries. • Start injection of the head only after features are posed. After you see fluid and only fluid leaking from the severed ends of the internal carotid arteries, clamp them off with small hemostats. These severed ends are found in the area designated as the circle of willis in the center and at the base of the cranial cavity. Remain alert for leakage in the neck along the channel of the carotid arteries. Have hemostats ready to clamp off any leakage from the severed branches of the carotid arteries. Because the descending aorta is so often removed, it becomes necessary to hypodermically preserve the sidewalls and flaps of both the thoracic and abdominal cavity. Mix one to two gallons of strong solution in your embalming machine. Proportionally keep your pressure higher than your rate of flow ; make these adjustments before injection. Connect a parietal needle or small trocar to pliable rubber embalming machine hose; be sure your instrument is sharp. Have assistant work machine "on" and "off' switch or bend pliable rubber hose to control fluid with an O.S.H.A. approved hose. Inject all areas that did not receive fluid from arterial injection. Do not forget to inject shoulder area, back side walls, front flaps, and reproductive organs. After injection, clean machine by running 6 gallons of water through it; clean all instruments and put them away. Leave water in the machine. Aspirate or sponge out all cavities.
Waterless embalming
Injection of an arterial solution compressed of a preservative embalming fluid which is diluted with supplemental chemicals such as humectants, water conditioners, and co-injectors
Embalming Hypodermic
Injection of embalming chemicals directly into the tissues through the use of a syringe and needle or a trocar
The amount of pressure produced by an injection device to overcome initial resistance within the vascular system:
Injection pressure
The arch of the aorta contains three branches. The first and largest branch is called the
Innominate Artery
What are the three branches of the aortic arch, in order?
Innominate Artery, Left Common Carotid Artery, Left Subclavian Artery
From the first artery in the arch of the aorta is the
Innominate artery
The right common carotid artery arises from the
Innominate artery; the left common carotid artery arises from the arch of the aorta.
Supply
Instrument, equipment, or supply? Injector needle
Instrument
Instrument, equipment, or supply? Needle injector
The parietal arteries branching from the thoracic aorta are the
Intercostal Arteries and Superior Phrenic arteries
The blood flows to the muscles and skin of the chest wall through the
Intercostal arteries
Suture that creates a tight, leakproof closure but produces an unsightly ridge:
Interlocking (lock)
The Circle of Willis is formed by the anterior cerebral arteries, which are branches of the
Internal Carotid Arteries
When you are embalming the head of a cranial autopsy, what vessels must be clamped?
Internal carotid arteries
IARC
International Agency for research on cancer
Hidden stitch:
Intradermal suture
Flush/Flushing
Intravascular blood discoloration that occurs when arterial solution enters an area (such as the face), but due to blockage, blood and embalming solution are unable to drain from the area.
Agglutination
Intravascular; the increase of viscosity of the blood brought about by the clumping of particulate formed elements in the blood vessels which is a specific type of congealing
This type of suture is used to gather in and turn under excess tissue:
Inversion (worm)
Death
Irreversible cessation of all vital functions (nonlegal definitions)
Biological death
Irreversible somatic death, where life can not be restored
What is the axillary artery origin?
Is a continuation of the subclavian artery and terminates by becoming the brachial artery
Where is the external iliac artery?
Is an extension of the common iliac artery
No
Is postmortem stain a discoloration?
Death
Is tissue gas is in life or death?
This solution has a concentration of dissolved solute equal to that of a standard of reference:
Isotonic
Describe the popliteal artery
It is extension of the femoral artery
Explain why the subclavian arteries must be injected for autopsy cases
It is imperative that the left and right subclavian arteries be injected on autopsied cases so that these eight arteries carry arterial fluid to the shoulders and back of the head. Of the 8 arteries, the left and right vertebrals are of primary importance
What is the Whip Stitch, Continuous Glover Suture or Roll Stitch?
It is used by passing the ligature through both sides of the incision from the outside going from one side to the other as the incision is sutured.
Where does the medial border of the psoas major run
It runs along the external iliac artery and vein, so the muscle serves as an antomical guide in locating these important vessels
What is the middle of the road needle relative to safety and closure product?
J Single curve
Improper positioning of the head could inhibit drainage of what vein?
Jugular
What is the anatomical guide of the radial artery?
Just lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle
The Renal arteries carry the blood to the
Kidneys
hepatic artery provides blood to ___; also gives off three branches, the
LIVER; right gastric, gastroduodenal, cystic
Using the four quadrant division of the abdomen, the cecum is located in the:
LRQ
The second artery in the arch of the aorta is the
Left Common Carotid
Which common carotid is longer?
Left Common Carotid
The second branch of the aortic arch is called the
Left Common carotid Artery
The three branches of the celiac artery are the
Left Gastric Artery, Hepatic Artery, Splenic Artery
The left subclavian vein empties into the
Left Innominate Vein
From the superior phrenic veins, the blood flows into the
Left Innominate vein
Both the left spermatic vein and the left ovarian vein empty into the
Left Renal Vein
From the left suprarenal vein, the blood flows into the
Left Renal Vein
The third artery in the arch of the aorta is the
Left Subclavian
The left vertebral artery comes from the
Left Subclavian Artery
The third branch of the aortic arch is called the
Left Subclavian Artery
The left external jugular vein empties into the
Left Subclavian Veins
From the lungs, the blood flows through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, then flows through the bicuspid valve into the
Left Ventricle
On which sides is the innominate vein?
Left and right side
The pulmonary veins carry the blood to the
Left atrium of the heart
During the embalming of an autopsied case, which artery would be injected first when embalming the head?
Left common carotid
second branch off of arch of aorta
Left common carotid
Both the esophageal veins and the pericardial veins empty into the
Left innominate Vein
What side of the cranial autopsied head do you inject first?
Left side first
What is the origin of the descending aorta, aka descending thoracic aorta?
Left side of the spine
During the embalming of an autopsied case, which of the following arteries would be used to inject the upper left extremity?
Left subclavian
Trace the path of the blood from the heart to the left hand and return
Left ventricle of heart, ascending aorta, left subclavian artery from arch of aorta, axillary artery, brachial artery, radial and ulnar arteries, superficial and deep volar arches, digital arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, superficial and deep volar arches, from superficial to dorsal venous network, to cephalic vein to axillary vein and from basilic vein to brachial vein to axillary vein, from depp volar to radial and ulnar veins, to brachial vein, to axillary vein, left subclavian vein, left innominate vein, superior vena cava, Right Atrium of the heart
In the autopsied infant body, which part is embalmed first?
Legs
What are less successful methods to close the cranium?
Less successful methods are plaster of Paris, needle injector, and cotton and scaler. After the calvarium is firmly secured, place thin incision sealer/putty over the line of bone separation. Return the skin flaps to normal position. - With a small 1/2 moon needle and thin double strand ligature cord start to sew flaps together. - Always start from the right ear and sew with a baseball stitch toward the left ear.
What is the anatomical guide of the ulnar artery?
Lies lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, lies between tendons of flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum superficialis
What is the anatomical guide for the brachial artery?
Lies posterior to the medial border of the belly of the biceps brachii muscle
Define elevation
Lifting up a body part
Linear Guide
Line drawn or visualized on the surface of the skin to represent the approximate location of some deeper lying structure
What is the place of incision of the radial artery?
Linear guide at the wrist. Make incision two inches above the wrist
What is the place of incision of the ulnar artery?
Linear guide at the wrist. Make incision two inches above the wrist.
The second principal branch of the external carotid artery is the
Lingual Artery
Pus
Liquid product of inflammation containing various proteins and leukocytes
Vehicle
Liquids that serve as a solvent for the numerous ingredients that are incorporated into embalming fluids
Remains, operator, instruments and equipment
List the variable factors involved in case analysis in order of importance
The hepatic artery supplies blood directly to the
Liver
The portal vein carries blood to the
Liver
Exsanguination
Loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained.
Agonal dehydration
Loss of moisture from the living body during the agonal state
The external iliac arteries extend to the
Lower extremeties
Just below the spermatic or ovarian arteries on the abdominal aorta are the
Lumbar arteries
The pulmonary artery carries blood to the
Lungs
Transverse
Lying at right angles of the long axis of the body
Transverse incision
Lying at right angles to the long axis of the body
What is a transverse incision?
Lying at right angles to the long axis of the body
Blood
Made up of plasma and formed elements, blood cells, or corpuscles
Wicking
Making an incision, using a piece of cotton as a wick to draw fluid out of the body (for edema)
Sign of death
Manifestation of death in the body.
Purge
Massage cream on the lips will act as a barrier for what?
At the ankle the posterior tibial artery divides into the
Medial and lateral plantar arteries
Inner canthus
Medial corners of the eye
Intrinsic
Medication, drugs and other therapeutic agents are considered what types of factors in relation to the body?
What arterial fluid should be used to embalm the body of a 4-12 year old?
Medium index 18-25
Passive transport system
Method by which solutes and/or solvents cross through a membrane with no energy provided by the cells of the membrane. In embalming, examples include pressure filtration, dialysis, diffusion, and osmosis
PASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Method by which solutes and/or solvents cross through a membrane with no energy provided by the cells of the membrane. In embalming, examples include pressure filtration, dialysis, diffusion, and osmosis.
Passive transport system
Method by which solutes and/or solvents cross through a membrane with no energy provided by the cells of the membrane. In embalming, examples include pressure filtration, dialysis, diffusion, and osmosis.
Concurrent drainage
Method of drainage in which drainage occurs continuously during vascular (arterial) injection.
Intermittent drainage
Method of drainage in which the drainage is stopped at intervals while the injection continues.
Alternate drainage
Method of injection-drainage in which embalming solution is injected and then injection is stopped while drainage is open which is a type of restricted drainage.
Just above the end of the abdominal aorta is the
Middle Sacral Artery
This receives blood flowing from the sacrum and coccyx
Middle Sacral Vein
What is the medial boundary of the anterior cervical triangle?
Midline of the neck
What is the place of incision for the posterior tibial artery?
Midway between the medial malleolus and the calcaneus tendon, aka Achilles tendon
TARDIEU SPOTS
Minute petechial hemorrhages caused by the rupture of minute vessels as blood settles into the dependent areas of organs and tissues; it is accompanied by livor mortis. A postmortem, extravascular blood discoloration. Most common in asphyxial or slow deaths.
Tardieu Spots
Minute petechial hemorrhages caused by the rupture of minute vessels as blood settles into the dependent areas of organs and tissues; it is accompanied by livor mortis. A postmortem, extravascular blood discoloration. Most common in asphyxial or slow deaths.
Isomers
Molecules of a compound in which the atoms gave a slightly different configuration
Which of the following would be considered a sign of diffusion when discussing the embalming operation?
Mottling (bleaching) of the tissues
The lumbar arteries extend to the
Muscles of the skin and abdominal wall, lumbar vertebra, and the spinal cord
Anasarca and pitting edema
Name two types of liquid accumulations
Time and temperature
Name two unreliable indicators of pressure requirements (hint: both start with "T")
The external carotid arteries supply blood to the
Neck, face, mouth, jaws, and scalp
Gangrene
Necrosis, death of tissues of part of the body usually due to dificient or absent blood supply
Moist (wet) gangrene
Necrotic tissue that is wet as a result of onadequate venous drainage; may be accompanied by bacterial infection.
acronym for remembering order of branching of E.C.A.
thy l e o st im = THY LEO STIM
After skin recovery, when should arterial solution with lanolin/humectants be used?
Never
In death by accident, if the organs are to be donated, who has to give permission?
Next of kin and coroner
DEATH RATTLE
Noise made by a moribund person caused by air passing through a residue of mucous in the trachea and posterior oral cavity.
Serrated
Nothched on the edge like a saw, as seen with forceps
Hazard communication standard/Rule
OSHA regulation that deals with identifying & limiting exposure to occupational hazards
The fourth principal branch of the External Carotid Artery is the
Occipital Artery
What is the linear guide of the ulnar artery?
On surface of forearm from center of antecubital fossa to a point between fourth and fifth digits
What is the linear guide of the radial artery?
On surface of the forearm from center of the antecubital fossa to center of base of the second digit
What is the linear guide of the femoral artery?
On the surface of the thigh from center of inguinal ligament to center point on the medial condyle of the femur bone.
DEATHLING
One liable to death, a mortal.
Deathling
One liable to death, a mortal.
Butlerov, Alexander M
One of the discoverers of formaldehyde (Russian)
Visceral
One of the two types of branches from the descending aorta It supplies blood the the visceral branches
Parietal
One of the two types of branches from the descending aorta It supplies blood to the walls surrounding the cavities
What is protocol for autopsies?
Open thoracic abdominal and cranial cavities; Remove any gauze packings or any foreign material from the three cavities; Remove viscera and put in viscera bucket; Open viscera with long scissors or long bladed knife, aka bistoury knife; Pour carefully any liquid from viscera into aspiration sink; Pour 1 to 3 bottles of cavity fluid over viscera. Be sure lo mix fluid and viscera thoroughly; then cover bucket; if the brain is left in the body, then it should be included with the viscera for treatment; Aspirate all three cavities and wash remains with warm soapy water; Prepare solution in machine and connect "Y" connection with two cannula tubes. Inject the lower extremities first. Locate the bifurcation of the external iliacs just to the left of the lowerspine at the termination of the aorta; Put a cannula from each branch of the "Y" into the right and left external iliacs; After observing a substantial amount of fluid in the drainage, clamp or the tie off the vein; this will allow penetration of fluid into the surface tissue. Create back pressure. Aspirate cavity after you are sure legs are thoroughly embalmed. Pose features at the same time you inject the lower extremities; If possible, inject the arms from inside the thoracic cavity either from the arch of the aorta if intact or the subclavian arteries. Be sure you extend the arms outward and open the hands and flex the fingers to stimulate circulation. Encourage drainage by massage. After observing a substantial amount of fluid in the drainage, clamp or tie off the axillary or subclavian vein . This will allow penetration fluid into the surface tissue, aka mottling
The first major branch of the internal carotid artery is the
Ophthalmic Artery
Fat
Organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; chemically, a triglyceride ester, composed of glyceral and fatty acids
Describe the internal and external carotid arteries
Originate at the bifurcation of the left and right common carotid arteries at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage. The bifurcation will occur front to back not side to side.
Where does the anterior tibial artery originate?
Originates at the bifurcation at the popliteal artery
Where does the posterior tibial artery originate?
Originates at the bifurcation at the popliteal artery
What is the origin of the radial artery?
Originates at the bifurcation of the brachial artery
What is the origin of the ulnar artery?
Originates at the bifurcation of the brachial artery. It is larger than the radial artery.
Where is the origin of the common iliac artery
Originates at the descending abdominal aorta bifurcates in to right and left common iliac arteries
Where is the origin of the interal iliac artery
Originates from the common iliac artery
Where do the right and left vertebral arteries terminate and what do they form?
Originates from the left and right subclavian arteries and terminates by forming the basilar artery in the foramen magnum.
Hindered Diffusion
Osmosis is aka?
Concurrent method (continuous)
Out of the techniques of drainage related to injection, which method is the fastest way to embalm?
Alternate method
Out of the techniques of drainage related to injection, which method will get the maximum amount of drainage?
Concurrent method
Out of the techniques of drainage related to injection, which method will give the least uniform backpressure?
As the blood flows around the alveoli, it picks up
Oxygen
permissible exposure limit
PEL; maximum legal limit based on exposures that are time weighted over an 8hr period = .75 ppm
The splenic artery extends to the
Pancreas, spleen, and parts of the stomach
What is the chief ingredient in embalming powder?
Paraformaldehyde
What is the place of incision for the popliteal artery?
Parallel incision on the posterior medial aspect of the thigh just superior to popliteal space
These supply the blood to the walls of the chest cavity
Parietal Arteries
Pressure filtration
Passage of embalming solution through the capillary wall to diffuse with the interstitial fluids by application of positive intravascular pressure. Embalming solution passes from an intravascular to an extravascular position
Diffusion solution
Passage of some components of the injected embalming solution from an intravascular to an extravascular location; movements of the embalming solutions from the capillaries into the interstitial fluids.
Sepsis
Pathological state, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the blood or other tissues
The hypogastric Artery supplies blood to the
Pelvis
Agonal period
Period immediately before somatic death
Agonal state
Period immediately preceding or prior to death
Postmortem
Period that begings after somatic death
The posterior tibial artery extends along the back of the leg to the ankle. Just below the knee, it gives off one large branch, the
Peroneal Artery
Parenteral
Piercing,mucous membranes or the skin barrier through such events s needlesticks, human bites, and cuts and abrasions
From the dorsalis pedis artery, the blood flows to the
Plantar Arch of the foot
The hardening agent in hardening compounds is:
Plaster of Paris
Unionall
Plastic garment designed to cover the entire body from the neck down to and including the feet.
Increase
Poor drainage will increase or decrease pressure requirements?
At the back of the knee, the femoral artery becomes the
Popliteal Artery
The blood flowing from the digestive organs flows into the
Portal Veins
All of the blood coming from the celiac artery, except for the branch from the hepatic artery, flows to the indicated parts of the digestive system through the proper arteries and from there through the corresponding veins and then empties into the
Portal vein
Describe methods of lip closure
Position lip with thin layer of cotton in side mouth between gum and lip; Wet cotton strips outside mouth; Stay cream - Mix 2/3 talcum powder with 1/3 vaseline; Sew with hidden stitch if badly dehydrated ; use tissue builder; Cement lip - Be sure teeth and lips are dry; use lip lock or Japanese glue Use straight pins into gums and set lips on head of pins or pin lips to gum and remove after tissue firms
Pressure Filtration
Positive intravascular pressure causing passage of embalming fluid through the capillary wall to diffuse with the interstitial fluids; causing passage of embalming fluid from an intravascular to an extravascular position
Physicochemical postmortem change
Postdeath alteration in the body that comprises a physical and a chemical change, for example, rigor mortis, wherein there is a change in pH of the tissues and a stiffening of the muscles.
The posterior communicating arteries lead to the corresponding
Posterior Cerebral Arteries
When the right and left internal carotid arteries reach the base of the brain they divide into several branches. The first branches are the
Posterior Communicating Arteries
The medial and lateral plantar veins empty into the
Posterior Tibial Vein
The blood flows through all of these arteries into arterioles, into capillaries, into venules, and then finally two large veins, the
Posterior facial and posterior Auricular Vein
What is the anatomical guide of the axillary artery?
Posterior to the medial border of the coracobrachialis muscle
Tissue Gas
Postmortem accumulation of gas in tissues or cavities brought about by an anaerobic gas forming bacillus, Clostridium perfringens
Rise in temperature after death:
Postmortem caloricity
Recently
Postmortem caloricity indicates the remains to be _______ deceased
Veins
Postmortem clots almost always form in what?
What is algor mortis?
Postmortem cooling after catabolism
Tissue gas
Postmortem emphysema is aka what?
Decomposition
Postmortem stain indicates that the remains are entering ____________; low pressure, multiple points of injection and drainage, strong solution, induced backpressure, moderate flow, etc.
Laking
Postmortem stain is aka?
Rubber Water collar
Preparation room equipment applied to the neck creating external pressure to reduce swelling of the neck.
Lip sealer (lip cement)
Preparation room materials used on cases where the lips and/or eyelids are difficult to close properly
How do you suture the abdominal and thoracic cavity?
Prepare "S" shaped autopsy needle with double strand ligature cord to suture abdominal and thoracic cavity. Liberally sprinkle hardening compound throughout the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity. Fill cavities with batting cotton or saw dust or return preserved viscera to cavity. Sew sternum back on rib cage; again sprinkle hardening compound over the entire area. Sew three flaps together and then sew abdomen downward using a baseball stitch. After the abdomen has been sewn downward with a baseball stitch, sew thoracic across from shoulder to shoulder with baseball stitch. Be sure that cotton and hardening compound is put in place of the trachea if it has been removed. If this is not done, the result will be a flat neck.
How do you suture the cranium?
Prepare 1/2 moon needle with thin double strand ligature cord. Dry out interior of cranium, cover base of skull with quick drying incision sealer. Put hardening compound and cotton in cranial cavity; then replace calvarium after it has been saturated with hardening compound. Be sure foramen magnum is tightly packed. Methods of attaching Calvarium: 1) Wire it after drilling a series of holes or use metal calvarium claps. 2) Anchor the ligature cord behind both ears and the center of posterior flap.
Bacteremia
Presence of bacteria in the blood
Passage of embalming solution through the capillary wall to diffuse with the interstitial fluids by application of positive intravascular pressure is:
Pressure Filtration
Intravascular pressure
Pressure developed as the flow of embalming solution is established and the elastic arterial walls expand and then contract, resulting in filling of the capillary beds and development of pressure filtration
Blood pressure
Pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls measured in millimeters of mercury
Potential pressure
Pressure indicated by the injector gauge needle when the injector motor is running and the arterial tubing is clamped off
What does the internal carotid artery, the posterior branch, supply?
Primary blood supply to the brain
What does the external carotid artery, the anterior branch, supply?
Primary blood supply to the face
Dilution attained as the embalming solution is mixed in the embalming machine is known as the:
Primary dilution
Which stage of embalming is the best for embalming?
Primary flaccidity
Sterilization
Process that renders a substance free of all microorganisms
Prognathism
Projection of the jaw or jaws that may cause problems with mouth closure and alignment of the teeth
cavity injector
is attached to a cavity fluid bottle, connected to a length of rubber tubing and a trocar to inject the fluid into the ventral cavity of the deceased
After passing through the semilunar valves, the blood enters the
Pulmonary Artery
The blood flows through the capillaries, around the alveoli, and then enters the
Pulmonary Veins
Any postmortem evacuation of any substance from a body is:
Purge
Lungs
Purge that is frothy white, foamy, usually no odor is from the ________
Stomach
Purge that is liquid, coffee ground color, sour odor is from the ________
Brain
Purge which is creamy white, having no odor or color is from the ________
Vascular
Purge with color and consistency similar to arterial fluid solution
branches off of the R and L subclavian arteries that extend upward towards the head
R and L vertebral arteries
The deep volar venous arches branch into the
Radial and Ulnar Veins
Just below the elbow, the brachial artery divides into two branches, called the
Radial and ulnar arteries
Brachial
Radial and ulnar arteries originate at the bifurcation of the ___________ artery
Hydrolysis
Reaction in which water is one of the reactants and compounds are often broken down. In the hydrolysis of proteins, the addition of water accompanied by action of enzymes results in the breakdown of protein into amino acids
Exposure Occupational
Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties
Ischemia
Reduction in arterial blood supply
Anastomosis
Refers to the union of distal ends of two arteries
Embalming an infant, how?
Regular arterial fluid with strength only slightly reduced from that of an adult
Filtration
Removal of particles (liquid or solid) from a solution, as it passes through a membrane or other partial barrier
LIST THE 3 PRIMARY PURPOSES FOR CAVITY ASPIRATION :
Remove as much of the bodily fluid and semi-solid contents of the viscera as possible Remove gasses and liquids to prevent pressure on blood vessels and organs Remove blood from the heart and major trunk veins so the blood is not forced into superficial capillaries
Desiccation
Rendered throughly dry, exhausted or moisture.
Methyl salicylate and benzaldehyde are considered to be:
Reodorants
Chemicals that have the ability to displace an unpleasant odor or convert an unpleasant odor in a more pleasant one are called:
Reodorants/perfuming agents
Channeling
Restorative treatment usually accompanied by aspiration, gravitation, or external pressure to remove gases or excess liquids from tissues; passages are made through tissues with a scalpel, hypodermic needle or trocar
You are preparing to embalm a human where the eyes have been enucleated; inject using the:
Restricted cervical method
Blood entering the heart flows into the
Right Atrium
From the vena cava, the blood enters this to begin the cycle again
Right Atrium
The superior vena cava extends into the
Right Atrium of the Heart
The superior vena cava leads into the
Right Atrium of the heart
The innominate artery divides into two branches. The branch going upward is called the
Right Common Carotid Artery
The innominate artery subdivides into the
Right Common Carotid and Right Subclavian
The second branch of the innominate artery extends toward the right arm, called the
Right Subclavian
The right vertebral artery comes from the
Right Subclavian Artery
On the right side the axillary vein extends into the
Right Subclavian Vein
The right external jugular vein empties into the
Right Subclavian Veins
The blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the
Right Ventricle
At its lower end, the abdominal aorta divides into two branches
Right and Left Common Iliac Arteries
At its terminal end, the abdominal aorta divide into the
Right and left common iliac arteries
The ascending aorta has two small brances, which supply blood to the heart muscle
Right and left coronary arteries
The right and left subclavian veins empty into the
Right and left innominate veins
Circle of Willis
Right and left internal carotids, anterior communicating artery which serves to link the right and left anterior cerebral arteries, the right and left posterior cerebral arteries, right and left posterior communicating arteries and some consider the basilar artery as part This all makes up what?
The basilar artery branches into the
Right and left posterior Cerebral Arteries
Along the abdominal aorta, just below the superior mesenteric artery, there are two branches
Right and left renal arteries
From the coronary sinus the blood enters the
Right atrium
Center of drainage is:
Right atrium of the heart
During the cavity embalming, if the embalmer moves the trocar along a line from the left anterior-superior iliac spine to the lobe of the right ear and passing through the diaphragm, you are entering what organ?
Right atrium of the heart
Describe the circulation of the blood through the heart, beginning with the right atrium
Right atrium, through the tricuspid valve to right ventricle, through semilunar valves to pulmonary artery to lungs to capillaries, around alveoli to pick up oxygen and give off carbon dioxide, to pulmonary veins to left atrium through bicuspid valve to left ventricle through semilunar valves to aorta to all parts of the body to vena cava and return to right atrium
What is the accompanying vein of the Brachiocephalic Artery, aka Innominate Artery?
Right brachiocephalic vein will lie lateral and superficial to the right brachiocephalic artery; therefore, the right brachiocephalic artery will lie medial and deep to the right brachiocephalic vein.
What artery would be used to inject the right leg of an autopsy leg?
Right external iliac
The hepatic artery gives off three branches
Right gastric artery, Gastroduodenal artery, Cystic artery
Utilizing the nine region abdominal plan, the cecum of the large intestine is located in the:
Right inguinal
On which sides is the innominate artery?
Right side only
The postmortem stiffening of the muscles of the body is called:
Rigor mortis
Does
Rigor mortis does/does not affect pressure requirements
Postmortem caloricity
Rise in temperature after death due to continued cellular metabolism
What are the necessary instruments?
Rubber gloves and apron, rubber head block, arterial tubes, aneurysm hooks, hemostat, nasal aspirator, needle injector, brass wire, needles, scalpel, scissors, curved and straight forceps, spatula, ligature thread, and vein tube drains.
gooseneck
Rubber stopper containing two tubes, one to create vacuum or pressure and the other to deliver fluid or achieve aspiration. Possibly used in conjunction with a hand pump.
Gooseneck
Rubber stopper containing two tubes, one to create vacuum or pressure and the other to deliver fluid or achieve aspiration; possibly used in conjunction with a hand pump.
What is the safest but most unsightly needle?
S Double Curve
The Middle Sacral Artery extends to the
Sacrumand coccyx
What are the considerations of the brachial artery?
Same as those of the axillary artery
What are the precautions of the brachial artery?
Same as those of the axillary artery
What is the lateral boundary of the femoral cervical triangle?
Sartorius muscle
The occipital artery leads toward the
Scalp
When the dilution of the embalming fluid is further diluted by the fluids in the body, this is:
Secondary dilution
Autolysis
Self-destruction of cells; decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance.
From the right ventricle the blood passes through the
Semilunar Valves
From the left ventricle, the blood passes through another set of
Semilunar valves
Dialysis
Separation of substances in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable, membrane (aka selective diffusion)
Syndrome
Set of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease (Ex: Down's Syndrome)
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Severe infectious bloodborne virus
What is in the left inguinal aka iliac?
Sigmoid flexure of colon
DEATH TOKEN
Signal of approaching death.
Death token
Signal of approaching death.
Diffusion
Signs of arterial solution distribution or diffusion? -Dye in the tissues -Firming of the tissues -Loss of skin elasticity -Drying of the tissues -Rounding of fingertips, lips, and toes -Mottling of the tissues (bleaching) -Fluorescent dye observed using "black light"
Distribution
Signs of arterial solution distribution or diffusion? -Fluid dye -Distension of superficial blood vessels -Blood drainage -Clearing of intravascular blood discolorations
The intercostal arteries lead to the
Skin and Muscles of the chest wall
The preservative action of embalming fluid works best when the pH of the body is in what range?
Slightly alkaline
Pustule
Small elevation of the skin with an inflamed base, containing pus
The superior mesenteric artery leads to the
Small intestine and half of the large intestine
The blood flows from the venules into the dorsal venous arch and then, superficially, into the
Small saphenous or great saphenous vein
Paraformaldehyde is formaldehyde in:
Solid form
Isotonic solution
Solution having equal tension on both sides of the capillary wall (same osmotic pressure); example: salt solution and blood (0.9 saline solution)
DEATH THROE
Spasm of death.
Death throe
Spasm of death.
High preservation demand fluids
Special vascular (arterial) fluid with a high HCHO content.
Valentine Tube
Specially designed tubing which attaches to the outlet of a gravity percolator
Exposure Incident
Specific eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employees duties.
Rate of flow
Speed at which fluid is injected; measured in ounces per minute
Another part of the arteries arising form the abdominal aorta at a point below the renal arteries are the
Spermatic or Ovarian Arteries
From the inferior mesenteric vein, the blood flows into the
Splenic Vein
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Spread by contaiminated blood or body fluids
Active Dyes AKA
Staining dyes AKA cosmetic dyes: Dyes which aid in restoring life-like surface pigmentation to a body and also stain the body tissue cells
Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (VRSA)
Staphylyoccus aureuspathogens that have become resistent to the drugs methicillin and vancomycin
Warmth
Stimulates fluid penetration
By directing the trocar point toward the intersection of the fifth intercostal space and the mid-axillary line, you will be entering:
Stomach
The left gastric artery leads to parts of the
Stomach and esophagus
LIST AND EXPLAIN THE 5 TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PURGE :
Stomach purge (coffee grinds, acidic/sour odor) Lung purge (frothy white, foamy, usually no odor) Brain purge (creamy white , no odor or color) Rectal purge (feces escaping from the rectum / intestinal tract) Vascular / false purge (arterial fluid solution escaping from the vascular system)
The superior Sagittal sinus connects with the
Straight Sinus
DEATH KNEEL
Stroke or tolling of a death bell.
The right and left vertebral arteries arise from the corresponding
Subclavian Arteries
The external jugular veins empty into the
Subclavian veins
Co-enzymes/accelerators
Substances which increase the activity of enzymes
Dye/Coloring agent
Substances which will, upond being dissolved, impart a definite color to the embalming solution. Dyes are classified as to their capacity to permanently impart color to the tissue of the body into which they are injected.
Cyanide gas
Super glue + batting cotton = ____________
Both the radial and the ulnar arteries extend into the palm of the hand where they subdivide into the
Superficial and Deep Volar Arches
The blood from the venules enters the
Superficial and deep volar venous arches
The venules then carry the blood to the
Superficial and deep volar venous arches
From the dorsal venous arch the blood flows either through
Superficial or deep set of veins
After the occipital branch, the external carotid artery subdivides into two main branches
Superficial temporal and Internal Maxillary Arteries
From the upper surface of the diaphragm the blood flows into the
Superior Phrenic Veins
The uppermost of the cranial venous sinuses is the
Superior Sagittal Sinus
The first principal branch of the external carotid artery is the
Superior Thyroid Artery
From the azygos vein, the blood flows into the
Superior Vena Cava
The right and left innominate veins combine to form the
Superior Vena Cava
The right and left innominate veins empty into the
Superior Vena Cava
What are the primary trunk veins related to the aorta?
Superior and inferior vena cava
After the celiac artery, the next branch of the abdominal aorta is the
Superior mesenteric artery
There are some fluids that are injected for purposes other than preservation and disinfection. Some are injected before the preservative solution, others are injected with it. These are:
Supplemental Fluids
Just above the renal arteries are the
Suprarenal Arteries
This modifying agent is designed to promote the diffusion of the preservative elements through the capillary walls to saturate the tissues uniformly:
Surfactant
Wetting agents, surface tension reducers, and penetrating agents are all which type of modifying agent?
Surfactants
Cohesion
Surfactants decrease the _______ of a liquid
Define tetanic contractions
Sustained contraction, where muscle fibers are unable to relax between stimuli occuring at a more rapid rate
When embalming a body, what is the most common problem encountered in treatment of the encucleated eye?
Swelling
time weighted average
TWA; evaluation of exposures that are timeweighted over an established period; it allows the exposure levels to be averaged over an 8hr period
Suspended Animation
Temporary condition of apparent death
National institute for occupational safety health niosh
Tests and certifies respiratory protective devices and air sampling detector tubes, recommends occupational exposure limits for various substances, and assists OSHA inoccupational safety and health investigations and research.
MILLICURIE / MC ATOMS
That amount of radioactive material in which 37 million disintergrate each second. DISINTEGRATE EACH SECOND.
Actual pressure
That pressure indicated by the injector gauge needle when the arterial tube is open and the arterial solution is flowing into the body
Ideal (recommended) injection pressure
That pressure which will overcome vascular resistance and cause a moderate, uniform movement of arterial solution from the injector into the vascular system and ultimately into the tissue cells
From the semilunar valves, the blood flows into the main artery
The Aorta
This extends from the abdominal aorta to the other half of the large intestine
The Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Hydraulic machine
The Moore embalming machine was aka?
Axillary artery
The National Board and school say to inject what artery to preserve someone's arm?
Warmer
The ______ the temperature, the more rapid the liberation of formaldehyde gas
Define contactility
The ability of muscles to contract and cause movement
Fixation
The act of making tissue rigid. The solidification of a compound
Millicurie (MC Atoms)
The amount of radioactive mertial in which 37 million disintergrate each second.
Popliteal artery
The anterior and posterior tibial arteries originate at what artery?
Chemotherapy
The application of chemical reagents in the treatment of disease in humans, causing an elevated preservation demand
1/3000
The average capillary has a diameter of only _________ of an inch
Displacement
The basic foundation in establishing drainage is what?
Displacement
The basic foundation in establishing drainage. It consists of injecting fluid solution into the arterial system and allowing it to push the blood ahead of itself into the venous system and out through the drain tube
Mitral valve
The bicuspid valve is also known as?
Hepatic failure
The body tissues could have a golden yellow discoloration; associated with ___________ causing jaundice
Contact pressure
The capillaries of the dorsal (posterior) surface of the body will be compressed by external surface pressure from the embalming tables, cots, morgue trays, bandages, tight clothing, casts, etc. This is known as....?
What is in the right inguinal, aka iliac?
The cecum and veriform appendix
Postmortem blood coagulation
The changing of the blood from a liquid to a semi-solid or from a semi-solid to a solid
Burn
The cold will deter early decomposition, but extreme cold will cause tissue to ______
Define motor unit
The combination of a motor neuron and the group of muscles it stimulates
Descending abdominal aorta
The common iliac arteries originate at the bifurcation of the ___________________
Metallic cylinder
The compressed air canister/CO2 canister was aka?
Arterial (VASCULAR) fluid
The concentrated, preservative, embalming chemical that will be diluted with water to form the arterial system during vascular embalming. The purpose is for inactivating saprophytic bacteria and rendering the body tissues less susceptible to decomposition.
Disinfection
The destruction and/or inhibition of most pathogenic organisms and their products in or on the body.
Surface Embalming
The direct contact of body tissues with embalming chemicals
Cavity treatment
The direct treatment, other than by arterial injection, of the contents of the body cavities and the lumina of the hollow viscera
Buccula
The double chin is aka?
Define insertion
The end of the muscle attached to the more movable bone
Define origin
The end of the muscle that is attached to the less movable or fixed bone
Hypertrophy
The enlargement of an organ or part due to the increase in size of cells compsing it
Stored and organized
The entire case analysis should be documented in report form and properly _____________
What is the external iliac accompanying vein?
The external iliac vein lies medial and deep to the external iliac artery: therefore, the external iliac artery will lie lateral and superficial to the external iliac vein
Mouth
The facial feature and expression that is most prominent in death
Eyes
The facial feature and expression that is most prominent in life
How do you raise a vessel - part 1 of 2
The fat and deep fascia are separated by blunt dissection, using aneurysm hooks or fingertips, to expose vessels and nerves. The student must be careful not to rupture any vessels especially when using aneurysm hooks. Separate the artery from the accompanying veins, nerves, and fascia/ Use aneurysm hooks to clean excess tissue from the vessels. After you raise the artery and/or the vein from a clear and open incision, place the handle of the aneurysm hook under the vessel. Make ligature by cutting a piece of suture into an eight inch length. By using curved forceps, insert under the artery and/or the vein two ligatures superior and inferior approximately one inch apart.
Never
The fetus should ______ be aspirated or mutilated in any way (in a mother who died during pregnancy)
Pubic symphysis
The fibrocartilage that joins the two public bones in the median plan
Ounces per minute
The flow meter will usually display the flow of fluids in what measurement?
Pressure
The force required to distribute an embalming fluid solution through the body
Infarction
The formation of an area of necrosis in a tissue caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area
Cavitation
The formation of cavities in an organ or tissue; frequently seen in some forms of tuberculosis.
Thombosis
The formation or presence of an attached blood clot
What is in the left hypocondriac?
The fundus of stomach. The spleen. The tail of the pancreas. The splenic flexure of the colon.
Transplantation
The grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another site, or of an organ or tissue from one person to another.
Variation
The greatest single problem encountered in operative embalming is ___________
Describe how the heart is involved in embalming circulation
The heart is excluded from embalming circulation because at death the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and right ventricle as well as the bicuspid or mitral valve between the left atrium and left ventricle shut down
Moore embalming machine
The hydraulic machine was aka?
Internal iliac artery
The hypogastric artery is aka?
Hyperplasia
The increase size of an organ or part due to the excessive but regulated increase in the number of its cells
The amount of formaldehyde dissolved in 100 mL of water indicates:
The index
Superior
The internal and external carotids originate at the bifurcation of the left and right common carotid arteries at the ________ border of the thyroid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
The internal and external carotids originate at the bifurcation of the left and right common carotid arteries at the superior border of the _________
Hypogastric artery
The internal iliac artery is aka?
What is the accompanying vein to the carotid arteries?
The internal jugular vein will lie lateral and superficial to the common carotid artery. Therefore the common carotid artery will lie medial and deep to the internal jugular vein.
Gravity filtration
The intravascular (which eventually becomes extravascular) settling of fluid by gravitational force. It is the eventual downward passage of fluid solution into adjacent tissues under the influence of gravity
Which is longer, the right or left subclavian artery?
The left subclavian artery is longer than the right subclavian artery
What is the origin of the aorta?
The left ventricle of the heart; The aorta is divided into 4 parts: 1) ascending aorta , 2) arch of the aorta, 3) descending aorta aka descending thoracic, 4) descending abdominal aorta
Aorta
The main trunk artery is the _______
Inferior and superior vena cava
The main trunk vein(s) is the ________________
Circle of transmission
The means by which a pathogen is passed from host to host.
Eckel's embalming machine
The mechanical machine was aka?
Bicuspid valve
The mitral valve is aka?
Arterial Solution
The mixture of arterial (vascular) fluid and water which is used for the arterial injection and may include supplemental fluids.
DEFINE THE DEFINITION OF FLUID DISTRIBUTION AND LIST THE SIGNS :
The movement of arterial fluid solution from the point of injection throughout the arterial, capillary and venous portions of the blood vascular system. Signs Observation of active dye Distension of superficial blood vessels Blood Drainage Leakage from I.V. punctures Clearing of Intravascular Blood Discolorations
Articulo-Mortis
The movement of blood from the heart and arteries into the capillaries and veins, which occurs at the moment of death.
Distribution solution
The movement of embalming solutions from the point of Injection throughout the arterial system and into the capillaries.
Diffusion
The movement of molecules or other particles in solution from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration until uniform concentration is reached
Fluid Distribution
The movement of the arterial solution from the point of injection through the blood vascular system.
Fluid Diffusion
The movement of the arterial solution through the capillaries into the intercellular spaces, from an intravascular to an extravascular position
Sectional injection
The multi-point injection is aka?
Define prime mover aka agonist
The muscle largely responsible for the desired movement
Define antagonist
The muscle that haves the opposite effect of the prime mover, aka agonist
Osmosis
The passage of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution (fluid). When two solutions of unequal concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane, such as a capillary wall, the solvent molecules will move in the greatest number from the area of lower solute concentration to the area of higher solute concentration
Fluid diffusion
The passage of some elements of the injected arterial fluid solution from an intravascular to an extravascular position
DEFINE THE DEFINITION OF FLUID DIFFUSION AND LIST THE SIGNS :
The passage of some elements of the injected arterial fluid solution from an intravascular to an extravascular position. Signs Loss of skin elasticity Firming of the deep tissues Drying of the tissues Rounding of the fingertips, lips, and toes Mottling (uneven colors) & Bleaching of the tissues
Pressure filtration
The passage through the capillary walls of arterial fluid solution because of positive intravascular pressure exerted by a pump, compressor or gravity against the fluid, forcing the liquid out through the tiny intercellular spaces in the capillary bed; in other words, putting fluid into the body via an embalming machine
Is not
The point of injection, be it femoral, carotid or axillary, (is/is not) as significant as the point or points of drainage
List the arteries involved in the Circle of Willis
The posterior cerebral arteries, the posterior communicating arteries, the anterior cerebral arteries, and the anterior communicating artery.
Contaiminated
The presence or the reasonably anticipated presence of blood or other potentially infectious materials
Antisepsis
The prevention of inhibiting of the growth of causative microorganisms
How do you raise a vessel - part 2 of 2
The primary objective is to make the incision large enough to easily admit a cannula tube in the artery or a drain tube in the vein. Make an incision with a sharp scalpel transverse or diagonal but never more than half way across the vessel, at right angle to the long axis of the vessel. With scissors cut a triangular wedge from the wall of the vessel. This type if incision is used most frequently in cases of arteriosclerosis and the only time scissors are permitted. Insert cannula tube into artery. Be sure cannula tube is smaller than the lumen. NEVER force a cannula tube into the artery. Always grease cannula with liquid soap before inserting it into the artery. After you have successfully inserted cannula into artery tighten ligature. Insert drain tube. Cut vein with scalpel. Insert with the greatest of care, narrow stemmed forceps. Grease drain tube, spread incision with forceps, and insert drain tube. Always keep pump rod closed when inserting drain tube into vein. Tie ligature tightly so drain tube isn't forced out. Inject about one quart of fluid before pumping drain tube rod. Massage the dependent parts of the body in a motion toward the heart. Be sure massage is vigorous. Always watch for drainage and always encourage drainage. After injection of about one quart of fluid, stop the machine, open drain tube to be sure you have drainage.
Coagulation
The process of converting soluble protein to insoluble protein by heating or contact with a chemical such as an alcohol or an aldehyde. The solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass Agglutination is a specific form of coagulation.
Define coagulation
The process of converting soluble protein to insoluble protein by heating or contact with a chemical such as an alcohol or an aldehyde. The solidification of a solution into a gelatinous mass. Coagulation is a specific form of agglutination
Infiltration
The process of seepage or diffusion into tissue of substances that are not orginarily present
THIXOTROPY
The property of certain cells of becoming fluid when shaken, and then becoming solid again.
Venous drainage
The removal of at least 1/2 of the blood volume from the vascular system as a result of pressure and rate of flow induced by injection of the arterial fluid solution
Flushing
The removal of blood drainage from the vascular system or even livor mortis, but not postmortem stain
Describe the common carotid artery
The right common carotid artery is the terminal branch of the brachiocephalic artery, aka innominate artery. The brachiocephalic artery is the first branch off the arch of the aorta. The left common carotid artery is the second branch off the arch of the aorta
Left common carotid
The second branch off the arch of the aorta
Multi-point injection
The sectional injection is aka?
DEATH STRUGGLE
The semi-convulsive twitches which often occur before death.
Dialysis
The separation of differing substances in solution because of their differing diffusibility through semi-permeable membranes. It is the process of separating crystalloids and colloids in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane
Tissue coagulation
The solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; agglutination is a specific form of coagulation.
Infection
The state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conisitons, multiples and produces injurious effects
Protrusion
The state or condition of being thrust forward or projecting.
Hematology
The study of blood
Cardiology
The study of the heart
Phlebology
The study of veins in the body
Angiology
The study of vessels of the body
Arteriosclerosis
The term is applied to a number of pathological conditions causing a thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the the walls of the arteries.
Left subclavian
The third branch off the arch of the aorta
Endoenzymes
The true metabolic enzymes of bacterium, produced within the bacterial cell wall.
One of the disadvantages of using the drainage tube would be:
The tube can block other veins
Embalming vascular
The use of the vascular systems of the body for preservation disinfection and restoration; usually accomplished through injection of embalming solutions into the arteries and drainage from the veins
Where does the vascular system twist?
The vascular system twists at the base of the spine reversing the relationship arteries have to veins.
The component of the arterial fluid that serves as a solvent is:
The vehicle
Case analysis
The very foundation of professional embalming is ____________
Rapid
The warmer the temperature, the more _______ the liberation of formaldehyde gas
After
There are two types of eye enucleation: -Entire globe -Corneal sclero button excision only Both should be excised before or after embalming?
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
These arteries originate at the bifurcation at the popliteal artery
Radial and ulnar arteries
These arteries originate at the bifurcation of the brachial artery
Common iliac arteries
These arteries originate at the bifurcation of the descending abdominal aorta
Surfactants
These decrease the cohesion of a liquid --> therefore, assist in better preservation (better diffusion)
ACTION LEVEL / AL-EXPOSURE LIMITS
These levels are established to ensure adequate protection of employees at exposures below the OSHA limits, but to minimize the compliance burdens for employers whose employees have exposures below the 8 hour permissible exposure limit (PEL) The AL for formaldehyde is 0.5 ppm.
Describe the restricted cervical method incision for the common carotid artery
This method involves the utilization of both common carotids and both internal jugular veins. This method is recommended for difficult cases. Method of injection wherein both common carotid arteries are raised. The half moon or flap incision is made from the center of one clavicle bone in a half moon curve to the center of the other clavicle bone. The surface skin is dissected from the rib cage until the four vessels become accessible. Most embalmers consider the flap or half moon incision to be outdated and prefer two separate three-inch supraclavicular incisions for the restricted cervical method.
Rigor mortis
This postmortem physiochemical change exerts an extravascular pressure, a compression of the vascular system
As the aorta leaves the heart, the descending part, down to the diaphragm, is called the
Thoracic Aorta
From the arch of the aorta blood flows into the
Thoracic aorta
Pathological conditions
Those conditions in which there has been damage to the tissue due to disease
Second degree burn
Those resulting in acute inflammation of the skin and blisters.
Powders
Those sealing compounds which are used within vascular incisions, wounds, ulcerations, and other moist areas of the body
The Celiac artery subdivides into
Three branches
What is the linear guide of the axillary artery?
Through center of the base of axillary space and parallel to long axis of the upper extremity when abducted
What is the linear guide of the popliteal artery?
Through the center of popliteal space parallel to the long axis of lower extremity
What is the anatomical guide of the femoral artery?
Through the center of the femoral, aka scarpa's, triangle bounded laterally by the sartorius muscle and medially by the adductor longus muscle
The Superior Thyroid Artery supplies blood to the
Thyroid Gland
The common carotid arteries extend upward along the trachea until they reach the upper border of the
Thyroid cartilage
Postmortem emphysema
Tissue gas is aka what?
Freezer burn
Tissue will be dark, discolored and crusty due to extreme cold
Lacerate
To cut or tear into irregular sements
Aerosolization
To disperse as an aerosol; minute particles of blood and water become atomized and suspended in air when water under under pressure meets the blood drainage or when flushing an uncovered flush sink
Perfusion
To force a fluid through (an organ or tissue), especially by way of the blood vessels; injection during vascular (arterial) embalming
Excision
To remove as by cutting out; the area from which something has been cut out.
Excise
To remove by cutting out
Other than the ophthalmic artery, where do the branches off the internal carotid artery go?
To the Brain
The lingual artery leads to the
Tongue
Fourth degree burn
Total evacuation (absence) of tissue
Toxemia
Toxins in the blood
Hepatitis E (HEY)
Transmitted by contaiminated water and human waste
The superior sagittal sinus connects with the straight sinus to form the paired
Transverse Sinuses
What is in the umbilical?
Transverse colon. The trocar is inserted two inches to the left and two inches above the navel
What are the 6 treatments of the puffed or swollen eye?
Treatments: 1. The use of cold water packs during and after injection 2. The use of a cavity fluid pack- if the eye is swollen and discolored, use a bleaching fluid 3. The use of eye weights 4. The use of an electric spatula or a tissue reducer 5. Using a narrow hypodermic needle- aspirate the liquid from the swollen area 6. Dip eyecaps into preservative topical jelly prior to insertion
What are the 6 treatments of the puffed or swollen eye?
Treatments: 1. The use of cold water packs during and after injection- leave the packs on for 12-24 hours 2. The use of a cavity fluid pack- if the eye is swollen and discolored, use a bleaching fluid 3. The use of eye weights, which is rare- lead eye weights or little sand bags made from baby socks are placed on the eyes to reduce the swelling 4. The use of an electric spatula or a tissue reducer- use a large amount of massage cream or cooking grease to avoid burning the tissue. (Never lay an electric spatula on un protected tissue and be sure the eyecap is out. Use quick strokes on the area until it is reduced to its normal size. 5. Using a narrow hypodermic needle- aspirate the liquid from the swollen area making numerous channels, then apply cold water packs. 6. Dip eyecaps into preservative topical jelly prior to insertion
From the right atrium, the blood passes through a valve known as the
Tricuspid Valve
How do you aspirate?
Trocar is sharp and aspiration systems is in good working order; use an O.S.H.A. approved temperature sensitive clear, rigid plastic or rubber hose, NOT flexible gum rubber hose because they collapse and vacuum is lost; Insert trocar into umbilical region 2" above and 2" to the left of the navel.
LIST AND EXPLAIN THE TREATMENTS FOR A SWOLLEN NECK : (4)
Trocar/ channeling - aspirating the neck to create channel for the fluid to drain into the thoracic cavity Restricted cervical method - obese cases will create low resistance areas in the neck thus the neck will be predisposed to swelling during injection Aiir or water collar - the pressure from the collar will force the fluid to drain into the thoracic cavity Turkish towel or water pack - the weight of the water will force the fluid in the neck into the thoracic cavity
Active Dyes in arterial fluids will impart not only color to the fluid, but will also bring back color to embalmed tissue. T/F
True
False
True or false A HIGH atmospheric humidity will extract moisture from the boy causing early dehydration
False
True or false A LOW atmospheric humidity may reduce dehydration but it will favor early decomposition because heat and moisture are favorable for rapid bacterial growth
True
True or false A LOW atmospheric humidity will extract moisture from the boy causing early dehydration
True
True or false All arteries carry blood away from the heart
True
True or false Colloids are large solutes in a solution
True
True or false The water in the embalming tank dilutes the arterial fluid and therefore weakens the index
False
True or false Colloids are small solutes in a solution
False
True or false Crystalloids are large solutes in a solution
True
True or false Crystalloids are small solutes in a solution
True
True or false Gas formation is a form of extravascular resistance
False
True or false Postmortem stain is a form a discoloration
True
True or false Postmortem stain is not a form of discoloration
False
True or false? Insoluble compound called ALBUMIN is resistant to bacteria
True
True or false? Insoluble compound called ALBUMINOID is resistant to bacteria
When utilizing surfactants in the arterial solution, if the surfactant molecule does not ionize, then it is nonionic. T/F
True.
LUPUS VULGARIS
Tuberculosis of the skin; patches ulcerate and leave scars on healing.
Lupus vulgaris
Tuberculosis of the skin; patches ulcerate and leave scars on healing.
What 1 layer do capillaries have?
Tunica intima, the inner layer
What 2 layers do arterioles have?
Tunica intima, the inner layer; Tunica adventica, the outer layer
What are the 3 layers that make up arteries?
Tunica intima, the inner layer; Tunica media, the middle layer; Tunica adventica, the outer layer
The brachial artery bifurcates into what two arteries?
Ulnar and Radial
Disintegration
Unchecked putrefaction eventually results in a complete breakdown and disappearance of all body structures, except the bones.
The inferior Phrenic Arteries lead to the
Under Surface of the Diaphragm
Hypoplasia
Underdevelopment of a tissue, organ or the body
Tack and thread method
Unprofessional form of mouth closure; this method is the predecessor of the needle injector method. One carpet/upholsterer's tack is driven with a light tack hammer into the mandible between the roots of the teeth. The second tack is driven into the maxilla between the roots of the teeth, the mandible is positioned and a fine suture, the two tacks are tied together. After ligation, the tack heads are counter-sunk with a punch
The left subclavian arteries supply blood to the
Upper Extremities
The Superior phrenic arteries lead to the
Upper Surface of the Diaphragm
Keeping the trocar up near the abdominal wall and directing it to the median line of the symphysis pubis until the point touches the pubic bone. Retract the trocar slightly and depress the point, you should be entering which organ?
Urinary bladder
Describe cavity treatment
Use from one to three bottles of cavity fluid. Screw cavity injector into bottle. Hold bottle high and control rate of flow with "thumb-hole." Inject the cavity fluid liberally in a fast sweeping motion from high to low. Inject the thoracic cavity first. Put more fluid in the thoracic cavity because much of it will gravitate downwards into the abdomen. Using a button driver, insert trocar button into hole after forcing out pressure before inserting button. Clean trocar and cavity injector by filling bottle with hot soapy water and running it through. Clean machine by running about 6 gallons of clear clean water through machine. Always leave H2O in the bottom of the machine to prevent the base plate from oxidizing.
How do you sanitize remains?
Use germicidal soap; Use lukewarm not hot water because hot water damages tissue; Shave the face of both men and women - may require permission from the P.R.D.; Wash and aspirate the inner mouth and nose; Wash hair, check for lice; Remove and clean dentures
During
Vascular resistance rises progressively _________ injection
10
Veins have a blood vessel capacity of _____%
Venules
Veins to ________ to capillaries
Capillaries
Veins to venules to ___________
From the aorta the blood goes to all parts of the body, eventually flowing into this
Vena Cava
What is the accompanying vein of the radial artery?
Venae comitantes - two small veins that lie on either side of the radial artery - thumb side
What is the accompanying vein of the ulnar artery?
Venae comitantes - two small veins that lie on either side of the ulnar artery - little finger side
From the capillaries, the blood flows into the
Venules
The blood flows from the thoracic aorta through the visceral and parietal arteries, through the arterioles and capillaries to the body parts and then into the
Venules and veins
Branching off both the right and left subclavian arteries and extending upward towards the head are the
Vertebral Arteries
Each of the subclavian artery has an upward branch, called the
Vertebral Artery
When there has been a long delay between death and embalming, how should the non-autopsied body should be injected?
Very slow rate of flow
These supply the blood to the viscera of the chest
Visceral Arteries
The blood flows from the thoracic aorta through the
Visceral and parietal arteries
The thoracic aorta has many small branches which may be divided into two main groups,
Visceral and parietal arteries
LIST AND EXPLAIN THE (4) CAUSES OF FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE:
Viscosity of blood Amount of the inner surface present Nature of the inner surface Age
The chief vehicle used in the formulation of arterial fluids is:
Water
Peripheral Neuropathy
Weakness in the extremities due to damage or degeneration of the peripheral nerves
Backpressure
What are you causing when you restrict drainage to overcome vascular resistance and loosen clots?
Carotid
What artery will some funeral homes not allow an embalmer to raise on a woman?
Abdominal cavity
What cavity in the body is the most troublesome in gas formation therefore causing extravascular resistance to fluid distribution
Hypotonic edematous fluids
What could you also use instead of a strong solution for a high edema case?
Mandibular sututre
What form of mouth closure starts off with an "S" needle and ends with a half-moon needle?
Dental tie method
What is the best (out of the poor, outdated methods) method of mouth closure?
Mandibular suture
What is the best method of mouth closure for false teeth [dentures] because it helps hold teeth in place when you tie bottom plate to gum?
Right and left coronary arteries
What is the branch to the ascending aorta?
Reverence for the dead
What is the keystone to funeral service?
Uniformity of fluid distribution
What is the most important influence when it comes to liquid blood?
Dehydrated body
What kind of body will yield 65 pounds of water per 100 pounds of body weight?
Normal body
What kind of body will yield 75 pounds of water per 100 pounds of body weight?
Edemous body
What kind of body will yield 85 pounds of water per 100 pounds of body weight?
Strong solution
What kind of solution would you use in a high edema case?
Weak solution
What kind of solution would you use in the case of dehydration?
Hardening compound
What should you line the mother's uterus with after aspiration? (keep in mind the fetus should have been removed after getting permission from the P.R.D.)
Heat
What thermal influence will hasten decomposition?
Type 2
What type of diabetes can't balance the insulin made?
Type 1
What type of diabetes makes no insulin?
Microbial influences
What types of influences can be considered both intrinsic AND extrinsic factors effecting a dead human body
1628
What year did Dr. William Harvey discover the circulation of blood?
Low
When a solution having a relatively high surface tension is injected quite rapidly, it has a tendency to enter _____ resistance areas only
Hand to the throw
When casketing remains, the distance from the __________ should be equal to that from the head to the casket flange
Casket Flange
When casketing remains, the distance from the hand to the throw should be equal to that from the head to the ______________
Increases
When discussing an arterial tube (cannula), if the diameter is decreased (smaller), the pressure does what?
Gender
When it comes to a fetus, what should you try to find out for the family if they want to know?
Femoral
When using a humectant in a fluid for an emaciated case, you inject what artery? (You would inject here because it gets both sides of the face well. This is also true not only for humectants but active dyes as well)
1
When using the musculature suture as the method of mouth closure, how many inches should you keep the needle from the gum?
Cavity fluid
When you remove a fetus and placenta (after getting permission from the P.R.D.) and place them in a viscera bag, you would pour a solution of 50% _______ and 50% water
Water
When you remove a fetus and placenta (after getting permission from the P.R.D.) and place them in a viscera bag, you would pour a solution of 50% cavity fluid and 50% ________
Arteries
Where would you be most likely to find a thrombosis?
Veins
Where would you be most likely to find an embolism?
Vascular
Which from of purge (stomach, lung, brain, rectal, vascular) is not a true purge?
Dr. William Harvey
Who discovered the circulation of blood?
Note the profunda artery relative to the femoral triangle
Will bifurcate from the anterior aspect of the femoral artery within scarpa's triangle and descend downward along the lateral aspect of the thigh and terminate at the knee
Postmortem interval
With all things being equal, what is the most important variable factor in case analysis?
Laceration
Wound characterized by irregular tearing of tissue
Clear fluid purge
_____________ False purge Short circuit purge All synonymous; actually arterial fluid solution that has escaped the blood vascular system and is exiting the mouth and nose
The blood flows from the pericardium through the
`Pericardial Veins
Chemical postmortem change
a change in the body's chemical composition that occurs after death such as hemolysis
Cauterizing agent
a chemical capable of drying tissues by searing; caustic.
Bleaching agent
a chemical which lightens a skin discoloration
Bleach
a chemical which lightens or bleaches skin discolorations.
fluorescein
a common dye used to test for blood circulation
death trance
a condition in which the muscles become rigidly fixed, the body becomes pale and cold, pulse and respiration are feeble
Where is the origin of the brachial artery?
a continuation of the axillary artery and terminates at the elbow where it bifurcates to become the ulnar and radial arteries
Anatomical guide
a descriptive reference for locating arteries and veins by means of anatomical structures which are known
Hypinosis
a diminished, or lowered, coagulability of blood
bifurcation
a division into two branches, such as a blood vessel, or a tooth that has two roots.
branch
a division of the main portion of a structure
Coinjection fluid
a fluid used primarily to supplement and enhance the action of vascular (arterial) solutions
linear guide
a line drawn or visualized on the surface of the skin to represent the approximate location of some deeper lying structure
Linear guide
a line drawn or visualized on the surface of the skin to represent the approximate location of some deeper-lying structure
combination gravity method bulb syringe
a method of creating injection pressure in which a bulb syringe is built into the tubing of the gravity percolator (injector)
gravity percolator / gravity bottle
a method of creating injection pressure which consists of a gravity bottle with tubing attached that is suspended at a desired distance above the point of injection
WORM SUTURE (inversion, draw stitch)
a method of sewing an incision along the edges without entering the opening whereby the suture becomes invisible and the line of suture becomes depressed, which lends it ease of concealment by waxing.
pressure embalming machine
a motorized injector used to create positive pressure as required in vascular embalming
Protuberance
a part that is prominent beyond a surface, like a knob.
Clinical death
a phase of somatic death lasting from 5-6 minutes during which life may be restored
eosin
a red fluorescent dye resulting from the action of bromine on fluorescein
Loop stitch
a single, noose-like suture, not pulled taut before knotting, which stands from the skin and which anchors restorative materials.
concentrated solution
a solution containing a relatively large amount of solute
What is a purse string suture?
a suture used to close small punctures or holes. A series of small stitches are made through the skin around the circumference of the opening. The ends of the thread are then knotted.
compressed air or gas, CO2 apparatus
a type of air pressure apparatus where air or co2 is pumped from tanks into a fluid chamber to create pressure
Deviations
a variation from the common or established.
Diagonal incision
a vascular incision made on vessels by cutting in an oblique or slanting direction
What are precautions regarding the axillary artery?
a) Danger of over-injecting face, particularly if there is any obstruction present in the other trunk arteries of the body; b) Anomalies of both artery and vein are common; c) If the arm is not treated properly, it does not appear natural when body is placed in the casket; d) Numerous branches
What are considerations regarding the common carotid artery?
a) Direct distribution to the face; b) Close to centers of venous drainage and embalming circulation, c) Face possibly can be embalmed by using a restricted cervical injection with a mild solution, while remaining portion of body can be injected with a stronger solution - fluid will enter the head from vertebral arteries; d) Has no branches except its terminal branches
What are precautions regarding the common carotid artery?
a) Incision may be visible after dressing; b) Tubes may leave mark on face; c) Face may be over-injected on the left side when utilizing the right common carotid as an injection site and vice versa.
What are considerations of the femoral artery?
a) Large in diametric size; b) Lower portion of body can be embalmed without concern of distention of face; c) Even fluid distribution to both sides of the face when injecting upward
What are the precautions of the femoral artery
a) Vessels are deep-seated in obese cases; b) Drainage is sometimes difficult to establish and maintain
What are considerations regarding the axillary artery?
a) close to the face; b) Close to center of circulation; c) Close to center of venous drainage; d) Vessels are relatively superficial
artery tree of leg
abdominal aorta -> r/l common iliacs -> r/l internal iliacs + r/l external iliacs r/l external iliacs -> femoral A -> popliteal A -> anterior + posterior tibial A's Anterior tibial A -> dorsalis pedis A -> plantar arch of foot
capillary permeability
ability of substances to diffuse through the capillary wall into the tissue spaces
Calcaneal tendon
achilles tendon
Adductor longus
adducts thigh
Adductor magnus
adducts thigh
hermetic seal
airtight seal associated with soldered cases