MS2 Exam 1

internal environment (individual) consists of:

- sensory/perception - motor/action - cognition (mental)

what is the main variable in whole vs part practice?

continuity of task parts

what population of people have difficulty activating tib-ant with gait initiation?

elderly and post-stroke

what factors are important to note when an older adult falls?

- frequency of falls - circumstance leading up to fall

what are the two stages of motor learning according to gentile's two stage model?

1. stage 1 2. stage 2

many adult skills are being refined and mastered by what age?

10 years

the ideal angles of the joints (hip, knee, ankle, and toes) during heel-off (prior to terminal stance) are?

10-20° hip hyperextension, 0° knee, 0° ankle, 20° toe hyperextension

at what age do we develop the anticipatory control to activate postural muscles prior to arm movements?

12-15 months

at what frequency of deep vibrations might we see pain and discomfort?

150Hz

around how many months does a newborn begin to lift head in prone?

2 months

about how much body fat does a one year old have? a five year old?

22%; 12.5-15%

the ideal angles of the joints (hip, knee, and ankle) during foot flat/end of loading response are?

25° hip flexion, 15° knee flexion, and 15° plantar flexion

true or false: there is no correlation between postural control and risk of falling

FALSE

true or false: a quick stretch, picked up by proprioceptive receptors, involves a short contraction of the agonist muscle and a short contraction of the antagonist muscle

FALSE - agonist contracts and antagonist is inhibited

true or false: proactive control occurs in anticipation of externally generated forces

FALSE - anticipates internally generated forces such as the intent to move

true or false: only lordosis, not kyphosis, acts as a compensation for off COG

FALSE - both lordosis and kyphosis are compensations for off COG

true or false: visual stimuli can only be facilitatory

FALSE - can be either facilitatory or inhibatory

true or false: auditory stimulus is only facilitatory

FALSE - can be either facilitatory or inhibitory

true or false: dynamic systems theory of motor control has the same meaning for variability as other theories of motor control

FALSE - dynamic systems theory wants movement deviation within a range to allow for adaption to different conditions; this optimal variability allows for flexibility and adjustment to environmental changes

true or false: schmidt's schema theory of motor learning involves rules that are specific to the task.

FALSE - generalized rules without info about the joint position; can use the rules as long as the new task is similar to an old task

true or false: intellectual abilities of healthy people lessen over time

FALSE - intellectual abilities remain but performance with time aspects will likely decline

define synergies.

a group of muscles constrained to act together as a unit to solve degree of freedom problem

what does a small amount of variability indicate according to the dynamic systems theory of motor control?

a highly stable behavior or preferred pattern viewed as an attractor state

define motor schema.

abstract motor programs that can be clustered and stored in the brain as a memory; these programs are changeable in response to different situations

during phase 1 of sit-to-stand, in what direction does the pelvis move?

anterior pelvic tilt

elderly people have ____ COG, therefore they compensate with knee ____.

anterior; flexion

where does COM shift towards in pregnant women? what does this lead to?

anterior; lower back pain

is phase 2 of sit-to-stand vertical or horizontal motion?

both!

define bimanual task.

brain must coordinate multiple movements such as using both hands at once

define task analysis.

break down complex skills into smaller, easier steps to learn

what is the first thing we have to do before we can move?

break our balance

define perceptual trace.

built up over a period of practice to become the internal reference for correctness (what feels correct)

are improvements in performance large or small in the associative stage of fitts and posner's model?

small improvements

which phase of sit-to-stand is most commonly failed?

stage 2 (momentum transfer)

what stage of sit-to-stand does postural sway during quiet standing occur?

stage 4

is ironing inhibitory or facilitatory? also what is neutral warmth lol

this is a real question i truly dont know

what does COG depend on?

weight and distribution of weight throughout the body

why does GRF determine the amount of energy the body must use?

GFR is external force so the higher the external force, the more muscles are activated therefore more energy is required by the body

what difference is generated based on what part of the foot hits the ground first while running?

GRF

what are some examples of visual stimuli?

colors, random schemes, lighting

what do the feet do in someone who is paretic?

externally rotated foot with paretic foot in front of non-paretic foot

which is more permanent/indicative of skill retention: performance or learning?

learning

define feedback.

refers to the use of sensory information for the control of action in the process of skill acquisition

what do we see whenever there is abnormal perception at the cortical level?

neglect

define task solutions.

new strategies for perceiving and acting

is a constraint always limiting?

no - it just defines the movement

define a continuous task.

no recognizable beginning and end point/the end point is not an inherent characteristic of a task

is using less degrees of freedom at multiple joints always more efficient?

no! sometimes things that require more df are more efficient while sometimes things that require less df are less efficient

the basal ganglia receives input from:

non-motor cortical areas

the cerebellum receives input from:

non-motor cortical areas

in a patient who suffered a stroke, do we first teach them to initiate gait with the paretic side or non-paretic side?

non-paretic side

are noise and lighting examples of regulatory or non-regulatory environmental constraints

non-regulatory

temperature and noise are examples of ____ types of external environment

non-regulatory

what type of environment does NOT change your plan?

non-regulatory

what important structure in humans have studies found to be absent in chimps?

nuchal ligament

base of support can be either:

- mobile - stable

what self-report measures can be used to assess fall risk?

- ABC scale - Falls Efficacy scale

define sensory integration.

- ability to use sensory information efficiently - putting together many sensory inputs in order to produce a desired movement

what are the advantages of motor control theories?

- acts as a framework for interpreting behavior - guide to clinical action and influence the way PTs practice - new ideas - working hypothesis for examination and intervention

what are the three motor learning theories?

- adam's closed loop theory - schmidt's schema theory - ecological theory

what is gait variability NOT associated with?

- age - gender - MMSE score - muscle strength - number of co-morbidities - balance - cerebellar signs - pyramidal signs

define the motor programming theory of motor control.

- an abstract motor program leads to muscle synergy - sensory input modulates action but is not essential for driving movement - describes the higher level motor programs that represent actions

what are sensory maps?

- areas of the brain that respond to certain stimuli - homunculus

when does phase 2 of sit to stand start? when does it end?

- as liftoff of buttocks occurs - maximum ankle dorsiflexion is achieved

where do you find exteroceptors and what kind of stimuli do they detect?

- at or near body surface (superficial, cutaneous) - external stimuli (light, pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration)

what is the importance of the nuchal ligament?

- attachment point for many head and neck ligaments - makes it possible to stabilize neck during running/acts as a shock absorber - helps the arms and shoulders counterbalance during running

what functional activities act as standardized measures for fall risk?

- balance demands - sit, stand, walk

define the dynamic systems theory of motor control.

- basic organization of cells allows movement to occur the way it does - "self-organization" rather than higher command - movement can occur do to interacting elements without the need for specific commands

what are the clinical implications of the systems/dynamic systems theory of motor control?

- body seen as a mechanical system, where movement is determined by the interplay between multiple systems - eval and interventions focus on the effect of interacting impairments among multiple systems rather than individual systems - varying movement speed may help patients achieve optimal performance

what are the clinical implications of the hierarchical theory of motor control?

- can be used to explain disordered motor control in patients with neurological disorders - many therapies use this concept to guide functional retraining

what are the clinical applications of the ecological theory of motor control?

- can develop multiple ways to do a task since individual learns by exploring environment - considers individual limitations so therapists can encourage patients to explore a range of possibilities to find the best way for them to accomplish a task

what are the limitations of adam's closed loop theory of motor learning?

- cannot explain open-loop movements (movements made in the absence of sensation) - cannot explain accurate performance of novel movements

limitations of reflex theory

- cannot explain spontaneous/voluntary movement - cannot explain movements that occur without sensory stimuli - cannot explain how fast movements occur - cannot explain how a single stimulus produces various responses - cannot explain ability to produce novel movements (which override reflexive response)

describe constant vs variable practice.

- constant: learners practice a skill repeatedly under the same parameter setting - variable: learners practice a skill under a variety of parameter settings

where do you find interoceptors and what kind of stimuli do the detect?

- deep inside the body - internal stimuli (blood pressure, plasma osmolality, blood pH)

define the systems theory.

- describes the body as a mechanical system with many degrees of freedom that need to be controlled - recognizes the hierarchical nature but focuses on the physical properties of the body - movements emerge from the interplay between the body system, external forces, and variations in the initial condition

what changes do we see around 4-6 months of infancy?

- elbows-to-hands posture - spinal extension including lumbar upright head - anterior/posterior weight shift - more independence sitting once placed - begin to take weight on legs again in supported stance

what are the 5 key learning elements that contribute to ALL ages?

- environment - motivation - attention - guidance/instruction - feedback/practice

describe recognition schema as it applies to schmidt's theory of motor learning.

- evaluate the response (sensory) so you can modify - includes knowledge of results and sensory consequence of movement

describe the postural changes we see around 2-6 years of age.

- exaggerated lordosis but disappearing protruded abdomen - decreased percentage of body fat - increased muscle tone - abducted toe-out (from tibial torsion) stance lessened - ability to walk, kick, jump, and balance on one foot - adult-like muscle activation during walking

describe the novice stage of systems three-stage model of motor learning.

- freeze the degrees of freedom - learner simplified movement by stiffening body segments (limiting degrees of freedom) to complete the new task accurately but inefficiently?

what are the clinical implications of reflex theory?

- function could be predicted by absence/presence of reflexes - some clinical interventions based on increasing or decreasing reflex effects still used today

tasks can be classified according to:

- functional categories - critical attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms - base of support - manipulation - movement variability

describe guidance vs discovery practice.

- guided: physical guidance is given - discovery: no physical guidance is given

what muscles are activated during phase 1 of sit to stand?

- hamstrings and quads co-contract - TA (tib or transverse ab?) is first to contract - erector spinae resists trunk flexion

why is static balance more difficult in children?

- higher COM - faster sway rate

describe the associative stage within fitts and posner's model of motor learning.

- how should the task be done? - the best strategy has been selected, so now we begin to refine the skill

in what ways does sensory stimuli alter motor and behavioral response?

- increase muscle tone/activation - increase arousal, alertness, attention, and emotional response

what are the effects of prolonged and maintained stretch, as picked up by the proprioceptive receptors?

- inhibited muscle activity - reduced hypertonicity - improved kinesthetic awareness

according to schmidt's schema theory of motor learning, after a movement is made, what four things are stored in SHORT term memory?

- initial movement conditions - parameters of the motor program - outcome of the movement (knowledge of results) - how the movement felt (sensory consequence)

when does phase 1 (flexion momentum) of sit to stand start? when does it end?

- initiation of motion - just before the buttocks lifts off the chair (liftoff)

the basal ganglia is involved with:

- initiation of movement - psychological input/motivation

in older adults, what does the ability to learn depend on?

- intelligence - learning skills acquired over the years - flexibility of learning style - various non-cognitive factors

describe the anatomical characteristics of a newborn.

- large head - short legs - c-curve through spine

what are the 4 concepts of motor learning?

- learning is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action - learning results from experience or practice - learning cannot be measured directly, but referred from behavioral changes - learning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior

what are the clinical implications of schmidt's schema theory of motor learning?

- learning occurs when a task is practiced under many conditions; generalized motor program rules are made stronger with increased variability of practice - development of rules for a movement, which can be used in novel situations in the future; a new movement can be produced accurately if it is based on a set of rules developed previously from other movements

how does vision change with old age?

- loss of visual acuity - increased visual threshold

describe massed vs distributed practice.

- massed: session where amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials - distributed: session in which amount of practice between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of time for a trial.

Berg Balance Score is a good measure of fall risk in older adults. what are the parameters (max score, common cutoff)

- max = 56 - cutoff = 45 -

when does phase 3 f dit to stand start? when does it end?

- maximum dorsiflexion - full extension

what are the limitations of schmidt's schema theory of motor learning?

- mixed research in support of normal adults, although task variability works with children - lack of specificity

the three factors that contribute to the "task" are:

- mobility - stability - manipulation

describe the ecological theory of motor learning.

- motor learning is a process that increases the coordination between perception and action in a way that is consistent with task and environmental constraints; perception and action are integrated to search for the optimal strategy to complete a task

where can you find proprioceptors?

- muscles, tendons, ligaments - GTO, muscle spindle, utricle, saccule, and semicircular canal

what are the two broad types of receptors?

- nerve cells - specialized epithelial cells

what is another name for the hierarchical theory of motor control? why?

- neuro-maturational theory - appearance/disappearance of reflexes occurs with maturation of the CNS/neural reorganization

movement variability can be subdivided into:

- open movements - closed movements

what are the clinical implications of the ecological theory of motor learning?

- patients learn to recognize the relevant perceptual cues and match them to optimal motor strategies - patients learn to discriminate the relevant perceptual cue from the irrelevant perceptual cues in order to develop optimal performance - takes into account more of the variables associated with interactions between the individual, the task, and the environment

what postural changes do we see around 10-12 months of infancy?

- prefers vertical position - lumbar lordosis and protruded abdomen - first pulls to standing then stands without pulling - early steps with wide BOS and high guard

describe random vs blocked practice.

- random: learners practice a set of motor tasks in a random order - blocked: learners practice a set of motor tasks in a fixed order

how does strength change in older adults?

- reduced fast twitch fibers - decreased muscle mass - reduced strength in LE

what postural changes do we see as a result of stooped posture in older adults?

- reduced lumbar lordosis - increases thoracic kyphosis - forward head

what are the two ways movement can be carried out?

- redundancy of human systems - degrees of freedom

describe stage two of gentile's two-stage model of motor learning.

- refinement of movement (fixation and diversification) - development of the capability to adapt to changing task and environment while performing the task consistently and efficiently - closed skills required fixation, open skills require diversification

what are the theories of motor control?

- reflex theory - hierarchical theory - motor program theory - systems theory - dynamical action theory - ecological theory

describe the reflex theory of motor control

- reflexes are basic units of movement, termed "building blocks of complex behavior" - simple reflexes are combined to produce greater actions - movement is the result of a summation of sensory inputs to the CNS and then the CNS controls the execution of movement via sensory feedback

what are the limitations of the ecological theory of motor learning?

- relatively new - not yet tested in a systematic way

describe the expert stage of systems three-stage model of motor learning.

- release ALL degrees of freedom - learn to use energy efficiently by taking advantage of passive forces increasingly for more control and less fatigue - movements are optimally controlled

describe the advanced stage of systems three-stage model of motor learning.

- release additional degrees of freedom - refine biomechanical constraints and degrees of freedom - muscle synergies are increased to create coordination while co-contraction of antagonist/agonist pairs is reduced

what are some ways aquatic therapy can be used?

- relief of hypertonicity in spastic CP - underwater treadmill to work on balance, movement, and strength

what postural changes do we see around 7-9 month of infancy?

- rolling and quadraped - belly crawling and creeping - wobbly but independent sitting - improved body-weight shifting - practicing transitions between postures

what IS gait variability associated with?

- scores on geriatric depression scale - fear of falling

describe recall schema as it applies to schmidt's theory of motor learning.

- selection of a specific response (motor) - CNS creates the rule to define the relationship between the parameter and the goal-oriented movement - rule is refined by adding new data points from new movements

describe adam's closed loop theory.

- sensory feedback from ongoing movement is compared with stored memory (trace memory) of the intended movement in a closed loop process

describe the ectomorph body type.

- small bone structure - hard to gain weight/thin - lean muscle mass and flat chest

what are the special senses?

- smell - taste - vision - hearing - equilibrium and balance

what are the two general senses?

- somatic - visceral

what are the types of techniques (based on type of sensory receptor activated) for facilitation and/or inhibition?

- special senses - vestibular - proprioceptive - exteroceptive - autonomic NS - multi-sensory

define the central pattern generator.

- spinally mediated motor program where locomotor rhythm occurs in absence of sensory input or descending patterns from the brain - if spinal cord lesion and on treadmill, you cant start the movement but the treadmill initiates and CPG takes over so your body produces alternating flexor/extensor synergy

what are some specific types of stimuli that can activate the proprioceptive receptors?

- stretch - deep vibration - joint approximation - deep pressure

describe the mesomorph body type.

- strong, athletic, hard body - well defined muscles - gain muscle and fat more easily

what stimuli fall under somatic sense?

- tactile - thermal - pain - proprioception

what can change the boundaries of the limits of stability?

- task - strength - ROM - characteristics of COM - environment - BOS

describe schmidt's schema theory of motor learning.

- the generalized motor program is considered to contain the rules for creating the spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activity needed to carry out a specific movement - when learning a new motor program, the individual learns a generalized set of rules that can be applied to different context of movement

what are the clinical implications of adam's closed loop theory of motor learning?

- the more the patient practices, the stronger the perceptual trace and the more accurate the future movements will be - errors produced during learning are harmful because they could increase the strength of an incorrect perceptual trace (practice repeatedly wrong and your body will start to think its right)

define motor learning.

- the study of the acquisition and/or modification of movement - if function has been lost, it is defined as the RE-acquisition of movement skills lost during injury - search for a task solution that emerges form an interaction of the individual with the task and the environment

how does vibration sense change with old age?

- threshold for sense increase 3-fold by 90 years - 30% reduction in sensory fibers innervating peripheral receptors

standard posture has the plumb line falling where? (at the head, shoulder, hips, knees, and ankles)

- through mastoid process - anterior to shoulders - through/posterior to hips - anterior to knees - anterior to ankles

why does the dynamic systems theory of motor control prefer optimal variability?

- too little variability can lead to injury - too much variability can lead to impaired movement performance

what type of stimuli are picked up by exteroceptive receptors?

- touch - manual contact - tapping - pounding - icing - stroking - ironing

describe stage 1 of motor learning according to gentile's two stage model.

- understand the requirements of a movement via the goal of the task - develop an appropriate strategy to achieve the goal - notice the environmental features that are critical to the movement (and distinguish those that are regulatory vs non-regulatory)

why is knowledge of motor learning important?

- we are in charge of human movement education and re-education

describe the cognitive stage within fitts and posner's three-stage model of motor learning.

- what is it that must be done? - involves understanding the task ad selecting a strategy for the optimal performance - characterized by a large number of errors and requires a higher degree of cognitive activity

describe the autonomous stage within fitts and posner's model of motor learning.

- what presents success? - perform the skill automatically with a low level of attention - subject is ready for advancement such as dual-task performance

describe whole vs part practice.

- whole: practice the entire movement at once - part: break down the task into different components

what are some common postural features seen in older adults?

- wide BOS - slightly flexed knees and hips - forward trunk or protruded abdomen - stooped posture - kyphosis - declined spinal extension

the ideal angles of the joints (hip, knee, and ankle) during mid-stance are?

0° hip, 5° knee flexion, and 5-10° dorsiflexion

at what rate does muscle mass decrease after 60 years of age?

1% per year

overall, what are the 2 main stages of motor learning that are common among all three models?

1. acquisition and practice 2. retention and transfer

what are the three stages of fitts and posners model?

1. cognitive stage 2. associative stage 3. autonomous stage

critical attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms can be subdivided into:

1. discrete 2. continuous

what are the three classifications of receptors based on location?

1. exteroceptors 2. interoceptors 3. proprioceptors

what are the two motor control strategies?

1. feed-forward 2. feed-back

what are the three theories related to stages of learning motor skills?

1. fitts and posner three-stage model 2. systems three-stage model 3. gentile's two-stage model

what are the four phases of sit-to-stand?

1. flexion momentum 2. momentum transfer 3. extension 4. stabilization

what are the three overarching phases of the gait cycle?

1. gait initiation 2. steady-state walking 3. gait termination

what 3 factors contribute to movement patterns?

1. internal environment (individual) 2. external environment 3. task

what are the three types of cutaneous mechanoreceptors? in general, what type of stimulus do they pick up?

1. merkel disks 2. meissner corpuscles 3. pacinian corpuscles - deep vibration

what are the three stages of motor learning according to systems three-stage model?

1. novice stage 2. advanced stage 3. expert stage

what are the three types of muscular receptors that pick up deep vibrations?

1. primary 2. secondary 3. GTO

what are the two subcategories of cognition?

1. single task 2. dual task

around how many months does a newborn exhibit midline orientation?

3 months

the ideal angles of the joints (hip, knee, and ankle) during heel strike are?

30° hip flexion, 0° knee, and 0° ankle

how much does strength decrease in LE in older adults?

40%

about how many months after the onset of walking do the arm positions lower to achieve swing patterns?

5-6 months after walking onset

how many degrees of freedom at the shoulder? the elbow? the wrist?

6; 2; 4

at that age does sitting become the preferred position?

8 months

at what age do sway rates reach adult levels?

9-16 years

what percentage of sit-to-stand is phase 2?

<10%

at what frequency of deep vibrations might we see skin damage?

>200Hz

the ideal angles of the joints (hip, knee, ankle, and toes) during toes-off (end of pre-swing) are?

?° hip, 30° knee flexion, 20° plantar flexion, and 60° hyperextended toes

breathing activities stimulate what?

ANS/vagus nerve

is stroking facilitatory or inhibitory?

BOTH - depends on speed - slow is inhibitory and fast is facilitatory

why is torque hard to control in kids?

COM is so high

true or false: elderly benefit from variability of skill?

FALSE - it is difficult for them to experience variability because they have already mastered skills over time

true or false: children have a lower COM than adults

FALSE - kids have high COM because so much of their weight is distributed in their head

true or false: according to stage 2 of gentile's two-stage model of motor learning, open skills require fixation

FALSE - open skills require diversification - task performed in changing environment therefore requires movement diversity

true or false: perception can be abnormal at only the level of the receptor.

FALSE - perception can be abnormal at the peripheral level and the higher cortical level

true or false: postural shift towards toes occurs in older adults

FALSE - postural shift into heels

true or false: faulty practice is just as important as accurate practice

FALSE - practice correctly to create good habits and efficient postures

true or false: practice should be both active and passive

FALSE - practice should be active and initiated by the patient, not passive

true or false: postural control requirement are the same for every task

FALSE - requirements for stability and orientation vary with the task and the environment

true or false: according to the systems theory of motor control, the same central command cannot result in different movements

FALSE - same central command can result in different movements (depends on interplay between body, external force, and initial condition)

true or false: dynamic systems theory includes hierarchical command

FALSE - self-organization rather than higher command controls movement

true or false: olfactory system stimulation involves only smell

FALSE - smell and taste

true or false: learning is the same at all phases of the lifespan

FALSE - some commonalities but some issues unique to phases of the lifespan

true or false: symmetry of transitional movements increases during adulthood

FALSE - symmetry is reduced - asymmetry of at least one body segment develops

true or false: in the novice stage of systems three-stage model, the task is completely efficiently but not accurately

FALSE - task completely accurately but not efficiently

true or false: stability limits are fixed boundaries

FALSE - they change according to the task, characteristics of the environment, and the environment

true or false: the acquisition and practice phase (general phase 1) of motor learning indicated learning.

FALSE - this stage indicates performance - we have not yet proven we have learned the skill, we are simply performing the skill

quick stretch, involving a contraction of the agonist and inhibition of the antagonist, is often involved with what technique?

PNF

what level do we typically find COM in children?

T12

true or false: according to the systems theory, different commands can result in the same movement

TRUE - depends on interplay between body system, external forces, and initial condition

true or false: the expert stage of systems three-stage model is the most efficient and causes the least fatigue

True - we have mastered the skill enough to be efficient and controlled

what might cause a previously integrated reflex to reappear?

UMN injury (hyper-reflexia)

define center of mass.

a point that is at the center of the total body mass which is determined by finding the weighted average of the COM of each body segment

define control parameter as it is used in the dynamic systems theory of motor control. what is an example?

a variable that regulates change in the behavior of the entire system; ex: velocity (at a certain speed, your body switches from walking to running)

define limits of stability.

ability to maintain the projected COM within the limits of the BOS; quantified as the boundaries within which the body can maintain stability without changing the base of support

define skill retention.

action consistently carried out after practice is stopped

what standing posture pattern do mesomorphs usually adopt?

active posture (more military)

what is the main difference between adam's theory and schmidt's theory?

adam's theory emphasizes closed loop while schmidt's theory emphasizes open loop

at what developmental period are transitional movements the most symmetrical? what age do we see peak control of transitional movements?

adolescence; 15 years

reactive postural adjustments start (before/after) the perturbation.

after

why does processing of new information take longer in older adults?

age-related changes of the CNS

what makes aquatic therapy unique/helpful?

allows for better motion because decreased strain of gravity

define adaptive postural control.

allows the individual to modify the sensory and motor systems in response to the changing environment or the task.

what flavors are commonly used to inhibit unwanted sucking movement?

ammonia and vinegar

why does central pattern generator have a better prognosis in animals than humans?

animals have more primitive/brainstem input while humans have more cortical input

(ankle/hip/step) strategy is used for a small/slow perturbation

ankle

(hip/ankle) strategy is used in healthy adults with strong muscles

ankle

(reactive/anticipatory) control provides a supportive framework for skilled movements

anticipatory

feedforward is synonymous with what type of postural adjustment?

anticipatory

muscle contracting to grip the handle and open a door are considered (anticipatory/reactive) postural adjustments

anticipatory

a bimanual task of the lower extremities prefers which pattern?

antiphase

what is a similarity between kids and older adults in transitional posture?

asymmetrical with pauses between postures

older adults are more (symmetrical/asymmetrical) in their transitional movements

asymmetrical, with pauses between postures

anticipatory postural adjustments start (before/after) the perturbation.

before

(random/blocked) practice is more aimed at people who have difficulty with a task

blocked

kenedy always practices her breast stroke, her butterfly, then her backstroke in the pool. is this random or blocked practice?

blocked - consistent order of tasks

what is the clinical implication of central pattern generator?

can relearn the correct rules for an action (task-specific)

what are the limitations of the hierarchical theory of motor control?

cannot explain reflexes that still play a dominant role in certain situations in normal adults (ex: withdraw reflex when pain is sensed)

what does splinting and serial casting achieve?

causes prolonged and maintained stretch, picked up by the proprioceptive receptors, in order to improve kinesthetic awareness

what is the key variable that is controlled by the postural system?

center of mass

what do transitional phases of gait utilize for control?

central mediated motor program

define quiet stance.

characterized by a small amount of spontaneous postural sway

which patient populations benefits the most from variability of skills?

children

attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotions are all part of what?

cognition; they underlie the establishment of intent or goals

what type of learning strategy do older adults tend benefit from? this is especially prevalent when learning (closed/open) motor skills

cognitive learning strategies; closed

the cerebellum is responsible for:

comparing the actual movement with the intended movement

define approximation.

compression of the joint surfaces

during cat/cow, which position do you exhale and which do you inhale?

confused

define fixation as it is applied to gentile's two stage model of motor learning.

consistency of movement for a closed skill

manny practices basketball at the field house every time he practices. is this constant or variable practice?

constant - same parameter settings

define open movements.

constantly changing or unpredictable environment

are walking, running, and swimming continuous or discrete tasks?

continuous

what is the main purpose of the quads during sit to stand?

contribute more to resisting knee flexion than causing knee extension

define posture control.

controlling the body's position in space for the dual purpose of stability and orientation

the order of information from the brain to the muscles is:

cortex, brainstem, spinal cord

central pattern generator creates synergy without what?

cortical input

according to the dynamic systems theory of motor control, why do new movements emerge?

critical change in on of the systems (control parameter)

what are the limitations of the systems/dynamic systems theory of motor control?

de-emphasizes the role of the nervous system in controlling movement

putting COG directly above the joint will ____ torque

decrease

what is increased kyphosis in older adults associated with?

decrease in spinal extensor muscle strength

for a reflex to de-stabilize posture, muscle stretch leads to (increased/decreased) muscle activity over time

decreased

what factors contribute to the asymmetry of transitional movements in older adults?

decreased balance, strength, flexibility, activity, and confidence

why do children age 2-6 appear to look leaner than in infancy?

decreased body fat and increased muscle tone

describe ironing.

deep stroking motion with firm contact from origin to insertion of the muscle

define manual contact. does it facilitate or inhibit muscle contraction?

deep, firm pressure on muscles; facilitates

how does anticipatory postural control change with old age?

delayed muscle onset time which doesn't allow time for stabilizing posture response

define movement error.

discrepancy between initiated movement (what i did) and trace memory (what i was supposed to do)

is reaching and grabbing an object a discrete or continuous task?

discrete

ankle strategy muscle contractions move from (distal/proximal) to (distal/proximal)

distal; proximal

(massed/distributed) practice is used with pt who have COPD and are unconditioned.

distributed - allows for time to catch breath

hannah practices for 2 minutes and rests for 2 minutes before starting her next 2 minute practice trial. is this massed or distributed practice?

distributed - time of trial is equal to break between trials

hannah practices for 2 minutes and rests for 5 minutes before starting her next 2 minute practice trial. is this massed or distributed practice?

distributed - time of trial is less than break between trials

what tract does sensation run in through the nerve axons?

dorsal columns

what are examples of sensorimotor integration?

drawing and writing

which theory of motor control is associated with goal-oriented behaviors?

ecological - we find food, run away from danger, build shelters, etc.

which theory of motor learning involves the perceptual workspace and the motor workspace?

ecological theory

what are the two body types that tend to develop during middle childhood (7-12 years)?

ectomorph and mesomorph

how can we help treat hemi-neglect?

educate the pt's caregivers to provide input that trains the brain to stop neglecting one side

when a sensory receptor is activated, the external stimulus is transformed into what?

electrical signal

as a PT, we can only change ___ to indirectly change the force produced by the muscle

environment/external force

what do we measure to confirm motor learning?

error - we use an error based paradigm

over time in a newborn, what type of posture begins to emerge?

extension

exhalation activities promote trunk (flexion/extension) eye (convergence/divergence)

extension; divergence

when getting a shot, your body picks up on the stimuli of pain. what type of receptor picked up this signal?

exteroceptor

you are cooking and touch a hot pan by accident. what type of receptor picked up the hot stimulus?

exteroceptor

your body senses the vibration of your phone in your pocket. what type of receptor picked up this stimuli?

exteroceptor

does touch inhibit or facilitate muscle activity?

facilitate

increased arousal, alertness, attention, muscle tone, and muscle contraction describes (facilitation/inhibition)

facilitation

is pounding facilitative or inhibitory? how does it achieve this effect?

facilitative; causes intermittent joint compression

true or false: the ecological theory of motor control has a lot of supporting evidence

false - relatively new theory

is it easier for old people to walk fast or slow?

fast? because it requires less cognition

is refined movement feed-forward or feed-back?

feed-back

you catch a ball and your muscles use pressure sense to refine their contraction. is this feed-forward or feed-back?

feed-back

is anticipatory movement feed-forward or feed-back?

feed-forward

does gait control use feed-forward or feed-back mechanisms?

feed-forward; anticipate the movement by contracting muscles for posture before we move

define extrinsic feedback.

feedback coming from an external source

define intrinsic feedback.

feedback via the various sensory systems; may be distorted in pt with neurological lesions

who has a larger Q angle, males or females?

females

who is more likely to have knee pain and injuries, male or females? why?

females - lower COM and larger Q angle

what type of posture dominates in the first three months of infancy?

flexed posture with head tipped forward in sitting

what is the predominant posture of all limbs in a newborn?

flexion

inhalation activities promote trunk (flexion/extension) eye (convergence/divergence)

flexion; convergence

define muscle tone.

force with which a muscle resists being lengthened; its stiffness

anterior pelvic tilt occurs when COG shifts ____

forward

what does the body's response to deep vibration depend on?

frequency of vibration

what predominately mediates gait control?

frontal subcortical circuits (which overlaps with circuits controlling executive control and attention functions)

which two phases of the gait cycle are transision phases?

gait initiation and gait termination

do we see greater or lesser improvements after a while of practicing?

greater

the location of what determines the rotation of join movement?

ground reactive forces (GRF)

(unguided/guided) practice is more effective for immediate skill acquisition but less effective for transfer of skills

guided

rank limits of stability (from smallest to largest) of someone standing, someone doing a handstand, and someone standing with crutches.

handstand, standing, crutches

define a discrete task.

has a definite beginning and end

where do ectomorphs continue to grow the most, causing them to keep changing their postural control?

height

disinhibition and release phenomenon are related to which theory of motor control?

hierarchical

what frequency of deep vibrations is facilitatory to muscle contraction? through what reflex in the primary spindle endings is this elicited?

high (100-150Hz, up to 200Hz); tonic vibration reflex

what frequency of deep vibration do pacinian corpuscles pick up?

high frequency (60-400Hz)

is gait a low or high level motor activity?

high! it requires cognition

what concept is shared between systems theory and motor pattern theory of motor control?

higher levels activate lower levels and these lower levels activate synergies

(ankle/hip/step) strategy is used for a large/fast perturbation

hip

elderly most often use (hip/ankle) strategy

hip

(hip/ankle) strategy causes less change in the COG

hip - less change closer to the BOS

mid-stance consists of what moments at the hip, knee, and ankle?

hip extension, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion

heels-off (prior to terminal stance) consists of what moments at the hip, knee, ankle, and toes?

hip extension, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion, and toe extension

toes-off (end of pre-swing) consists of what moments at the hip, knee, ankle, and toes?

hip extension, knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion?, and toe extension

heel strike consists of what moments at the hip, knee, and ankle?

hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion

flat foot/ end of loading response consists of what moments at the hip, knee, and ankle?

hip flexion?, knee flexion, and ankle plantar flexion

(ankle/hip) strategy is used when there is a smaller BOS. why?

hip; there is less support area to press through the foot with so ankle strategy is less effective

define sensory consequence of movement.

how the movement felt, looked, etc.

define the perceptual workspace.

identify possible perceptual cues (regulatory cues) relevant to the performance of a specific task

when a newborn is put into support standing, they first accept weight on their legs then go into astasia. define astasia.

inability to sustain a weight-loading condition

do sequenced tasks increase or decrease the demand for stability?

increase

in general, middle childhood shows a(n) (increase/decrease) in symmetry

increase

define postural tone.

increase in muscle activities of antigravity postural muscles

for a reflex to stabilize posture, muscle stretch leads to (increased/decreased) muscle activity over time

increased

what are declining berg balance scores associated with? is the relationship linear or non-liner?

increased risk of fall; nonlinear

as demands of a task increase, the control signal to synergy (increases/decreases)

increases

decreased muscle tone, relaxed muscles, deceased aggressive behaviors, and decreased acting out described (facilitation/inhibition)

inhibition

is icing facilitatory or inhibitory? is this effect local or generalized?

inhibitory; local

slow speed (inhibits/facilitates) vestibular while fast speed (inhibits/facilitates)

inhibits; facilitates

what is disinhibition?

injury decreases inhibition so certain patterns may reappear

a bimanual task of the upper extremities prefers which pattern?

inphase then antiphase

define perception.

integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information

visceroceptors is synonymous with what type of receptor?

interoceptor

your blood pressure rises, causing your body to react to lower the pressure. what type of receptor picked up the blood pressure signal?

interoceptor

(intrinsic/extrinsic) feedback is more likely to be ditored in patients with a neurological lesion

intrinsic - sensation is impaired

describe error-based paradigm

introduce error to a task and with practice, we watch the error decrease; ex: ride bike with a broken handle and over time we will see the accuracy of the skill increase with practice

what is the biggest weakness of the reflex theory of motor control?

it cannot explain spontaneous or voluntary movements

what is the main difference between the dynamic systems theory and other theories of motor control?

it de-emphasizes the notion of commands from CNS in controlling movement and seeking physical explanations

older adults are less motivated to move after their first fall

just a statement no question:)

where is COM typically when standing upright?

just anterior to S2 in the upright position

define knowledge of results.

knowing the outcome of the movement

kinematic feedback is synonymous with (knowledge of results/knowledge of performance)

knowledge of performance

terminal feedback is synonymous with (knowledge of results/knowledge of performance)

knowledge of results

define knowledge of performance.

knowledge of the movement pattern; kinematic feedback

define knowledge of results.

knowledge of the outcome of the movement; terminal feedback

are improvements in performance large or small in the cognitive stage of fitts and posner's model?

large improvements

ideal posture develops during adolescence. what does this posture look like?

less abdominal protrusion, less knee hyperextension, head and shoulders well-aligned

4-6 year olds rely (more/less) on vestibular system and (more/less) on somatosensory system

less; more

Genu varus has a _____ central LOG. what does this lead to?

less; weight shifting

the slow movements that inhibit the vestibular system should be ____.

linear

how does the vestibular system change with old age?

loss of 40% hair and nerve cells by 70 years old

what causes stooped or flexed posture in older adults?

loss of spinal flexibility and decreased ROM

what frequency of deep vibrations is inhibitory to muscle contraction?

low (<30 Hz or 20-50 Hz)

what allows females to balance better than males?

low COG and large Q angle

what frequency of deep vibration do merkel disks pick up?

low frequency (5-15Hz)

female COM is (higher/lower) than male COM

lower

does muscle synergy occur at higher level or lower level programming according to the motor programming theory of motor control?

lower; the higher level holds the rules to generate the motion but the lower level forms the synergy

define steady-state control.

maintenance of a static posture

who has a higher COG, males or females?

males - females have a low COG

hannah practices for 5 minutes and rests for 1 minute before starting her next 5 minute practice trial. is this massed or distributed practice?

massed - time of trial longer than breaks between trials

what cannot determine the amount of muscle activation?

me!

movement can be poor when there is a fear of falling present. Is this due to "me" or "not-me"?

me...it is internalized fear sending signals to the command center to change movement

what frequency of deep vibration do meissner corpuscles pick up?

medium frequency (20-50Hz)

an ideal body alignment (minimized/maximizes) the effect of gravitational forces and requires (minimal/maximal) muscle effort to sustain vertical position

minimized; minimal

good posture ____ muscle activation

minimizes

genu valgus has a _____ central LOG. what does this lead to?

more; anterior pelvic tilt, lordosis, and back pain (more commonly present in females) - also less weight shifting!

which theory of motor control explains why we have similar handwriting when using different parts of the body despite being totally different muscles?

motor planning theory

which theory of motor control is the central pattern generator associated with?

motor programming theory

define the hierarchical theory of motor control.

movement is controlled by a system with three levels, where there is a rigid top-down organization and higher levels exert an influence over lower levels

according to adam's theory, what initiates movement and what takes over movement after initation?

movement is initiated by trace memory and taken over by perceptual trace to carry out the movement and detect errors

redundancy of the human system can be defined as?

multiple ways to do the same action

where specifically do you want to tap on the body for tapping to be picked up by exteroceptive receptors? does it facilitate or inhibit muscle contraction?

muscle belly and tendons; facilitates

what does deep pressure on the tendons inhibit? what receptors pick up this stimuli?

muscle tone (relaxes muscles); proprioceptive

why do reflexes integrate during development?

myelination that occurs during development causes cortex to function more

define proactive or anticipatory control.

occurs in anticipation of internally generated, destabilizing forces, such as the intent to move.

define reactive control.

occurs in response to outside forces, such as perturbations, displacing the COG or moving the BOS

what percentage of young adults ride with symmetry?

only 25%

what is the main variable in random vs blocked practice?

order of tasks

before we initiate gait, we see postural sway. what does this demonstrate?

our body planning to move and recover balance once the task is initiated

what is the main variable in constant vs variable practice?

parameter setting

charlie suffers a spinal cord injury and is relearning how to walk. on the first day of therapy, his PT repeatedly has him work on heal-strike only. is this whole or part practice?

part - broke the task of walking down into different components

what standing posture pattern do ectomorphs usually adopt?

passive stance with slouched posture

____ includes bother peripheral sensory mechanisms and higher-level processing that adds interpretation and meaning to incoming afferent information

perception

contrast performance and learning.

performance is a temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice while learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior and is involved with skill retention

what is involved with training a reflex?

person learns to repress reflex over time with repeated stimuli; shows we can dampen a reflex

in what phase of sit-to-stand do you observe max trunk flexion related to the pelvis?

phase 1 - pelvis is stationary but trunk flexes so big angle created

which phase of sit-to-stand requires the most muscle firing?

phase 2

in what phase of sit-to-stand do you observe max trunk flexion related to the ground?

phase 2 - trunk flexes more than phase 1 but pelvis is moving so that angle is less than the angle with the ground

in what phase of sit-to-stand do you observe the most head extension?

phase 3

what phase of sit-to-stand is the longest? the shortest?

phase 3; phase 2

fast stimulation of the vestibular system can facilitate what general set of muscles?

postural extensors

what do we see in postural response to perturbations for 7-10 year olds?

postural response corresponds to that of adults

what do we see in postural response to perturbations for 4-6 year olds?

postural responses are slower and more variable

what does approximation facilitate?

posture extensors via weight bearing postures

the motor cortex receives input from:

pre-motor cortical areas

which is better for falls: prevention or treatment?

prevention

without cognitive assistance, what type of learning may become the only avenue for regaining functional control of movement in older adults?

procedural learning

what is homunculus?

projection of the skin's surface in the somatosensory cortex

you are a 74 year old lady being rescued via helicopter and suddenly you start spinning uncontrollably. receptors in your ear (utricle, saccule, and semicircular canal) pick up this crazy motion. what type of receptors detect this?

proprioceptors

hip strategy muscle contractions move (proximal/distal) to (proximal/distal)

proximal; distal

reflexes control movement in a ____ manner.

purposeful

what does auditory stimulation depend on?

quality, quantity, and effect of voice

when does COM and COP have a close relationship?

quiet standing

(random/blocked) practice is more aimed at people who have the capacity to adjust.

random

kenedy decides on the spot the order of practicing buttery, backstroke, and breaststroke and it differs everyday. is this random or blocked practice?

random - differing order of tasks

elyssa is walking and stubs her toe on a rock. she immediately contracts her hamstring and gastroc to pull her foot away from the rock. this is an example of (anticipatory/reactive) postural adjustments.

reactive

feedback is synonymous with what type of postural adjustment?

reactive

what is the limitation of the ecological theory of motor control?

reduced emphasis on organization and function of nervous system

what does the hierarchical theory of motor control suggest that motor control emerges from?

reflexes that are nested within hierarchical levels of the CNS

gravity and chair height are examples of ____ types of external environment.

regulatory

what type of environment changes your plan?

regulatory

cup size while grasping and uneven surface are regulatory or non-regulatory constriants?

regulatory - your muscle activation responds accordingly

what 2 factors make up the external environment (in its contribution to movement patterns)?

regulatory vs non-regulatory

define closed movements.

relatively stereotyped, fixed, predictable environment

what do the "higher levels" involved in the hierarchical theory of motor control store?

rules for generating movements

define the motor workspace.

select the most efficient movement for a given task

define hemi-neglect.

sensory picks up all information but the higher cortical areas cannot process parts of it

in people with hemiparesis, gait initiation involves (longer/shorter) step lengths. why?

shorter; lacking dynamic control

what is the amount of transfer dependent on when practicing skills?

similarity between two tasks/environments so that the neural processing demands are similar

which is good for autism, slow or fast vestibular stimulations?

slow

is variability of performance large or small in the associative stage of fitts and posner's model of motor learning?

small variability of performance, using a relatively consistent strategy with small modulations

what types of posture control do we see in the prenatal population?

somersaults, axial rotations, flexing, kicking, stretching, and punching

is motor control usually studied in relation to specific or general actions?

specific

how does the brain know the type of stimulus?

specific to the receptor that was activated

what is the main variable that differentiates inhibitory stroking from facilitatory stroking?

speed

what is the main variable that distinguishes inhibition vs facilitation in the vestibular system?

speed - slow for inhibition and fast for facilitation

what postural ROM shows the greatest decline in older adults? how much ROM is lost?

spinal extension; 50% loss

while slow stimulation of the vestibular system should be linear, fast stimulation can involve ____.

spinning

(ankle/hip/step) strategy is used for the largest/fastest perturbation as well as in aging populations

stepping

which postural sway strategy changes the base of support?

stepping strategy

define inhibition.

stimuli decreases neuronal activity

define facilitation.

stimuli increasing neuronal activity

in typical/young people, is weight shifted first into the swing leg or stance leg upon initiation of gait?

swing then stance - this is the most efficient!

in newborns, limbs are first (symmetrical/asymmetrical) but then progress towards (symmetrical/asymmetrical) around how many months?

symmetrical; asymmetrical; 2 months

who is more symmetrical, tall and slender women or short and heavy women?

tall and slender

gait, rolling, and sit-to-stand are examples under which movement pattern factor?

task

define postural stability.

the ability to control the center of mass in relationship to the base of support

define postural orientation.

the ability to maintain an appropriate relationship among body segments and between the body and environment

define motor control.

the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement; information processing related to activities carried out by the CNS that organize the musculoskeletal system to create coordinated, goal-directed movements.

define base of support.

the area of the body that is in contact with the support surface

how does the brain know the location of a stimulus?

the brain has a map of the location of each receptor

define center of pressure.

the center of the distribution of the total force applied to the supporting surface

define practice.

the continuing and repetitive effort to become proficient in a skill

define attractor well as used in the dynamic systems theory of of motor control.

the deeper the well, the harder it is to change a preferred pattern, suggesting a stable movement pattern; the well deepens as we practice

what determines the amount of muscle activation?

the magnitude of GRF

define human gait.

the maintain upright posture while walking

Define human movement.

the outcome of the interaction between me and not me (environment)

what does the ecological theory of motor control emphasize?

the relationship between the individual and the environment in that we learn to move to cope with our environment

define center of gravity.

the vertical projection (perpendicular to support surface) of COM

what is the main muscle activated to break balance before gait is initiated?

tib-ant

what causes abducted/toed-out stance in infancy? around when does it disappear?

tibial torsion; ~ age 3

what is the main variable in massed vs distributed practice?

time

the function of the cortex is:

to carry out motor output

the purpose of the brainstem is:

to control posture and modulate movement

what is the main job of interoceptors?

to maintain homeostasis - sleep, hunger, sex, and bodily functions

what is the purpose of extrinsic feedback?

to provide the person with both knowledge of results or knowledge of performance

what is trace memory used for with adam's closed loop theory?

to select and initiate the movement

according to the systems theory of motor control, why does hierarchical control exist?

to simplify the control of the body's multiple degrees of freedom

which is more efficient, toe-heel or heel-toe?

toe-heel

what reflexes do the primary spindle receptors (1a) elicit? at what frequency of deep vibration does this occur?

tonic and phasic stretch reflex (tonic vibratory reflex); 80-120 Hz

what does approximation inhibit?

too much muscle control via slow, sustained weight-bearing postures

placement of GFR determines the direction of what?

torque

true or false: a focus on gait requires a focus on cognition

true

true or false: a task must be specific for learning to occur

true

true or false: according to the ecological theory of motor learning, skill transfer depends on similarity of tasks

true

true or false: body size and activity level can be a determining factors of transitional symmetry in adulthood

true

true or false: feedback is a powerful variable that affects learning

true

true or false: movement must conform to regulatory features in order to achieve to the goal of the task

true

true or false: older adults experience a greater sway in quiet stance

true

true or false: reflexes are adaptable

true

true or false: stretch reflex can both stabilize and de-stabilize posture

true

true or false: the activation of sensory receptors is stimulus-specific

true

true or false: the brain is a dynamic organ, therefore some plasticity continues throughout the lifetime

true

true or false: the ecological theory of motor control requires perception of the environment to guide action

true

true or false: the motor programming theory of motor control has a hierarchical nature

true

true or false: transitional movements such as sit to stand continue to improve through early childhood

true

true or false: with motor learning, error reduction grows smaller over time

true - big strides in error reduction at first when we are leaning, then small modifications in error later when we have retained the skill and are transferring it to other tasks

true or false: according to stage 2 of gentile's two-stage model of motor learning, closed skills require fixation

true - minimal environmental variation therefore need consistency of movement

true or false: mental practice enhances skill acquisition

true - supplementary to physical practice

true or false: in the advanced stage of systems three-stage model of motor learning, muscle synergies are increased and con-contractions are decreased

true - synergies are increased as degrees of freedom are released for coordination and co-contraction of agonist/antagonists reduce because we are opening up degrees of freedom rather than remaining stiff

true or false: practice should be task specific

true - this makes practice more accurate

true or false: practice should involve variation

true - variation allows the patient to explore the perceptual motor workspace and discover solutions to movement dilemmas

true or false: an individual's prior experiences helps shape proactive control

true - various elements of the postural control system are readied for the intended movement

true to false: stage one of gentile's two stage model of motor learning requires heavy cognition.

true - we are using cognition to analyze all aspects of the task and develop a plan

true or false: the retention and transfer phase (general phase 2) of motor learning indicates learning.

true - we have proved that the skill has been learned in order for it to be advanced

true or false: learning new tasks is an essential component of geriatric rehab

true! - mental practice is highly effective

techniques for facilitation and/or inhibition are classified based on what?

type of sensory receptor activated

sensory pathways convey both the ____ and ____ of sensory stimuli.

type; location

(unguided/guided) practice is more effective for transfer of skills but less effective for immediate acquisition of skills

unguided

define a fall.

unintentionally coming to rest on a lower surface

what is the release phenomenon?

unrestricted activity of lower brain centers due to incapacitation of higher brain centers

throughout evolution, posture became more ____ and the knee became more _____.

upright; extended

what flavors are commonly used to facilitate sucking movement?

vanilla and banana

manny practices basketball some days at the field house and some days at the neighborhood playground. is this constant or variable practice?

variable - differing parameter settings

define diversification as it is applied to stage two of gentile's two-stage model of motor learning.

variation of movement for open skill

is phase 3 of sit-to-stand horizontal or vertical motion?

vertical

which sense is a unique system with multi-sensory function and total body effects?

vestibular

what do we see in postural response to perturbations for 2-3 year olds?

well organized response but amplitudes are larger and latencies are longer

define self-organization as used in the dynamic systems theory of motor control.

when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an ordered way; there is no need for a "higher" center issuing commands in order to achieve coordinated action

when is extrinsic feedback particularly good for motor learning?

when pt has abnormal sensation, such as when a neurological lesion has occurred

describe automatic counteract.

when we are placed on a tilting board that moves in one direction, our body reflexively contracts muscles to tilt our body in the direction opposite to the board tilt

what does the intersection point between support surface and COG represent?

where the base of support needs to be centralized

what is the main variable in guidance vs discovery practice?

whether physical guidance is given during the task

charlie suffers a spinal cord injury and is relearning how to walk. on his final day of therapy before discharge, his PT has him walk to multiple loops around the gym. is this whole or part practice?

whole - practice the entire movement at once

a person with a paretic limb will have a (wider/narrower) base of support when walking

wider

how much is body weight multiplied by in toe-heel running GRF?

x1.6

how much is body weight multiplied in heel-toe running GRF?

x2.2

can non-regulatory environment constraints affect movement?

yes - they may or may not

why is redundancy adventageous?

you can still do something in a different way after injury (compensate)

salem prefers to be vertical, exhibits lumbar lordosis, and takes early steps in high-guard. about how old must salem be?

~ 10-12 months

at what age does a child have the ability to kick a ball forward?

~ 15-18 months

Zach can kick a ball forward and jump in one place but is unable to balance on one foot. around what age would you predict zach to be?

~ 20-24 months

at what age does a child have the ability to jump in place?

~ 20-24 months

Salem has a flexed posture, lifts head from prone, and achieves midline orientation. about how old must salem be?

~ 3 months

around when do we see stable, adult-like muscle activation patterns during walking?

~ 3 years old

at what age can a child balance on one foot briefly?

~ 36 months

salem exhibits spinal extension, an upright head, is independent in sitting once placed, and takes weight on his legs. about how old must salem be?

~ 4-6 months

salem is able to creep, is wobbly but independent when sitting, and readily practices transitions between postures. about how old must salem be?

~ 7-9 months