Multicultural Counseling
trustworthiness
a motivational component that encompasses trust, honesty, and genuiness of a therapist
criminality/assumption of criminal status
a person of color is presumed to be dangerous, a criminal, or a deviant based on their race
empowering and validating the self
a process of interrupting the racism by calling it what it is and staying true to one's thoughts and feelings - the an incident is related to racism as they thought
denial of individual racism/sexism/heterosexism
a statement made when bias is denied
microaggressions
bried and commonplace daily verbal or behavioral indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults that potentially have a harmful or unpleasant psychological impact on the target person or group
microaggressions
brief, everyday exchanges that send "denigrating messages" to a target group such as people of color, women, and gays - subtle in nature, can be manifested in verbal, nonverbal, visual, or behavioral realm
bicultural
capable of functioning in two different cultural environments
problem solving set
client is concerned about obtaining correct information that has adaptive value in the real world
cultural competence is superordinate to.....
clinical competence
culture
consists of all those things that people have learned to do, believe, value, and enjoy. totality of the ideals, beliefs, skills, tools, customs, and institutions into which each member of society is born
credibilty
constellation of characteristics that makes certain individuals appear worthy of belief, capable, entitled to confidence, reliable and trustworthiness
inter-personal influence process
counselor uses social power to influence the client's attitudes and behaviors - therapist's effectiveness tends to depend on the client's perception of his or her expertness, trustworthiness, and attractiveness
emic
culture-specific views of concepts and goals
dilemna 1 or microaggressions: clash of racial identities
individuals in power positions do not consider themselves capable of discrimination based on race, gender, or sexual orientation because they believe themselves free of bias - perceptions held by the dominant group differ significantly from marginalized groups in our society
multidimensional model for developing cultural competence
integrates three important features with effective multicultural counseling including group specific worldviews, components of cultural competence, and foci of therapeutic interventions
playing it cool
intended to prevent Whites from knowing what the minority person is thinking or feeling and to express feelings and behaviors in such a way as to prevent offending or threatening Whites
white privilege
invisible knapsack of unearned assets that can be used to cash in each day for advantages not given to those that do not fit this mold
culturally deprived
lacking a cultural background
aversive racism
manifested in individuals who consciously assert egalitarian values, but unconsciously hold anti-minority feelings - sympathize with victims of past injustice, support principles of racial equality, and regard themselves as nonprejudiced but possess negative feelings and beliefs about historically disadvantaged groups that may be unconscious
feminization of the workforce
more women, single and married, are playing a larger and more significant role in society
Foci or therapeutic interventions
must not confine perspectives to just individual treatment , but must be able to intervene effectively at the professional, organizational, and societal levels
group specific worldviews
need to consider specific cultural group worldviews associated with race, gender, and sexual orientation
second class citizen
occurs when a target group member receives differential treatment from the power group
traditional gender role prejudicing and stereotyping
occurs when expectation of traditional roles or stereotypes are conveyed
assumption of abnormality
occurs when it is implied that there is something wrong with being LGB
sexual objectification
occurs when women are treated like objects at men's disposal
consistency set
people who change an opinion, belief, or behavior in such a way as to make it consistent with other opinions, beliefs, or behaviors - due this to reduce the dissonance
culturally diverse model
person blame focus, emphasis on minority pathology, and a use of White middle class definitions of desirable and undesirable behavior
economic state
person is influenced because of the perceived rewards and punishments that the source is able to deliver - person performs a behavior or states a belief in order to gain rewards and avoid punishments
genetically deficient model
portrayal of people of color in literature has generally taken the form of portraying them as deficient in certain undesirable attributes
individual
professionals must deal with their own biases, prejudices, and misinformation/lack of information regarding culturally diverse groups in our society
QUOID
quiet, ugly, old, indigent, and dissimilar culturally
Tripartite framework for understanding multiple dimensions of identity
race, culture, and other group dimensions may influence identity, values, beliefs, behaviors, and the perception of reality
intrinsic factors that explain problems encountered by minorities
racial inferiority and incompatible value systems instead of failure of society
changing complexion of the workforce or diversification of the United States
rapid increase in racial/ethnic minorities due to immigration rates and differential birth rates
culturally diverse
recognize the legitimacy of alternative lifestyles, the value of differences, advantages of being bicultural
marginal person
refer's to a person's inability to form dual ethnic identification because of bicultural membership
microinsult
type of microaggression that are unintentional behaviors or verbal comments that convey rudeness or insensitivity or demean a person's racial heritage identity, gender identity, or sexual orientation identity
microinvalidation
type of microaggression that are verbal comments or behaviors that exclude, negate, or dismiss the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of the target group - unintentional and usually outside of the person's awareness
microassault
type of microaggression that is blatant, verbal, nonverbal or an environmental attack intended to convey discriminatory and biased sentiments
modern homonegativity
belief that prejudice against LGB persons no longer exists and that this group contributes to its own marginalization by overemphasizing sexual orientation
overt sexism
blatant, unequal, and unfair treatment of women
organizational
if organizational policies and practices deny equal access and opportunity for different groups or oppress them then they should become the targets for change
professional
if professional standards and codes of ethics in mental health practice are culture bound, then they must be changed to reflect a multicultural worldview
Black Rage
in order to survive in a White racist society have developed a highly functional survival mechanism to protect them against possible physical and psychological harm
sociodemographic and diverse backgrounds
inclusive and encompass race, culture, gender, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, elderly, women, and disability
minority standard time
the tendency of poor people to have a low regard for punctuality
mild dissociation
African Americans may separate their true selves from their roles as "Negroes" - true self is revealed to fellow Blacks, while the dissociated self is revealed to meet the expectations of prejudiced Whites
cultural competence
ability to engage in actions or create conditions that maximize the optimal development of client and client systems
expertness
ability variable that depends on how well informed, capable, or intelligent others percieve the counselor
cultural competent professional
actively in the process of becoming aware of his or her own assumptions about human behavior, values, biases, preconceived notions, personal limitations also actively attempts to understand the worldview of his/her culturally different client and is in the process of actively developing and practicing appropriate relevant, and sensitive intervention strategies, and skills in working with his/her culturally different client
Universal level
all individuals are, in some respects, like all other individuals, homo sapiens, ability to use symbols , self-awareness, biological and physical similarities, common life experiences
Individual level
all individuals are, in some respects, like no other individuals, uniqueness, includes genetic endowment and non-shared experiences
Group level
all individuals are, in some respects, like some other individuals, similarities and differences, i.e. gender, race, age, and ethnicity
expertness
an ability component that is a function of how much knowledge, training, experience and skills clinicians possess with repsect to the populations being treated
skills component
an ability to determine and use culturally appropriate intervention strategies when working with different groups in our society
attitudes/beliefs component - awareness
an understanding of one's own cultural conditioning that affects the personal beliefs, values, and attitudes of a culturally diverse population
old-fashioned homonegativity
antigay sentiment that is based on religious or moral condemnations
ascription of intelligence
assigning intelligence to a person of color or a woman based on their race/gender
abormality
behaviors that occur less frequently - does not take into account differences in time, community standards, or cultural values
five components of ethnocentric monoculturalism
belief in superiority of others, belief in inferiority of others, power to impose standards, manifestation in institutions, and the invisible veil
trustworthiness
dependent on the degree to which people perceive the communicator as motivated to make invalid assertions
components of cultural competence
division of awareness, knowledge, and skills to define cultural competence
clinical competence
does not acknowledge racial, cultural, and gender differences sufficiently to be helpful
graying of the workforce
dramatic increase in the elderly population attributed to aging baby boomer generation, declining fertility rates, and increased longevity
cultural assimilation
expectation by the people in power that all immigrants and people outside the dominant group will give up their ethnic and cultural values and will adopt the values and norms of the dominant society
Tuskegee experiment
experiment carried out from 1932 to 1972 by US public health service in which over 600 Alabama Black men were used as guinea pigs to determine what would happen to the body if syphilus were left untreated
cultural relativism
focus on the culture and on how the disorder is manifested and treated within it
overly emotional
gender stereotype about women implying that they are emotional and by association irrational when it comes to making sense of real issues
multicultural counseling and therapy
helping role and process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients, recognizes client identities to include individual, group, and universal dimensions, advocates the use of universal and culture specific strategies and roles in the healing process, and balances the importance of individualism and collectivism in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client and client systems
scientific racism
historical use of science in the investigation of racial differences seems to be linked with White supremacist notions
"white social silence"
reinforces a negative view of African Americans among the public by focusing on unstable Black families only
hypersensitive
sensitive about sexual orientation, race, gender etc. as if there is no valid reason she should be
institutional racism
set of policies, priorities and accepted normative patterns designed to subjugate, oppress, and force dependence of individuals and groups on a larger society by sanctioning unequal goals, unequal status, and unequal access to goods and services
societal
social policies including racial profiling, misinformation in educational materials, and inequities in health care, are detrimental to the mental and physical health of minority groups and therefore should be updated
culturally deficient model
social scientists placed heavy reliance on environmental factors that portrayed them as culturally disadvantaged, deficient, or deprived instead of a biological condition that caused differences
authority set
some individuals are thought to have a particular position that gives them a legitimate right to prescribe attitudes or behaviors
ethnocentric bias
some professionals believe that minorities are inherently pathological and that therapy involves a simple modification of traditional White models
color blindness
statements that indicate a white person does not want to acknowledge race
myth of meritocracy
statements which assert that race or gender does not play a role in life successes
cultural encapsulation Wrenn 1962
substitution of modal stereotypes for the real world, disregarding cultural variations in a dogmatic adherence to some universal notion of truth, and use of technique-oriented definition of counseling process
cultural deficit models
tend to view culturally diverse groups as possessing dysfunctional values and belief systems that are often handicaps to be overcome, be ashamed of, and avoid
use of sexist/heterosexist language
terms that exclude or degrade women and LGB persons
dilemna 2 or microaggressions: invisibility of unintentional expression of bias
that the microaggression is essentially invisible to the perpetrator creates a psycological dilemna for victims that can leave them frustrated, feeling powerless, and even questioning their own sanity
pathologiing cultural values/communication styles
the notion that the values and communication styles of the dominant/white culture are ideal
unintentional racism
unaware of the harmful consequences of their behavior
knowledge component
understanding and knowledge of the worldviews of culturally diverse individuals and groups
covert sexism
unequal and harmful treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner
subtle sexism
unequal and unfair treatment of women that is not recognized by many people because it is perceived to be normative and therefore does not appear unusual
etic
universal application of concepts and goals
cultural universality
universality focus on disorders and their consequent treatments and minimize cultural factors
Uncle Tom Syndrome
used by minorities to appear docile, nonassertive, and happy golucky to prevent oppression from the white population
cultural deprivation
used to indicate that many groups perform poorly on tests or exhibit deviant characteristics because they lack many of the advantages of middle class culture
ethnocentric monoculturalism
values, assumptions, and beliefs of a society are structured in such a way as to serve only one narrom segment of the population; cultural encapsulation plus cultural racism
antigay harassment
verbal or physical behavior that injures, interferes with, or intimidates lesbian women, gay men, and bisexual individuals
invisible veil
what people's values and beliefs or worldviews represent that operates outside the level of conscious awareness
dileman 4 of microaggressions: catch-22 of responding to microaggressions
when a microaggression occurs, the recipient is often placed in an unenviable position of having to decide what to do
alien in their own land
when asian americans and latino americans are assumed to be foreign born
dilemna 3 of microaggressions: perceived minimal harm of microaggressions
when perpetrators are confronted about microaggressions, they accuse the victim of overreacting or being hypersensitive, or touchy
YAVIS
young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful. this preference tends to discriminate against people from different minority groups or those of lower socioeconomic classes