MUSC 205 Test 3

Regionalism

- The emergence of local scenes -East Coast v. West Coast=most signficant -But also places like Atlanta

Afrika Bambaataa

-"Glam rocker of hip hop" -Begins to expand the musical language of hip-hop -Enamored of groups like Kraftwerk (synth German group) -New fashion, language -i.e., "Planet Rock" (1982) **Pushes boundaries of what is acceptable in hip-hop

Bruce Springsteen

-"The Boss" -Early records weren't huge hits -Displays skill as a storyteller -New Jersey Everyman

Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

-"The Message" (1982) **make message rap commercially successful -Offer a frank view of ghetto life -Good luck finding Flash (reversal of focus on rappers instead of the DJ)

Off the Wall (1979)

-20 million copies sold -Fifth solo album, but first big success -Works with Quincy Jones -i.e, "Don't Stop Till You Get Enough" (disco)

From the Shadows of Disco

-3.4 miles north of Comiskey -The Warehouse opens in 1976 and hires Frankie Knuckles in 1977 **South side was segregated (whites lived on one side and blacks lived on the other). The north, which houses the Warehouse, is more diverse.

Born in the USA (1984)

-7 top-ten singles -Songs about Americans in hard times (i.e., small businesses getting closed due to Reaganomics) -i.e., "Dancing in the Dark" -The frustration of getting nowhere despite constant work -Influenced many artists (i.e., U2, Bon Jovi, The Killers)

Frankie Knuckles

-A New York DJ -Invited to Chicago by Robert Williams -Specialized in music (specifically black) that you wouldn't hear anywhere else -The Godfather of House i.e., "Move Your Body"

What is grunge?

-A blend of punk/metal/ pop -A look (torn, ripped-up jeans, flannel) -A reaction against hair bands (and their showmanship; emphasis on music instead) -Disaffected youth (less time w/ parents, high divorce rates; wanted an outlet)

Run-DMC

-A departure from "party rap" (less sampling) -Sparse, boomy beats -"Walk This Way" (1986)-->combines rap and rock (shows that not all metal artists and rap artists could not get along; way to get black artists in music video on MTV) -Hit #4, first top ten rap hit "Sucker M.C.'s (1983) -"marked the beginning of rap's second generation." -Shea Serrano -Battle rap brought to record -Reimagines what rap can sound like

Modern Hip Hop

-A few key figures stand out -A splintering of styles (many subgenres, i.e., drill, trap) -Technological innovation, driven by the Internet (digital, audio work station, using technology in music, listening to music online i.e., DatPiff, online hip hop academia i.e., "Genius" and "Who Sampled") -Critical acceptance and investigation

Big Beat

-Acid house gets more popular (kind of mainstream) -90s electronic bands based on acid house aesthetics Bands: The Prodigy, Fatboy Slim, Chemical Brothers i.e., "Breathe" by The Prodigy

Legacy of MTV

-Allowed people to say that they "saw that song" instead of just that they listened to it. -MTV changes the musical culture and continues to do that today -Served as a national radio station of sorts -But choice wasn't based entirely on music (it was also based on appearance)

Soundgarden

-Along with Nirvana and Pearl Jam, one of the seminal bands of grunge -Formed in 1984 -Superunknown (1994) becomes their biggest hit i.e., "Black Hole Sun" -A more melodic grunge

EDM Today

-And yet it still comes full circle -Think back to how we started: "Move Your Body" - Frankie Knuckles -And now? "Hold My Hand" - Jess Glynne

Bon Jovi

-Another NJ-blue collar rock band -A bit hair metal? -Connected with the average worker (mention specific names of people like Springsteen) -Provided escapism and optimism -i.e., "Living on a Prayer"

Sleater-Kinney

-Another Olympia band -Perhaps the most commercially successful Riot Grrrl act -Corin Tucker (formerly of Heavens to Betsey) -Carrie Brownstein (formerly of the queercore band Excuse 17) i.e., "I Wanna Be Your Joey Ramone" - 1996 -Flip the gender script of the rock narrative

Michael Jackson

-Began at Motown with the Jackson 5 -A sort of novelty act, centered around Michael -Tight choreography and humor (matched Motown's vibe) i.e., "ABC"

Madonna

-Begins as a disco diva -Uses video to make herself a star -Bowie-like Chameleon -Questions of feminism around the use of sexuality -She was in control of her own image

Metallica

-Begun in 1981 in LA -Distributed largely on cassettes -Made it to the top 10 without MTV airplay -Sped metal up to create a new style -i.e., "The Four Horsemen" (makes apocalypse Bible references typical of classic metal)

Thriller and Jackson Videos

-Best-selling album of all time (~65 million copies) -32 times platinum in the US; all but 2 songs are singles -Collaborates with some of the biggest stars of the time (i.e., Paul McCartney , Eddie Van Halen) and is thus able to crossover and appeal to a white audience -But perhaps best known for the videos -Jackson turns the video into art through his showmanship and choreography

The Notorious B.I.G.

-Biggie, Biggie Smalls -Released ONE ALBUM while he was alive -Ready to Die (1994) -"Who Shot Ya" comes immediately in the wake of 2Pac being shot -"Juicy": Like Dre, Biggie can bring pop sheen to hip hop

Legacy of Michael Jackson

-Breaks down racial barriers on MTV (not 1st black artist on MTV, but paves the way) -Dance moves -Record sales -Questions of race: Vitiligo (and skin bleaching?) -Decline into the '90s and beyond (his music becomes ancillary to his backstory) KING OF POP in 1980s

Expansion to Europe

-By the late 1980s a rave scene develops in the UK -1988-89: The Second Summer of Love -Fueled by ecstasy and house music -By the early 90s, outdoor raves with 30,000 people are common (a lot of what they were listening to was house music coming from Chicago)

The Bodyguard

-Cements her fame -Stars opposite Kevin Costner -Film get's lukewarm reviews, the soundtrack on the other hand... -"I Will Always Love You" is perhaps her most famous song -It is a Dolly Parton cover

Public Enemy

-Characterized by DENSE mazes of samples -Chuck D, Flavor Flav, The Bomb Squad -Issues from incarceration to more general power politics -Samples speeches from history i.e., "Fight the Power"

After Cobain

-Cobain committed suicide in 1994 -Dave Grohl went on to form the Foo Fighters -Grunge remained big

Eurythmics

-Composed by Annie Lenox and David A. Stewart -Leading band in the MTV-driven "Second British Invasion" of the U.S. -Lennox's androgynous image becomes a focal point (may have been influenced by Bowie) -Shows that women can make it in synth pop too! -First big hit: "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" - 1983

Compton and gangsta rap

-Compton was a poor city ravaged by gang violence -In 1991 nearly one in every 1,000 residents was killed -That would be the equivalent of approximately 38 murders this year amongst UMD students -Rap responds to this and similar situations

Scratching

-Created by accident by Grand Wizard Theodore -Grandmaster Flash turns it into art -"The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash" (scratch slower=lower pitch; scratch faster=higher pitch)

Madonna and Sexuality

-Defined, in the eyes of many, by her sexuality -Either as over-the-top -Or liberated -(Or, as an icon of queerness or of gay male culture) -Her sexuality contrasts with the Reagan-era conservatism at the time **She spearheaded the idea that women can take control of their own sexuality.

House becomes Techno

-Detroit DJs make the trip to Chicago -Bring the music back, add their own sound -Initially similar, but more emphasis on electronics ("technology" -> "techno") -Heavily robotic voices, synths, less vocals, etc. i.e., Cybotron - "Clear" (similar to Afrika Bambaataa's "Planet Rock")

The Problem of Disco (80s Hip Hop)

-Disco (eventually) gets sold as the obtainable dream of escapism for everyone -But it's not really all that obtainable: "It was something that seemed very far away from what a ghetto kid on the street could realistically hope to attain or be a part of. That whole idea of the flashy, gaudy, the costume, all that stuff was something hip-hop reacted against." -Fab Five Freddy

Seattle

-Distinct alternative scene in the 1980s -Green River and Sub Pop Records -DIY culture, again -Gives birth to grunge

Origins of Hip Hop

-Economic hardship for African Americans -The Cross Bronx Expressway (essentially separated rich from poor; property values plummeted; poor became poorer) -Gangs, drugs, guns -Rap music arose from desperation, chronicled the plight of African American youth -"Rap is black America's TV station. It gives a whole perspective of what exists and what black life is about." - Chuck D, Spin, 1988

MJ Maturing

-Even while with the Jackson 5, it becomes apparent that Michael is a breakout star -He was capable of soulful numbers and steals the spotlight

The Beastie Boys

-Expand rap's language -Make it more accessible to white audiences -Combine rock with rap even more i.e., "(You Gotta) Fight For Your Right (To Party!)" (1987)

East Coast/West Coast

-Feud centered around Bad Boy (East-->P. Diddy, Biggie) and Death Row (West-->2Pac, Dr. Dre) records -But mostly focused on 2Pac vs. Biggie -2Pac and The Nortorious B.I.G. were murdered within a year -The feud largely quieted

DJ Kool Herc

-First true turntablist -Brought the Jamaican sound system to New York and idea of toasting (talking over the beat) to rap -Use two turntables to create mixes -Emphasizes the break

Riot Grrrl Ideology

-Focused on female empowerment -Subverting patriarchal norms -Spread through local chapters -DIY aesthetic (copy and paste magazines, low quality production)

Megadeth

-Formed in 1983 when Dave Mustaine was kicked out of Metallica -Took Metallica's idea, and made it even faster -Created a progressive strain of metal, where chops and aggression were key i.e., "Mechanix"

Bikin Kill

-Formed in Olympia, WA after meeting at Evergreen State College (ultra-liberal and hippie) -Kathleen Hanna penned the Riot Grrrl Manifesto -i.e., "Rebel Girl" - 1993 (a take-no-crap anthem for a movement)

Madonna (1983)

-Her first album -Bright, synthesizer-driven disco-style music - "Holiday" is the hit that still lasts but... -"Lucky Star" became her first top-5 hit -Image: A punk-disco-diva

Early Reception

-House and techno start at black clubs -Eventually begin attracting a broad audience -Note the similarity to disco: "We had white kids coming, Spanish kids coming, gay kids coming, straight kids coming. Nobody was on drugs, man, kids smoked a little bit of weed, drank a little liquor, they came, had a ball, went home, made love and felt good feelings all week." -Derrick May

Hair Metal

-Image becomes premium -Shorter and catchier than '70s metal (more marketable music that fits into confines of pop) -Virtuosity -Classical music as a source? i.e., "Eruption" by Van Halen (virtuosic guitar solo, tapping on guitar instead of strumming)

Why Music Videos?

-In short: marketing! -A new "radio" -Allows for another way to connect to bands -But it has an unintended consequence...

Eminem

-Intensely divisive -Frankly loathsome lyrics (misogynistic, homophobic, etc.) -Also one of the best rappers of all time -Ignited a debate of authenticity -"The Real Slim Shady" provides a lesson in life at the turn of the millennium

Acid House

-Known for its deep bass lines -Synthesized "squelching" noises i.e., "Dream 17" by Annette

MTV

-Launched on August 1, 1981 with the first music video "Video Killed the Radio Star" by the Buggles -America had become a video nation -Music videos had existed before, but never had a regular outlet -MTV gave an incentive for young people to tune into television

U2

-Leaders in 60s-style protest revival (think Bob Dylan) -Ethereal guitar sound and screaming vocals i.e., "Sunday Bloody Sunday" - 1982 (about troubles in Ireland)

Rap

-Like Kool Herc's toasting -Rap became more elaborate when others did it while DJ spun -Others became: MCs -Becomes about competition and battle -A musical take on playing the dozens -i.e., Busy Bee vs. Kool Moe Dee (1981 - 59", 7'40")=first rap battle

Green River

-Limited commercial success, yet vitally influential to grunge -Named for a serial killer who dumped his victims' bodies in the Green River -Dry as a Bone (1987) -->The first non-compilation on Sub Pop records "ultra-loose GRUNGE that destroyed the morals of a generation" -plays on the fact that they are "edgy"; "bad boy" image i.e., Swallow My Pride

Black Videos on MTV

-MTV aired a video with black artists on their first day (The Specials - "Rat Race") -Nevertheless, black videos were exceedingly rare on the station -Rick James harshly criticized MTV (Bowie did too) -MTV responded by saying that they played "Rock and Roll" (but, Duran Duran and the Buggles are not rock n' roll) -Regardless, Michael Jackson's popularity kicks in the door for other black artists (it was an economic decision to show Thriller on MTV; MTV needed more viewers and Thriller brought that)

Generation Gap

-MTV becomes emblematic of the divides between parents and children -Videos seen as wasting time, too obscene, or various and sundry other problems by parents -Plenty address this issue i.e., Cyndi Lauper - "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" (1983)

The New Romantics

-MTV concentrates on visually appealing bands (along w/ musically appealing) -Usually British (a second British invasion?) -Synths mixed with disco (Synth-pop) **the music itself is different than 1st British invasion (now: studio-produced electronic music)

G-Funk

-Merging of gangsta rap and funk -More laidback and slower style of rap -Characterized with use of funky synthesizers -Offers a different take of the gangsta lifestyle -Glorification of the result of the lifestyle, i.e., money, cars, women, etc. rather than the lifestyle itself -This is different from N.W.A. who typically rapped about the harsh reality of the gangsta lifestyle (i.e., death, prison, murder, crime)

Alternative

-Music that arises in the late 80s/early 90s - Less commercial, more "authentic" -Independent record labels -Usually guitar driven, singer-songwriter, independent (but not always) -Regionalism becomes key here, too --Athens, GA (B-52s, REM) --Minneapolis (Replacements, Hüsker Dü, Soul Assylum) --Boston/Amherst (Dinosaur Jr., The Pixies)

N.W.A.

-N.W.A. (*****z With Attitude) -Ice Cube, Eazy E, Dr. Dre, MC Ren, DJ Yella -Straight Outta Compton (1988) -"**** Tha Police" ( depicts a mock trial) -rapping about the harsh street life of Compton

House Music

-Named after The Warehouse -But also because of its homemade quality -Designed for dancing -Huge emphasis on bass -Four on the floor (disco!) -Vocals as instruments (funk!) -Mostly electronic instruments (new!) -But also sampled acoustics (new!)

Nirvana

-Nevermind (1991) -Huge success -Spurs grunge to the national stage -Influenced by Led Zeppelin/ Beatles/Sabbath/etc. i.e., "Lithium" (guitar riff, nice catchy pop sound, until it rips off into punk-inspired chorus) i.e., "Smells Like Teen Spirit" -Controversy over independent/authentic vs. getting money with record label

Elsewhere in the 80s' (Hair Metal)

-Not just New Romantics, and pop megastars -Reaganomics (health care gets cut, money for military is increased, enhanced wealth gap) -Rich get richer, poor get poorer -In rock, a return to the ideals of the '60s

Riot Grrrl

-One of the most impactful scenes of the '90s -Independent, feminist, initiative -Developed in Olympia, WA and Washington, DC -Inspired by Cinco De Mayo Riots in Mt. Pleasant, D.C. -Far more than music: poetry, zines, art, writing...

Alternative Sells

-Pearl Jam, Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, and others dominate charts in early 90s -Grunge reflects anger, frustration, and disillusionment of a new generation i.e., "Jeremy" by Pearl Jam, addresses violence in schools (think Columbine)

Break Dancing

-People start elaborate dance in the breaks -B-boys (break, bronx, beat) -Battles become standard-->similar to voguing -Was a way of getting aggression out without violence

Aquemini (1998)

-Portmanteau of Aquarius and Gemini (both of their signs put together) -An album of duality -Recorded with a live band, one of the signatures of the Atlanta sound (slowed-down music in comparison to other rap) i.e., "Spottieottiedopaliscious"

Kanye West

-Rapper, producer -And on-again off-again social outcast -Began as a producer at Roc-A-Fella -College Dropout (2004) -Pushing the boundaries of hip hop i.e., "Power" (2010)

"Disco Sucks"

-Reaction against disco, spearheaded by Steve Dahl -Especially by metal fans -Disco demolition nights

The DJ

-Record spinners from disco -Rap begins in NYC in the late 70s with DJs -DJ-ing is the basis of hip-hop

Video Innovation

-Rise in popularity spurs innovative push -The incentive was obvious: even a mediocre band could find huge success with a great video -But great bands took advantage as well i.e., Dire Straits - "Money for Nothing" (1985) (Used rotoscoping and CGI) i.e., A-ha - "Take On Me" (1985) (Used rotoscoping and told a story apart from itself using a comic book)

Riot Grrrl Music

-Sonically, much like other underground indie bands -Lyrically, a focus on gender politics -Bands: Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Heavens to Betsey

Thrash/Speed Metal

-Sought to maintain the "true" metal tradition (of emphasizing hardcore rock over image) -Underground -Faster tempos -Punk attitude

A Break

-Spearheaded by DJ Kool Herc -Just the drums; all the other instruments drop out -Usually short; can make break long with a copy of the same record (typically repetition of 4 beats), which allowed for break dancing -Often pulled from funk (i.e, "Funky Drummer" by James Brown @ 5'22")

Into the 2000s

-Subjective judgements on what is genres and artists are chosen -We have a great filter for what is and isn't good music -We tend to forget the bad music -For every "Be My Baby" there were probably 20 Tigers -Who knows 20 years from now what we will consider as good music and what we consider as the bad music -So don't buy the "music isn't as good" argument

Rap hits the radio - 1979

-Sugarhill Gang: "Rapper's Delight" -Rhythm/bass from Chic's "Good Times" -First hip hop song in the top 40 -Lyrics set the scene for lyrics that appear in other rap artists' songs -Rap arrives on the charts as disco ends

Lemonade

-Surprises us all with "Formation" the day before she plays the Super Bowl -A brazen embrace of blackness in many forms -Includes this formula: --My daddy Alabama, Momma Louisiana You mix that negro with that Creole make a Texas bama "Daddy Lessons" -Daddy Alabama: a song about the lessons her dad taught her -Momma Louisiana: Begins with a NOLA-style brass band, jazz influence carries throughout -She's Texas: A country song, with a lot of country stereotypes (country music that relates to her life story)

Poison

-THIS is hair metal -Parents just shook their heads -Heavy promotion on MTV -Premium of image - Power ballads (i.e., "Every Rose Has a Thorn")

Dr. Dre

-The Chronic (1992) introduces the G-funk sound -Slower, laid-back, bottom heavy -Also introduces Snoop -i.e., "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang" (mostly written by Snoop) -A different take on "gangsta"

Derrick May

-The Frankie Knuckles of techno (The Godfather of Techno) "Strings of Life" is exemplary of the style ---Sectional form - built up slowly ---Electronic piano & "string" stabs ---Percussion drop in ---Another layer of percussion

Lauryn Hill

-The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill (1998) -A deep, introspective look at a woman's role in life and hip hop -Often called a neo- soul album

Whitney Houston

-The only artist with seven consecutive Billboard Hot 100 number 1 hits -Noted for her brilliant vocal range -Queen of the late-80s and early-90s (MJ and Madonna of the mid-1980s) -i.e., "I Wanna Dance With Somebody" (1987) solidifies her pop career

Britney Spears

-The top-selling female artist in the United States -Number-one Billboard Hot 100 hits in three decades -Growth from teen pop (i.e., "Hit Me Baby One More Time") to more mature issues i.e., "Womanizer" (2008)

Modern Pop

-The transition from bubble-gum boy bands to EDM/R&B-fueled tracks -Women dominate (Britney Spears, Katy Perry, Rihanna, Lady Gaga, Beyoncé) -Absolutely, stunningly, massive sales

Outkast

-There is more than just the coasts! -Atlanta becomes a third center of hip hop -And Outkast become the center of Atlanta -André 3000 and Big Boi

2Pac

-Tupac Shakur -Born in New York, but becomes the West Coast figurehead -"Hit 'em Up" (1996) provides a response to "Who Shot Ya" "California Love" (1996) -Like Biggie, Tupac could spin a pop hit -His first song with Death Row -First song post-jail -A weird fusion of G-Funk, pop, and gangsta

Beyoncé

-Went from Destiny's Child to her own HBO promo video (visual album) -One of the greatest promoters alive -Manages to evade problems we accept with the Internet **Changed the game in pop music

Salt-n-Pepa

-Women were there in rap, too -Salt-n-Pepa some of the first to hit big First hip-hop trio from Queens composed of Cheryl James ("Salt"), Sandra Denton ("Pepa") and Deidra Roper ("DJ Spinderella") -Overtly sexual - new to hip hop -i.e., "Push It" (1987) and "Shoop" (1993) -Also gender roles reversal i.e., "Independent" (1990)

Precursors to the MTV Music Video

1. MGM musicals 2. Scopitone Machines: played 16 mm films, acts and looks like a jukebox 3. "Paperback Writer" by the Beatles 4. "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen

Examples of music videos that have been censored/controversial

1. Pearl Jam's "Jeremy" -Is supposed to be disturbing -There is a censored version of the music video. In the uncensored one, it actually shows the boy (Jeremy) putting a gun in his mouth to kill himself -Later the subject of controversy 2. Madonna's "Like a Prayer" -About a white girl who falls in love with a Black guy in the South where there is animosity against interracial relationships and bigotry -Doesn't match with the lyrics -Controversy: burning cross and combination of spiritual ecstasy with sexual ecstasy -Sent people into a panic -Banned by the Vatican and Pepsi! 3. "Baby Got Back" -Trying to portray a pro-woman message about being more accepting of different body types -While celebrating women's bodies, he also uses them as props -Also parodies typical rap music **Shows how a music video can alter your perception of a song's lyrics

What makes hip hop culture?

1. Turntablism (DJ-ing) 2. Rap (MC-ing) 3. Break Dancing 4. Graffiti *5. Fashion

A timeline of dance music

1970s: Rise and fall of disco late '70s: House takes off in Chicago early '80s: House inspires techno in Detroit mid '80s-mid '90s: peak of house popularity

The Dis Rap

A song in which one artist directly responds to the lyrics of another, often challenging or insulting them -Men tried to assert their manhood through battle rap and misogynistic lyrics. Female rappers responded to this with the dis rap. i.e., Roxanne Shanté's "Roxanne's Revenge" (1984): a response to UTFO's "Roxanne, Roxanne" -Spearheaded trend of women responding to misogyny in rap lyrics (Queen Latifah, MC Lyte, Salt-N-Pepa)

Duran Duran

An English new wave/synthpop band formed in Birmingham in 1978. They were a successful band of the 1980s and a leading band in the MTV-driven "Second British Invasion" of the U.S. -One of the most successful early-MTV acts -Pop sensibility mixed with fashion -Ladies loved them (new handsomest in post-disco world i.e., hair pushed back, light makeup, etc.) -Come to define the synth-pop sound -"Hungry Like the Wolf" made them popular

Kesha

An undeniable pop superstar -Accuses producer of sexual abuse -Legal battle w/ Dr. Luke Issue of do we teach the music, the issue, or both? -Think back to Phil Spector who was an incredible producer and invented the "Wall of Sound" heard in 60s' girl groups. However, he married Ronnie Spector at age 17 and abused her for years and locked her away.

Subgenres of EDM

EDM is like metal in that it has numerous subgenres Examples: Electronic, Dubstep, Dub, Ambient, Trip hop, Industrial, Baltimore Club Music, etc.

Jay Z

Has legacy as a rapper, a producer, and as a mogul "99 Problems" -From 2004's Black Album -Tries to contrast his earlier life in the projects with his new one as someone with plenty of money and fame -Pays homage to some of the "day in the life" rap of before

Self Censorship

Listening to music and finding ways to censor it yourself (i.e., not singing certain lyrics)

Legacy of Pop Icons

Michael Jackson, Madonna, Whitney Houston, Prince -All of these artists are more than just their music -These figures are the dominant pop icons of the 80s -Dominant sales that continue to today (Thriller is still the best-selling album of all time) -An emphasis on solo acts **Jackson revolutionizes music videos and MTV for black artists, Madonna gives us insight into a hidden/underground gay culture, Whitney showcases her huge vocal range and merges it with a pop, party girl/fun image

Beginning of Official Music Censorship

Remember that the 1990s were filled with right-wing politics; reaction to the 1970s -Tipper Gore's starts PMRC (Parents Music Resource Center) -Lead to increase in parental and consumer awareness of music with explicit content through labeling albums with parental advisory stickers Prince's "Darling Nikki" is an example of a song that launched pop music censorship -Lyrics of the song were thought to be pornographic (i.e., mention of the word masturbating; Prince gyrates on stage)