Music 313 Final Exam
Walther (1732)
" a piece for instruments-especially the violin- of a serious and artful nature, in which adagios and allegros alternate"
Brossard (1703)
"the sonata is to all sorts of instruments wha the cantata is to the voice,"
Giulio Caccini
(1551-1618), published on 1601/1602 with the title, "Le novel musiche"; the songs divide into two distinct types; madrigal and air.
Cori spezzati
(Engl: divided choirs): technique involving 2+ choirs whose parts alternate.
Copla, Estribillo
(Engl: verse, refrain): normally consists of four verses de Arte minor (that is, of no more than eight syllables to a line) of four lines each, either of Spain's most characteristic popular meter, the romance (8 8a 8 8a), or of seguidilla (7 5a 7 5a) or redondilla (8a 8b 8b 8a)
Basso continuo
2 part accompaniment, given as a bass melody with through-bass/figured bass notation): First collection of solo songs with basso continuo was composed by Caccini.
Sequence
A category of Latin chant that follows the alleluia in some masses; restatement of a pattern, either melodic or harmonic, on successive or different pitch levels
"Pillars of Tonality"
A concept by Rameau, created by Hanning. Tonic, subdominant, dominant.
Hemiola
A metrical effect in which three duple units substitute for two triple ones such as three successive quarter notes within a measure of 6/8, or three two beat groupings in two measures of triple meter; hemiola may occur between voices or in successive measures.
Recitative arioso
A passage or deletion in an opera or other vocal work in a style that lies somewhere between recit style and aria.
Toccata
A virtuoso piece of music typically for a keyboard or plucked string instrument featuring fast-moving, lightly fingered or otherwise virtuosity passages or sections, with our without imitative or fugal interludes, generally emphasizing the dexterity of the performer's fingers.
Strophic
AAA or AA'A"; songs, arias
Bar form
AAB
Binary
AABB or rounded; AAbaba. assoc. Baroque dances
Bipartite
AB assoc. Baroque overtures
Ternary/Da Capo
ABA or ABA' assoc. arias
What is the dance suite core?
Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue
Chorale-motet
Chorale setting in the style of a 16th century motet
Sonata da chiesa
Church sonata. Baroque instrumental work intended for performance in church; usually in for voice movements (slow-fast-slow-fast) and scored for one or more treble instruments and continuo
What came of the Florentine camerata?
Conceptualized Opera as we know it in the west - Monody, recitative, basso continuo.
Solo concerto
Concerto in which a single instrument, such as a violin, contrasts with an orchestra
Enharmonic pitches, enharmonic keys
Different name, same pitch
Impresario
During the Baroque period, a businessman who managed and oversaw the production of operas.
Stile concerto
Engl: concerted style, style devised by Claudio Monteverdi to portray anger and warlike actions, characterized by rapid reiteration of a single note, whether on quickly spoken syllables or in a measured string tremolo.
Prima practica
Engl: first practice. Claudio Monteverdi's term for the style and practice of the 16th century polyphony, in contradiction to the seconda practica
Notes inegales
Engl: unequal notes, assoc: French Baroque performance practice) practice of performing French music in which passages notated in short, even durations, such as a succession of eight notes, are performed by alternating longer notes on the beat with shorter offbeats to produce a lilting rhythm.
Tonality
Features include standard cadenial progressions, bass movement by a fourth or a fifth, conventional bass patterns, suspensions and other dissonances to create forward motion.
Agrementes
French Baroque performance practice
Basso ostinato
Grounded bass. A recurring melodic pattern in the bass part of a composition that serves as the principle structural element.
Allemande
Highly stylized dance in binary form, in moderately fast quadruple meter with almost continuous movement, beginning with an upbeat; popular during the renaissance and baroque, appearing often as the first dance in a suite.
Prelude
Improvisatory-sounding work that is often composed in the style of a fantasia or a toccata (whimsical)
Fantasia
Instrumental composition that resembles an improvisation or lacks a strict form; imitative instrumental piece on a single subject.
Absolute music
Instrumental or non-lexical vocal music that is composed "for its own sake"; music that is non-narrative and is not meant to evoke or reflect extra musical ideas. Examples: 82 - Frescobaldi, Toccata; 83: Frescobaldi, Ricercare
Canzona
Italian secular song that is usually strophic w/refrain; an instrumental ritornello substitutes a texted refrain.
Ricercare
Italian: "to seek out" or "to attempt." in the early to mid-sixteenth century, a prelude in the style of an improvisation; from the late sixteenth century on, an instrumental piece that treats one or more subjects in imitation.
Significance of basso continuo?
Led composers to think of constant sounds as vertical entities, or chords, rather than as discrete intervals over the bass. Chromaticism became more widely accepted and free.
Concerted madrigal
Madrigal with instruments, ft. stile concerto; much shorter
Seconda practica
Monteverdi's term for a practice of counterpoint and composition that allowed the rules of sixteenth century counterpoint to be broken in order to express the text.
Concerted motet/sacred concerto
Motet with instruments, ft. stile concertato; much shorter
Sonata
Multi-sectional instrumental work (17th century) or 3-4 movement instrumental genre (18th century)- for soloist and accompaniment
Cantata
Multi-sectional vocal-instrumental genre that includes recitatives, arias, and perhaps choruses; accompanied by basso continuo or ensemble; text may be Latin or vernacular, sacred or secular. Dramatic or narrative→ but it is not stages; it is shorter than an opera or oratorio but longer than a madrigal or motet
Program music
Music that tells a story; that is extra musically referential.
Colla parte
Orchestration involving doubling of voice parts with instruments.
Sarabande
Originally a quick dance song from Latin America; in French baroque music, a slow dance in binary form and in triple meter, often emphasizing the second beat; a standard movement of a suite
Ritornello
RSRSR...assoc. Baroque concertos (fast movements). Formal section
Organ prelude/chorale prelude
Relatively short setting for organ of a chorale melody, used as an introduction for congregational singing or as an interlude in a Lutheran church service.
Oratorio
Sacred drama that features continuous or nearly continuous music but is not staged, costumed, or choreographed; libretto is a contemporary Latin or vernacular text
Historia
Sacred drama whose "libretto" quotes from scripture; performed in church
Ritornello form
Standard form for fast movements in concertos of the first half of the eighteenth century, featuring a ritornello for full orchestra that alternates with episodes characterized by virtuosity material played by one or more soloists.
Gigue
Stylized dance movement of a standard baroque suite, binary form, marked by fast compound meter such as 6/4 or 12/8 with wide melodic leaps and continuous triplets; both sections usually begin with imitation.
Prelude + Fugue
The combination of prelude and fugue is one with a long history. The use of this format is generally inspired by Johann Sebastian Bach's two books of preludes and fugues - The Well Tempered Clavier - completed in 1722 and 1742 respectively.
Circle of fifths progression
The roots of the chords are related to each other specifically by ascending 4ths or descending 5ths. Considered to be harmonically very strong, in the sense that they pull ears toward one chord being the tonic, or key chord.
Chorale
Vernacular song that has been contradicted as a hymn; features: German text, bar form, monophony -- polarized polyphony, modality
Villancico
Villancicos were used to consolidate authoritarian power through integration or imitation of elements of local culture. Those elements are colonized through their use in Spanish or Spanish-origin genres
The Well-Tempered Clavier
a book of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys, dated 1722, composed "for the profit and use of musical youth desirous of learning, and especially for the pastime of those already skilled in this study"; he had written for a (12-note) well-tempered tuning system in which all keys sounded in tune
Courante
a dance in binary form, in triple meter at a moderate tempo with an upbeat, featured as a standard movement of the Baroque dance suite
Florentine camerata
a group of humanists, musicians, poets and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count Giovanni de' Bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and drama. Peri, Caccini, Bardi, Galilei.
Recitative
a passage or section in an opera, oratorio, cantata, or other vocal work in recitative style recitativo secco (It: dry recitative) récitatif simple (Fr: simple recitative) recitativo accompagnato (It: accompanied recitative) récitatif mesuré (Fr: measured recitative)
Basso continuo
a system of notation and performance practice, used in the Baroque period, in which an instrumental bass line is written out and one or more players of keyboard, lute, or similar instruments fill in the harmony with appropriate chords or improvised melodic lines.
Monody
an accompanied solo song; the musical texture of solo singing accompanied by one or more instruments
Overture
an orchestral piece introducing an opera or other long work; independent orchestral work in one movement, usually descriptive
Fundamental bass
associated with Rameau. Term coined to indicate the succession of the roots or fundamental tones in a series of chords.
Opera
drama that features continuous or nearly continuous music and is staged, costumed, and choreographed; libretto is a contemporary vernacular text
Polychoral texture
for more than one choir
Monody
from Caccini. an accompanied solo song; the musical texture of solo singing accompanied by one or more instruments.
Sinfonia
generic term used throughout the 17th century for an abstract ensemble piece, especially ne that serves as an introduction to a vocal work
Aria
in the late 16th century and early 17th century, any setting of an italian strophic poem for a solo singer; lyrical monologue in an opera or other vocal work such as cantata and oratorio
Libretto
literary text for an opera or other musical stage work
Doctrine of Affections
range of human experience is limited -- finite and discrete; you can only experience one emotion at a time.
Cosmopolitan
the ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality. person - cosmopolite.
Well-tempered tuning
the twelve notes per octave of the standard keyboard were tuned in such a way that it was possible to play music in all major or minor keys that were commonly in use, and it would not sound perceptibly out of tune
Subject
theme, used especially for the main melody used in a ricerare, fugue, or other imitative work -Could use counterpoint