Music 313 Final Exam

Walther (1732)

" a piece for instruments-especially the violin- of a serious and artful nature, in which adagios and allegros alternate"

Brossard (1703)

"the sonata is to all sorts of instruments wha the cantata is to the voice,"

Giulio Caccini

(1551-1618), published on 1601/1602 with the title, "Le novel musiche"; the songs divide into two distinct types; madrigal and air.

Cori spezzati

(Engl: divided choirs): technique involving 2+ choirs whose parts alternate.

Copla, Estribillo

(Engl: verse, refrain): normally consists of four verses de Arte minor (that is, of no more than eight syllables to a line) of four lines each, either of Spain's most characteristic popular meter, the romance (8 8a 8 8a), or of seguidilla (7 5a 7 5a) or redondilla (8a 8b 8b 8a)

Basso continuo

2 part accompaniment, given as a bass melody with through-bass/figured bass notation): First collection of solo songs with basso continuo was composed by Caccini.

Sequence

A category of Latin chant that follows the alleluia in some masses; restatement of a pattern, either melodic or harmonic, on successive or different pitch levels

"Pillars of Tonality"

A concept by Rameau, created by Hanning. Tonic, subdominant, dominant.

Hemiola

A metrical effect in which three duple units substitute for two triple ones such as three successive quarter notes within a measure of 6/8, or three two beat groupings in two measures of triple meter; hemiola may occur between voices or in successive measures.

Recitative arioso

A passage or deletion in an opera or other vocal work in a style that lies somewhere between recit style and aria.

Toccata

A virtuoso piece of music typically for a keyboard or plucked string instrument featuring fast-moving, lightly fingered or otherwise virtuosity passages or sections, with our without imitative or fugal interludes, generally emphasizing the dexterity of the performer's fingers.

Strophic

AAA or AA'A"; songs, arias

Bar form

AAB

Binary

AABB or rounded; AAbaba. assoc. Baroque dances

Bipartite

AB assoc. Baroque overtures

Ternary/Da Capo

ABA or ABA' assoc. arias

What is the dance suite core?

Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue

Chorale-motet

Chorale setting in the style of a 16th century motet

Sonata da chiesa

Church sonata. Baroque instrumental work intended for performance in church; usually in for voice movements (slow-fast-slow-fast) and scored for one or more treble instruments and continuo

What came of the Florentine camerata?

Conceptualized Opera as we know it in the west - Monody, recitative, basso continuo.

Solo concerto

Concerto in which a single instrument, such as a violin, contrasts with an orchestra

Enharmonic pitches, enharmonic keys

Different name, same pitch

Impresario

During the Baroque period, a businessman who managed and oversaw the production of operas.

Stile concerto

Engl: concerted style, style devised by Claudio Monteverdi to portray anger and warlike actions, characterized by rapid reiteration of a single note, whether on quickly spoken syllables or in a measured string tremolo.

Prima practica

Engl: first practice. Claudio Monteverdi's term for the style and practice of the 16th century polyphony, in contradiction to the seconda practica

Notes inegales

Engl: unequal notes, assoc: French Baroque performance practice) practice of performing French music in which passages notated in short, even durations, such as a succession of eight notes, are performed by alternating longer notes on the beat with shorter offbeats to produce a lilting rhythm.

Tonality

Features include standard cadenial progressions, bass movement by a fourth or a fifth, conventional bass patterns, suspensions and other dissonances to create forward motion.

Agrementes

French Baroque performance practice

Basso ostinato

Grounded bass. A recurring melodic pattern in the bass part of a composition that serves as the principle structural element.

Allemande

Highly stylized dance in binary form, in moderately fast quadruple meter with almost continuous movement, beginning with an upbeat; popular during the renaissance and baroque, appearing often as the first dance in a suite.

Prelude

Improvisatory-sounding work that is often composed in the style of a fantasia or a toccata (whimsical)

Fantasia

Instrumental composition that resembles an improvisation or lacks a strict form; imitative instrumental piece on a single subject.

Absolute music

Instrumental or non-lexical vocal music that is composed "for its own sake"; music that is non-narrative and is not meant to evoke or reflect extra musical ideas. Examples: 82 - Frescobaldi, Toccata; 83: Frescobaldi, Ricercare

Canzona

Italian secular song that is usually strophic w/refrain; an instrumental ritornello substitutes a texted refrain.

Ricercare

Italian: "to seek out" or "to attempt." in the early to mid-sixteenth century, a prelude in the style of an improvisation; from the late sixteenth century on, an instrumental piece that treats one or more subjects in imitation.

Significance of basso continuo?

Led composers to think of constant sounds as vertical entities, or chords, rather than as discrete intervals over the bass. Chromaticism became more widely accepted and free.

Concerted madrigal

Madrigal with instruments, ft. stile concerto; much shorter

Seconda practica

Monteverdi's term for a practice of counterpoint and composition that allowed the rules of sixteenth century counterpoint to be broken in order to express the text.

Concerted motet/sacred concerto

Motet with instruments, ft. stile concertato; much shorter

Sonata

Multi-sectional instrumental work (17th century) or 3-4 movement instrumental genre (18th century)- for soloist and accompaniment

Cantata

Multi-sectional vocal-instrumental genre that includes recitatives, arias, and perhaps choruses; accompanied by basso continuo or ensemble; text may be Latin or vernacular, sacred or secular. Dramatic or narrative→ but it is not stages; it is shorter than an opera or oratorio but longer than a madrigal or motet

Program music

Music that tells a story; that is extra musically referential.

Colla parte

Orchestration involving doubling of voice parts with instruments.

Sarabande

Originally a quick dance song from Latin America; in French baroque music, a slow dance in binary form and in triple meter, often emphasizing the second beat; a standard movement of a suite

Ritornello

RSRSR...assoc. Baroque concertos (fast movements). Formal section

Organ prelude/chorale prelude

Relatively short setting for organ of a chorale melody, used as an introduction for congregational singing or as an interlude in a Lutheran church service.

Oratorio

Sacred drama that features continuous or nearly continuous music but is not staged, costumed, or choreographed; libretto is a contemporary Latin or vernacular text

Historia

Sacred drama whose "libretto" quotes from scripture; performed in church

Ritornello form

Standard form for fast movements in concertos of the first half of the eighteenth century, featuring a ritornello for full orchestra that alternates with episodes characterized by virtuosity material played by one or more soloists.

Gigue

Stylized dance movement of a standard baroque suite, binary form, marked by fast compound meter such as 6/4 or 12/8 with wide melodic leaps and continuous triplets; both sections usually begin with imitation.

Prelude + Fugue

The combination of prelude and fugue is one with a long history. The use of this format is generally inspired by Johann Sebastian Bach's two books of preludes and fugues - The Well Tempered Clavier - completed in 1722 and 1742 respectively.

Circle of fifths progression

The roots of the chords are related to each other specifically by ascending 4ths or descending 5ths. Considered to be harmonically very strong, in the sense that they pull ears toward one chord being the tonic, or key chord.

Chorale

Vernacular song that has been contradicted as a hymn; features: German text, bar form, monophony -- polarized polyphony, modality

Villancico

Villancicos were used to consolidate authoritarian power through integration or imitation of elements of local culture. Those elements are colonized through their use in Spanish or Spanish-origin genres

The Well-Tempered Clavier

a book of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys, dated 1722, composed "for the profit and use of musical youth desirous of learning, and especially for the pastime of those already skilled in this study"; he had written for a (12-note) well-tempered tuning system in which all keys sounded in tune

Courante

a dance in binary form, in triple meter at a moderate tempo with an upbeat, featured as a standard movement of the Baroque dance suite

Florentine camerata

a group of humanists, musicians, poets and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count Giovanni de' Bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and drama. Peri, Caccini, Bardi, Galilei.

Recitative

a passage or section in an opera, oratorio, cantata, or other vocal work in recitative style recitativo secco (It: dry recitative) récitatif simple (Fr: simple recitative) recitativo accompagnato (It: accompanied recitative) récitatif mesuré (Fr: measured recitative)

Basso continuo

a system of notation and performance practice, used in the Baroque period, in which an instrumental bass line is written out and one or more players of keyboard, lute, or similar instruments fill in the harmony with appropriate chords or improvised melodic lines.

Monody

an accompanied solo song; the musical texture of solo singing accompanied by one or more instruments

Overture

an orchestral piece introducing an opera or other long work; independent orchestral work in one movement, usually descriptive

Fundamental bass

associated with Rameau. Term coined to indicate the succession of the roots or fundamental tones in a series of chords.

Opera

drama that features continuous or nearly continuous music and is staged, costumed, and choreographed; libretto is a contemporary vernacular text

Polychoral texture

for more than one choir

Monody

from Caccini. an accompanied solo song; the musical texture of solo singing accompanied by one or more instruments.

Sinfonia

generic term used throughout the 17th century for an abstract ensemble piece, especially ne that serves as an introduction to a vocal work

Aria

in the late 16th century and early 17th century, any setting of an italian strophic poem for a solo singer; lyrical monologue in an opera or other vocal work such as cantata and oratorio

Libretto

literary text for an opera or other musical stage work

Doctrine of Affections

range of human experience is limited -- finite and discrete; you can only experience one emotion at a time.

Cosmopolitan

the ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality. person - cosmopolite.

Well-tempered tuning

the twelve notes per octave of the standard keyboard were tuned in such a way that it was possible to play music in all major or minor keys that were commonly in use, and it would not sound perceptibly out of tune

Subject

theme, used especially for the main melody used in a ricerare, fugue, or other imitative work -Could use counterpoint