N332 Exam 1
A nurse makes these statements. Which one has the greatest potential as an area of nursing research?
"It seems that most of the patient falls on our unit occur during the nightshift.
A nurse makes these statements. Which one has the greatest potential as an area of nursing research? - "Most of our hospital's admissions come in at night." - "It is difficult to find personnel willing to work the nightshift." - "It seems that most of the patient falls on our unit occur during the nightshift." - "The personnel on the nightshift are not attending promptly to the needs of our patients."
"It seems that most of the patient falls on our unit occur during the nightshift."
surveying population
"What do you think about" - exploratory survey
Which of the following is a critical step for the quality improvement process in health care settings? - Outlining general long-range goals - Quality improvement includes identifying specific, immediate goals, not long-range goals. - Testing practice changes slowly and tentatively - Adopting a practice change as a new standard of care
- Adopting a practice change as a new standard of care
The nurse is analyzing a qualitative research article. In which section of the article is the nurse likely to find a summary of legal-ethical issues considered in the study? - Data collection or procedures. - Findings or results. - Discussion or implications. - Abstract or induction.
- Data collection or procedures.
What is the primary value of evidence-based nursing practice? - Implementing the most cost-effective nursing practices when providing patient care - Incorporating research findings with clinical expertise when individualizing patient care - Separating nursing research as unique from the research of other disciplines - Developing new nursing theories to promote the growth of nursing science
- Incorporating research findings with clinical expertise when individualizing patient care
The nurse researcher is conducting a research study using subjects who will be interviewed regarding their experience with postpartum depression. Why would the researcher select a qualitative, rather than a quantitative, research design? - Quantitative research is usually conducted in natural settings using data that are words rather than numbers. - Qualitative research seeks to explain cause-and-effect relationships between variables. - Quantitative research typically uses a convenience sample, seeking to answer a clinical question about a human experience. - Qualitative research collects data from a small number of subjects, allowing for in-depth study of a phenomenon.
- Qualitative research collects data from a small number of subjects, allowing for in-depth study of a phenomenon.
The nurse is analyzing a qualitative research article. In which section of the article should the nurse expect to find a discussion of the research findings? - Procedures - Methods - Sample - Results
- Results
Which statement describes the role of the nurse in research? - Nurses must be prepared at the baccalaureate or higher level of education to have any role in nursing research. - Nursing with master's or higher levels of education are solely responsible for applying research to clinical practice. - The research role of nurses prepared at both baccalaureate and master's levels of education includes critical appraisal skills. - Regardless of the nursing education level, only the nurse with the most comprehensive understanding of statistical methods should interpret research findings.
- The research role of nurses prepared at both baccalaureate and master's levels of education includes critical appraisal skills.
Members of the nursing staff are to participate in a unit-based clinical research study. Which research-related actions would be expected of a nurse with a baccalaureate nursing degree? - Using critical appraisal skills to understand and access the steps of the research process. - Providing expert nursing consultation about the way in which clinical services are delivered. - Developing research methods to monitor and evaluate the quality of nursing practice in the clinical setting. - Providing leadership in the application of scientific knowledge to nursing practice.
- Using critical appraisal skills to understand and access the steps of the research process.
The nurse is analyzing a research article. To determine if an integrative review was performed as part of the study, the nurse must understand that this type of review is: - a summary of research studies on a focused topic that used a specific statistical methodology. - a synthesis of the research and theoretical literature on a specific area without a statistical analysis. - a synthesis of qualitative articles on a focused topic using a specific qualitative methodology. - a summary of articles in an attempt to develop a clinical practice statement or clinical guidelines.
- a synthesis of the research and theoretical literature on a specific area without a statistical analysis.
When assessing the strength of a body of evidence used in a research study for consistency, the nurse should determine: - extent to which the study's design, implementation, and analysis minimize bias. - number of studies that have evaluated the research question, including overall sample size across studies. - degree to which studies with similar and different designs investigated the same research questions and report similar findings. - significance of the findings based on the statistical methods used for data analysis.
- degree to which studies with similar and different designs investigated the same research questions and report similar findings.
The action that demonstrates the role of a knowledgeable consumer of nursing research is: - designing a nursing research study. - analyzing data to determine a study's outcomes - evaluating the credibility of research findings. - implementing an intervention found to be effective in one clinical case study.
- evaluating the credibility of research findings.
Nursing research is significant to the profession of nursing because it promotes: - more specifically defined nursing practice responsibilities. - decreased liability within the practice of nursing. - generation of a specialized body of nursing knowledge for use in nursing practice. - expansion of the scope of nursing practice into other disciplines.
- generation of a specialized body of nursing knowledge for use in nursing practice.
Dependent Variable
- nonmanipulated variable that the researcher is interested in understanding, explaining, or predicting - Concepts or properties that are operationalized and studied
An aspect of the scientific investigation of nursing practice that is also fundamental concept of American Nurses Association (ANA)'s Code for Nurses is: - professional accountability. - standards of care. - legal scope of practice. - advanced practice nursing activities.
- professional accountability.
Nurses need to be able to understand the nursing research process: - to identify potential subjects for clinical research studies. - to assist as accurate data collectors in clinical research studies. - to teach patients and families the importance of participating in research. - to evaluate nursing research reports for relevance to their own clinical practice.
- to evaluate nursing research reports for relevance to their own clinical practice.
Correlational
A correlational study determines whether or not two variables are correlated. This means to study whether an increase or decrease in one variable corresponds to an increase or decrease in the other variable.
When designing a research study, the nurse should recognize regarding independent and dependent variables:
A given characteristic or situation may be the dependent variable in one study and the independent variable in another
When designing a research study, the nurse should recognize regarding independent and dependent variables: - All research problem statements should contain a dependent and an independent variable. - There should only be one dependent variable associated with a single independent variable. - The relationship between the independent and the dependent variable in any study should be casual. - A given characteristic or situation may be the dependent variable in one study and the independent variable in another.
A given characteristic or situation may be the dependent variable in one study and the independent variable in another.
Which phrase correctly defines a theory
A set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon.
Which phrase correctly defines a theory? - The operational definition of a study's conceptual framework. - The assumptions and beliefs of the world view of the researcher. - A set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon. - A researcher's best guess of the direction of the relationship between variables.
A set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon.
Which is an example of a secondary source in a literature review
A summary and critique of another's scholarly work
Which is an example of a secondary source in a literature review? - An oral history of a nurse researcher. - An investigator's report of a research study. - A summary and critique of another's scholarly work. - An autobiography of a developer of a nursing theory.
A summary and critique of another's scholarly work.
Time Series -Chapter 9 slide 26 and 27
A type of quasi-experimental design where a series of periodic measurements is taken from two groups of test units (an experimental group and a control). The experimental group is exposed to a treatment and then another series of periodic measurements is taken from both groups.
Which is an example of a primary source in a literature review
A video recorded interview of a nurse researcher.
Which is an example of a primary source in a literature review? - A video recorded interview of a nurse researcher. - A critique of a nursing research study. - An edited textbook on nursing research. - A review of theoretical frameworks used in nursing research.
A video recorded interview of a nurse researcher.
When reviewing a research report, the nurse determines that all aspects of a study systematically and logically follow from the research problem. Which condition has been met?
Accuracy
When reviewing a research report, the nurse determines that all aspects of a study systematically and logically follow from the research problem. Which condition has been met? - Accuracy - Feasability - Internal validity - External validity
Accuracy
Question 1 Which of the following is a critical step for the quality improvement process in health care settings
Adopting a practice change as a new standard of care
if a researcher wants to compare results obtained from an experimental group with a control group, but it was unable to conduct pretests or to randomly assign subjects to groups, the study would be known as a(n) ____ design.
After-Only
The ___ design is also known as the post-test-only control group design in which neither the experimental group, nor the control group is pretested
After-only
In which way is the independent variable handled differently in a study with a true experimental design when compared with a study with a quasi-experimental design?
Although both designs identify an independent variable, the nature of the groups (randomized vs non-randomized) means that manipulation may result in different results.
Exploratory Survey
An exploratory design is conducted about a research problem when there are few or no earlier studies to refer to or rely upon to predict an outcome. The focus is on gaining insights and familiarity for later investigation or undertaken when research problems are in a preliminary stage of investigation
In which of these ways does the nurse researcher's literature review help select the appropriate study design?
By objectively assessing available knowledge of the area.
In which of these ways does the nurse researcher's literature review help select the appropriate study design? - By enlarging the scope of the study's hypotheses. - By objectively assessing available knowledge of the area. - By comparing current findings with previous study findings. - By ensuring faithfulness to the study's purpose.
By objectively assessing available knowledge of the area.
most relevant nursing literature
CINAHL
The measures used by a nurse researcher to maintain uniformity of conditions in a quantitative research study refer to:
Control
An exploration of the relationship between hypertension and social interaction in elderly adults living in isolated rural areas. Type of design: ___
Correlation Studies
Thorough and relevant review of literature
Critical evaluation of mainly primary sources
A study of children ages 2-18 years with diabetes collected data every year. Information collected included health surveys. HbA1c levels, 24-hour diet recall, and measurements of height and weight. Children were assessed yearly and were included in the study up to the age of 18 years; data was collected for 10 consecutive years. Type of design: ___
Cross Sectional
One occasion-is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time - that is, cross-sectional data. More than on group can be compared.
Cross Sectional
The nurse is analyzing a qualitative research article. In which section of the article is the nurse likely to find a summary of legal-ethical issues considered in the study
Data collection or procedures
Which statement is an operational definition of a concept
Death anxiety is an uncomfortable feeling on contemplation of one's own death, measured by Templar's Death Anxiety Scale (Templar, 1986)
Which statement is an operational definition of a concept? - Death anxiety is an uncomfortable feeling on contemplation of one's own death, measured by Templar's Death Anxiety Scale (Templar, 1986). - Pain in a pattern of responses to protect the organism from harm (Sternbach, 1979). - Maternal identity entails maternal cognitions and affect with regard to the maternal-infant relational system (Walker & Montgomery, 1994). - Spirituality is a way of being or experiencing that comes about through an awareness of a transcendent dimension and one's identifiable values with regard to self, other, nature, and whatever one considers to be ultimate (Elkins, 1988).
Death anxiety is an uncomfortable feeling on contemplation of one's own death, measured by Templar's Death Anxiety Scale (Templar, 1986).
Random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups produces which effect?
Decreases systematic bias.
A nurse is designing a study to determine whether a videotape or a written pamphlet is more effective in teaching young women how to perform breast self-examination (BSE). Which of these actions would provide the best control for a mediating (extraneous) variable
Exclude subjects who already perform BSE on a regular basis
A nurse is designing a study to determine whether a videotape or a written pamphlet is more effective in teaching young women how to perform breast self-examination (BSE). Which of these actions would provide the best control for a mediating (extraneous) variable? - Include identical content in both BSE teaching methods. - Exclude subjects who already perform BSE on a regular basis. - Limit the study subjects to women who are heterosexual. - Determine what breast cancer means to the individual participants.
Exclude subjects who already perform BSE on a regular basis.
An exploratory design is conducted about a research problem when there are few or no earlier studies to refer to or rely upon to predict an outcome. The focus is on gaining insights and familiarity for later investigation or undertaken when research problems are in a preliminary stage of investigation.
Exploratory Survey
Clinical problem as a potential research question-
FIRST, Perform a literature review
in research, often means "can the study be done" e.g. are there enough patients of the type being studied? Do we have the necessary staff? Do we have the time and the resource?
Feasibility
When reading a report of results of a nursing research study, the nurse notices that the theoretical framework is drawn from a discipline other than nursing. When critiquing the theoretical framework, the question that should be of highest priority is
Has the author clearly indicated the meaning of the theoretical framework to the study and linked it to nursing?
When reading a report of results of a nursing research study, the nurse notices that the theoretical framework is drawn from a discipline other than nursing. When critiquing the theoretical framework, the question that should be of highest priority is: - Does the research have implications across disciplines? - Is the researcher a recognized leader in the discipline of nursing? - Does the author have special expertise or education in the discipline from which the theoretical framework is derived? - Has the author clearly indicated the meaning of the theoretical framework to the study and linked it to nursing?
Has the author clearly indicated the meaning of the theoretical framework to the study and linked it to nursing?
How is a hypothesis related to a theory
Hypotheses must be consistent with an existing theoretical framework
How is a hypothesis related to a theory? - Hypotheses can be developed in the absence of a theoretical framework. - Hypotheses must be consistent with an existing theoretical framework. - A theory can determine the validity of a hypothesis. - A theory can be used to evaluate the merit of a hypothesis.
Hypotheses must be consistent with an existing theoretical framework.
A novice nurse researcher is comparing the process used in nursing research and in evidence-based practice. What differences, if any, exist between the two processes?
In a research study, the question is tested with an appropriate design and specific methodology, whereas in evidence-based practice, the question is used to search the research literature to find answers
A novice nurse researcher is comparing the process used in nursing research and in evidence-based practice. What differences, if any, exist between the two processes? - As scientific processes, they are fundamentally the same and should result in parallel outcomes. - Both processes involve testing a question with an appropriate design and specific methodology. - In a research study, the question is tested with an appropriate design and specific methodology, whereas in evidence-based practice, the question is used to search the research literature to find answers. - In evidence-based practice, qualitative studies are critically appraised to answer a clinical question, whereas in nursing research, quantitative studies are reviewed to provide a foundation for the study.
In a research study, the question is tested with an appropriate design and specific methodology, whereas in evidence-based practice, the question is used to search the research literature to find answers.
Question 2 What is the primary value of evidence-based nursing practice
Incorporating research findings with clinical expertise when individualizing patient care
1. The experimental treatment initiated by a researcher can be described as what kind of variable?
Independent
Survey study design
Information collected can be relatively superficial
Why would a nurse researcher choose not to use a survey study design?
Information collected is relatively superficial
A nurse is analyzing a research article. Where in the article is the nurse likely to find the research question and study purpose?
Introduction
A nurse is analyzing a research article. Where in the article is the nurse likely to find the research question and study purpose? - Introduction - Data analysis - Findings - Data collection
Introduction
The review of literature is important to the research process because
It guides steps of the research process
Why is control important in an experimental research study
It introduces one or more constraints into the experimental situation.
Why would a nurse researcher choose to use a correlational design for a non-experimental study?
It represents an efficient and effective method of collecting a large amount of data about a problem.
When comparing MEDLINE and CINAHL databases, which of these differences will the nurse find?
LINE's database size is more than 21 million records, whereas CINAHL's database size is more than 3.2 million records.
Longitudinal studies repeatedly measure the same sample units of a population over time. The data is focused and deep.
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Longitudinal studies repeatedly measure the same sample units of a population over time. The data is focused and deep.
When comparing MEDLINE and CINAHL databases, which of these differences will the nurse find? - The covereage of MEDLINE dates back to 1975, whereas the covereage of CINAHL dates back to 1980. - MEDLINE'S journal coverage includes more than 10,000 biomedical journals, whereas CINAHL's coverage includes more than 5000 journals. - MEDLINE's database size is more than 21 million records, whereas CINAHL's database size is more than 3.2 million records. - MEDLINE has more than 500 Evidence-Based Care Sheets, whereas CINANL has more than 50 Evidence-Based Care Sheets.
MEDLINE's database size is more than 21 million records, whereas CINAHL's database size is more than 3.2 million records.
The purpose of this study it to examine the effect of stimulation in nursing education and pass rates on board examinations. The LoBiondo-Wood Model of concept development was used in this study. An electronic search of the literature in several databases (CINAHL< MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus) was conducted to find studies of the effectiveness of simulation on board exam pass rates in the nursing literature. The study used statistical analysis of 23 quantitative studies that met predetermined inclusion criteria to evaluate the effect of simulation on board pass rates. Type of design: ____
Meta-Analysis
Summary of a number of studies focused on a question/topic using a specific statistical methodology to synthesize the findings in order to draw conclusions about the area of focus
Meta-analysis
Forty-seven items were initially developed for the Haber and Wood Student Assessment Tool (HWSAT) after a thorough examination of the literature. These items were reviewed for relevance to the domain of content by a panel of eight experts using content validation. Type of Design: ___
Methodological
When subjects are unable to be randomly assigned into experimental and control groups, but that are able to be pretested and post-tested, the design is known as a(n) ____ design
Nonequivalent Control Group
When subjects are unable to be randomly assigned into experimental and control groups, but they are able to be pretested and post-tested, the design is known as a(n) __________ design.
Nonequivalent control group
CINAHL
Nursing literature "probably the best place to find nursing literature."
A nurse researcher is designing a quantitative research study involving a specific group of patients admitted to local hospitals. Which factor would negatively affect the feasibility of this study?
Potential study subjects represented less than 1% of hospital admissions during the year previous to the study.
A nurse researcher is designing a quantitative research study involving a specific group of patients admitted to local hospitals. Which factor would negatively affect the feasibility of this study? - The local region has a high percentage of families that could participate in the study. - Potential study subjects represented less than 1% of hospital admissions during the year previous to the study. - Study participants who were hospitalized children younger than 5 years could not give direct informed consent to participate in the study. - A comprehensive review of the literature revealed no studies were conducted that examined this question during the past 15 years.
Potential study subjects represented less than 1% of hospital admissions during the year previous to the study.
How are theory and practice interrelated for the hospital-based nurse researcher
Practice provides the opportunity to test theory.
How are theory and practice interrelated for the hospital-based nurse researcher? - Practice is the operational definition of theory. - Practice provides the opportunity to test theory. - Theory provides the evidence on which practice is based. - Theory generates questions that are used to refine practice.
Practice provides the opportunity to test theory.
The nurse researcher is conducting a research study using subjects who will be interviewed regarding their experience with postpartum depression. Why would the researcher select a qualitative, rather than a quantitative, research design?
Qualitative research collects data from a small number of subjects, allowing for in-depth study of a phenomenon.
method of data collection is most appropriate for a nurse researcher to use in a survey study?
Questionnaires
1. Which of these criteria is most important when evaluating the results of an experimental research study
Random Assignment
True experimental design includes three properties
Randomization, control, and manipulation
How is a model related to a concept or concepts
Relationships between or among concepts are demonstrated in a model
How is a model related to a concept or concepts? - A model tests conceptual theories. - A concept defines the purpose of a model. - Relationships between or among concepts are demonstrated in a model. - Concepts generate the theoretical basis for knowledge depicted in a model.
Relationships between or among concepts are demonstrated in a model.
The nurse is analyzing a qualitative research article. In which section of the article should the nurse expect to find a discussion of the research findings
Results
A study examined the relationship of maternal dietary choices and infant birth weight. Medical records of 1,000 postpartum women were examined to determine dietary choices and the relationship of a vegetarian or vegan diet with infant birth weight. Type of design: ___
Retrospective
The type of design that has two groups identical to the true experimental design, plus an experimental after-group and a control after-group is known as a(n) _____ design
Solomon Four Group
the Solomon four group test is a standard pretest-posttest two-group design and the posttest only control design. The various combinations of tested and untested groups with treatment and control groups allows the researcher to ensure that confounding variables and extraneous factors have not influenced the results.
Solomon four group
A public health education nurse working with a senior center surveyed all residents to determine their priorities for health education classes and events, This type of design is: ___
Survey Exploratory
Solomon four group
The Solomon four group test is a standard pretest-posttest two-group design and the posttest only control design. The various combinations of tested and untested groups with treatment and control groups allows the researcher to ensure that confounding variables and extraneous factors have not influenced the results "GOLD STANDARD"
Dependent Variable
The dependent variable should change in response to manipulation by the independent variable.
Which factor should be the primary consideration when determining the validity of experimental study findings
The extent to which the researcher controlled intervening variables.
The nurse is critiquing a research study that involves subjects undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer. Which finding would meet a criterion for inferring causality between performance of exercise and adaptive behavior of the subjects receiving chemotherapy
The level of adaptive behavior increased in direct proportion to an increase in the intensity of the exercise.
The nurse is critiquing a research study that used an experimental design. How can the nurse determine if the study's results are able to infer causality?
The relationship between independent and dependent variable must not be explainable by any other variable.
Which statement describes the role of the nurse in research
The research role of nurses prepared at both baccalaureate and master's levels of education includes critical appraisal skills.
A research article has undergone a blind review for a peer-reviewed journal. The nurse reading the research article should understand which of the following about this review process?
The reviewers of the article did not know the identity of the author
A research article has undergone a blind review for a peer-reviewed journal. The nurse reading the research article should understand which of the following about this review process? - The reviewers of the article did not know the identity of the other reviewers. - The reviewers of the article did not know the identity of the author. - The criteria used to review the article were not known to the author. - The criteria used to review the article were determined by the reviewers.
The reviewers of the article did not know the identity of the author.
Which factor is most likely to be a mediating (extraneous) variable in a study to determine if high doses of vitamin C help reduce the subjects' susceptibility to influenza?
The subject's use of influenza vaccine
Which factor is most likely to be a mediating (extraneous) variable in a study to determine if high doses of vitamin C help reduce the subjects' susceptibility to influenza? - The subject's use of influenza vaccine. - The subject's knowledge of vitamin C's functions. - The gender of the potential subjects. - The marital status of the potential subjects.
The subject's use of influenza vaccine.
The experimental treatment initiated by a researcher can be described as what kind of variable?
The validity that the experimental treatment caused the desired effect on the outcome.
this is drawn from a discipline other than nursing
Theoretical framework
Why would a nurse researcher choose to use research studies that examine the associations or relationships between variables
There is application in clinical settings and a foundation for future experimental studies.
For which of these reasons would a nurse researcher decide to use secondary sources in a review of the literature
They supplement the body of nursing knowledge in a specific area of practice.
For which of these reasons would a nurse researcher decide to use secondary sources in a review of the literature? - They provide material written by the person who conducted the study. - They provide a different way of looking at specific issues or problems. - They define the relationship of two or more variables affecting an outcome. - They supplement the body of nursing knowledge in a specific area of practice.
They supplement the body of nursing knowledge in a specific area of practice.
A type of quasi-experimental design where a series of periodic measurements is taken from two groups of test units (an experimental group and a control). The experimental group is exposed to a treatment and then another series of periodic measurements is taken from both groups
Time series
A nurse researcher would choose to use a correlational study of multiple variables for which purpose?
To examine relationships between or among variables
The ___ design includes three properties: randomization, control, and manipulation
True Experimental
How would a nurse researcher ensure that the sample used in a quantitative study is homogenous?
Use eligibility criteria to limit extraneous variable relevant to the study.
How would a nurse researcher ensure that the sample used in a quantitative study is homogenous? - Use eligibility criteria to limit extraneous variable relevant to the study. - Randomly assign subjects to either the experimental or the control group. - Assign one research assistant to collect data from all subjects. - Collect data from all subjects at the same time of day.
Use eligibility criteria to limit extraneous variable relevant to the study.
Members of the nursing staff are to participate in a unit-based clinical research study. Which research-related actions would be expected of a nurse with a baccalaureate nursing degree?
Using critical appraisal skills to understand and access the steps of the research process
In a research study, properties of interest that differ in value are:
Variables
What is the first question that should be asked in determining whether a cross-sectional design or a longitudinal design should be used in a quantitative study?
What is the nature of the problem being studied
African American women with higher levels of depression will have higher blood pressure levels, more cardiovascular risk factors, greater stress, and lower social support (Artinian et al., 2006). Is the hypothesis stated in such a way that it is testable?
Yes
African American women with higher levels of depression will have higher blood pressure levels, more cardiovascular risk factors, greater stress, and lower social support (Artinian et al., 2006). Is this hypothesis clearly stated in a declarative form?
Yes
African American women with higher levels of depression will have higher blood pressure levels, more cardiovascular risk factors, greater stress, and lower social support (Artinian et al., 2006). Are the independent and dependent variables identified in the statement of the hypothesis?
Yes Variable are measurable/hypothesis clearly stated.
A research approach used when only one group is available to study for trends over a longer period of time is called a(n) _________________ design.
_time series_
The difference between a research question and a hypothesis is:
a hypothesis attempts to answer the question posed by the research problem.
The difference between a research question and a hypothesis is: - a research question is practice based, and a hypothesis is theory based. - a hypothesis attempts to answer the question posed by the research problem. - a research problem defines clinical research and a hypothesis defines basic research. - there is no difference between a research problem and a hypothesis.
a hypothesis attempts to answer the question posed by the research problem.
A graphic or symbolic representation of a phenomenon not directly observable, which allows the reader to visualize key constructs and their interrelationships, is:
a model
A graphic or symbolic representation of a phenomenon not directly observable, which allows the reader to visualize key constructs and their interrelationships, is: - a concept. - a conceptual definition. - an operational definition. - a model.
a model.
The nurse is analyzing a research article. To determine if an integrative review was performed as part of the study, the nurse must understand that this type of review is
a synthesis of the research and theoretical literature on a specific area without a statistical analysis.
If a researcher wants to compare results obtained from an experimental group with a control group, but it was unable to conduct pretests or to randomly assign subjects to groups, the study would be known as a(n) ________________ design.
after-only
The ____________ design is also known as the post-test-only control group design in which neither the experimental group, nor the control group is pretested.
after-only
Theoretical frameworks
can be implicitly or explicitly stated in a research report. Theoretical framework is drawn from a discipline other than nursing. Has the author clearly indicated the meaning of the theoretical framework to the study and linked it to nursing
The measures used by a nurse researcher to maintain uniformity of conditions in a quantitative research study refer to: - accuracy. - methods. - control. - validity.
control
A correlational study determines whether or not two variables are correlated. This means to study whether an increase or decrease in one variable corresponds to an increase or decrease in the other variable.
correlational
thorough and relevant review of literature
critical evaluation of mainly primary sources
exploring relationships such as ethnic groups can be done by
cross sectional study
The nurse researcher locates a preappraised commentary for a source of literature. The next step for the researcher should be:
decide whether to locate and critically appraise the primary source
The nurse researcher locates a preappraised commentary for a source of literature. The next step for the researcher should be: - move on to another literature source that does not have a commentary. - discard the commentary unless the source is a systematic review. - decide whether to locate and critically appraise the primary source. - recognize that such commentaries are not relevant for the novice researcher.
decide whether to locate and critically appraise the primary source.
When assessing the strength of a body of evidence used in a research study for consistency, the nurse should determine
degree to which studies with similar and different designs investigated the same research questions and report similar findings
The action that demonstrates the role of a knowledgeable consumer of nursing research is:
evaluating the credibility of research findings
A study examined the relationship of maternal dietary choices and infant birth weight. Medical records of 1,000 postpartum women were examined to determine dietary choices and the relationship of a vegetarian or vegan diet with infant birth weight.
experimental
____ designs are particularly suitable for testing cause-and-effect relationships because they help eliminate potential alternative explanations (threats to validity) for the findings
experimental
_______ designs are particularly suitable for testing cause-and-effect relationships because they help eliminate potential alternative explanations (threats to validity) for the findings.
experimental
tests cause and effect - this helps eliminate other possible alternative explanantion
experimental
Nursing research is significant to the profession of nursing because it promotes
generation of a specialized body of nursing knowledge for use in nursing practice.
How can theoretical frameworks be stated in a research report?
implicity or explicity
How are relationships between or among concepts demonstrated
in a model
feasability
in research, often means "can the study be done" e.g. are there enough patients of the type being studied? Do we have the necessary staff? Do we have the time and the resource?
Situation-specific nursing theories are becoming more popular in nursing research due to
increased emphasis on evidence-based practice
Situation-specific nursing theories are becoming more popular in nursing research due to: - increased emphasis on evidence-based practice. - increased need for broad and generalizable models to explain phenomena. - decreased resources for funding of grand theory development. - decreased use of theories borrowed from other disciplines.
increased emphasis on evidence-based practice.
A nurse's research question is, "How does maternal employment among health care professionals affect infant health during the first 6 months of life?" In this question, the dependent variable is:
infant health
A nurse's research question is, "How does maternal employment among health care professionals affect infant health during the first 6 months of life?" In this question, the dependent variable is: - infant health. - maternal employment. - first 6 months of life. - health care professionals.
infant health.
Independent Variable
is what is manipulated What's being changed/altered
The review of literature is important to the research process because: - it guides steps of the research process. - it provides a vehicle to disseminate the findings of the study. - it guides only the conceptualization of the problem statement. - it identifies only gaps or inconsistencies in the knowledge base.
it guides steps of the research process.
Why does randomization strengthen an experimental study
it increases the likelihood that the differences in outcomes between the groups are not related to change alone
Why is control important in an experimental research study
it introduces one or more constraints into the experimental situation
The dependent variable should change in response to
manipulation by the independent variable
Relationships between or among concepts are demonstrated in a
model.
big difference between cross sectional v longitudinal studies
nature of problem/feasibility of study ie do you have time to repeat this study over and over
Cross Sectional
one occasion- is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data. More than one group can be compared.
How to evaluate a clinical problem as a potential research question
perform a literature review - to see what studies have been done/are available
An aspect of the scientific investigation of nursing practice that is also fundamental concept of American Nurses Association (ANA)'s Code for Nurses is
professional accountability
Testability
property of the research question that variables must lend themselves to observation, measurement, and analysis
Three properties of a true experimental design
randomization control manipulation
components of true experimental design
randomization/control
Survey Study Design information collected can be
relatively superficial
the dependent variable has already been affected by the independent variable
retrospective
Theory
set of concepts that gives you a systematic view of phenomenon
The type of design that has two groups identical to the true experimental design, plus an experimental after-group and a control after-group is known as a(n)______________________ design.
solomon four group
Hypothesis
statement that presents the idea(s) to be examined in the study
Randomization
strengthens an experimental study-It increases the likelihood that the differences in outcomes between the groups are not related to chance alone Theory- A set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon.
Meta-analysis:
summary of a number of studies focused on a question/topic using a specific statistical methodology to synthesize the findings in order to draw conclusions about the area of focus
Experimental
tests cause and effect- this helps eliminate other possible alternative explanation.
A nurse researcher includes referred journals in the literature review because
the articles are critiqued by a panel of external reviewers
A nurse researcher includes referred journals in the literature review because: - the articles are critiqued by a panel of external reviewers. - the articles selected for publication are related to a specific field of knowledge. - the journals encourage competition among authors to have their articles published. - the journals publish only articles that are primary sources of research findings.
the articles are critiqued by a panel of external reviewers.
A nurse researcher would decide to use a retrospective or ex post facto study because:
the dependent variable has already been affected by the independent variable.
Retrospective
the dependent variable has already been affected by the independent variable.
The most significant difference between independent and dependent variables is
the dependent variable should change in response to manipulation by the independent variable.
The most significant difference between independent and dependent variables is: - the dependent variable should change in response to manipulation by the independent variable. - the independent variable should change in response to manipulation by the dependent variable. - although both the dependent and independent variables are manipulated, only the dependent variable is considered an intervention. - although both the dependent and independent variables are manipulated, only the independent variable is considered an intervention.
the dependent variable should change in response to manipulation by the independent variable.
Dependent Variable
the outcome
a set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon
theory
correlational studies study what
things like diabetes and diet not population
A research approach used when only one group is available to study for trends over a longer period of time is called a(n) ____ design
time series
Nurses need to be able to understand the nursing research process:
to evaluate nursing research reports for relevance to their own clinical practice
The overall purpose of the research design in a quantitative research study is
to provide the plan for answering the research question.
The overall purpose of the research design in a quantitative research study is: - to determine sample size. - to identify the problem statement. - to assist the researcher in identifying gaps in the knowledge base. - to provide the plan for answering the research question.
to provide the plan for answering the research question.
The _________ design includes three properties: randomization, control, and manipulation.
true experimental
Independent Variable
variable that has the presumed effect on another variable
In a research study, properties of interest that differ in value are: - variables. - concepts. - hypotheses. - assumptions.
variables
Independent Variable
what is manipulated
randomization
where everyone in population has an equal chance of being in the experimental group - helps decrease bias
African American women with higher levels of depression will have higher blood pressure levels, more cardiovascular risk factors, greater stress, and lower social support (Artinian et al., 2006). Are the variables measurable or potentially measurable?
yes
