Neonate & Infant G&D- Sherpath
Match the milestone with the corresponding age group 1-2 months (gross motor) 3 months (gross motor) 4-5 months (gross motor) 4-5 months (fine motor) Will reach and grasp with palm Can lift head when held against the shoulder Bears some weight when held in the standing position Can lift head off the bed when in prone position
1-2 months (gross motor) Can lift head when held against the shoulder 3 months (gross motor) Can lift head off the bed when in prone position 4-5 months (gross motor) Bears some weight when held in the standing position 4-5 months (fine motor) Will reach and grasp with palm
How can the parent-infant attachment be strengthened immediately after birth? The mother needs to have time alone to ensure she does not overwhelm the child. A mother should cuddle with the baby but allow the child to cry alone if the baby is upset. The mother should give the infant some space to allow for natural biological development. Reciprocal interactions that include holding the child, touching the child, and speaking gently to the child.
Reciprocal interactions that include holding the child, touching the child, and speaking gently to the child. This is an example of how the parent-infant interaction can be strengthened after birth and therefore a lot of positive physical and emotional interactions between the parent and child should be encouraged.
A mother of a 3-month-old infant is requesting information on the motor milestones she can expect to see in her child. The nurse can tell the parent to expect to see which activities at 3 months? Select all that apply. Puts foot in mouth Places hand in mouth Turns from back to abdomen Turns from abdomen to back Can lift head off bed in prone position.
Places hand in mouth The nurse can tell the parent that at 3 months the child will attempt to place their hand in the mouth. Can lift head off bed in prone position. By 3 months the infant should be able to lift the head off a bed in prone position, so the nurse can tell the parent to expect this activity.
Parent--infant attachment is the most important association for which type of development? Biological Physiological Psychosocial Sociocultural
Psychosocial Psychosocial development needs to be reinforced in the infant's life. This is one of the most important aspects in the development of parent-infant attachment.
A weight gain of 1.49 lb (0.68 kg) per month is expected from birth until which month? 6 months 8 months 10 months 12 months
6 months An infant is expected to gain 1.49 lb (0.68 kg) per month from birth until 6 months.
The mother of a newborn child enquires about having her child's hearing checked. What is the best response by the nurse? All newborns should be screened before 1 year of age. At 6 months you can return and we will screen your infant. Your newborn will be screened at the four-month well-baby visit. All newborns should be screened for hearing before one month of age.
All newborns should be screened for hearing before one month of age. Stating that the child will be screened for hearing before one month of age is accurate and therefore this is the best response for the nurse to make.
Which series of activities best reflects the motor development of an infant from 1 month of age to 4 months? Select all that apply. At 4 months, the rooting reflex disappears. At 1 month, the child will hold a fist tightly clenched. At 3 months the child will be able to crawl a minimal distance. At 3 months the child will be able to lift the head 90 degrees from a prone position. At 4 months the child can hold the head steadily erect in a sitting position.
At 4 months, the rooting reflex disappears. There are several primitive reflexes that disappear after the first year of life. The Moro reflex and the rooting reflex will disappear by 4 months of age. At 1 month, the child will hold a fist tightly clenched. At one month the child will keep the hand clenched and this will start to change by 2 months of age. At 3 months the child will be able to lift the head 90 degrees from a prone position. The muscle strength in the baby's head by 3 months of age will allow for lifting to 90 degrees in a prone position. At 4 months the child can hold the head steadily erect in a sitting position. At four months a child has motor development sufficient enough to hold the head erect in the sitting position.
What contributes to helping an infant to fight infection within the first year of life? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) Breast milk Vaccinations Fully functional respiratory system The mother's transplacental antibodies Bottle-fed cow's milk supplemented with Vitamins A, C, and D
CORRECT- Breast milk The breast milk contains IgA and proteins including lactoferrin, lysozyme, and serum albumin. The infant benefits from maternal IgA since the baby's immune system can only make 20% of the adult level. Vaccinations Vaccinations for diseases such as rotavirus and hepatitis B are given to infants, which helps them fight infection .The mother's transplacental antibodies Transplacental antibodies help supplement the infant's immune system until the infant is around 4 months of age. IgG is the most significant transplacental antibody. INCORRECT: Fully functional respiratory system The infant's respiratory system is not fully functional but rather immature along with the immune system, putting the infant at risk for infection. Bottle-fed cow's milk supplemented with Vitamins A, C, and D Cow's milk contains too little iron, and its high renal solute load and unmodified derivatives can put small infants at risk for dehydration.
A mother has brought in her infant for the infant's 6-month well-child checkup. You notice the infant's left eye intermittently not aligning with the right eye and an inability to focus both eyes on the same spot. What is the appropriate response? Select all that apply. Ensure the infant's "red reflex" is normal. Place the infant in isolation as this can be a sign of conjunctivitis. Do nothing, as infants do not gain extraocular eye coordination until 9 months of age. Stress the importance of eye exercises to help prevent worsening of the condition. Notify the child's provider, as extraocular eye alignment should be achieved by 6 months of age.
Ensure the infant's "red reflex" is normal. This is an important part of any pediatric eye exam. Notify the child's provider, as extraocular eye alignment should be achieved by 6 months of age. Infants under 3 to 4 months of age often lack eye coordination and alignment but should achieve proper coordination by age 4 to 6 months. By 3 months, infants should be able to track and reach for objects as their eye-hand coordination begins to develop.
What consequences may result if an infant's needs are ignored by the parent? Feelings of insecurity Emotional resilience An early development of independence Inappropriate survival mechanism development
Feelings of insecurity If the infant's needs are not met, the child will develop feelings of insecurity at an early age, which can continue throughout life, along with a feeling of dissatisfaction.
A mother of a 10-month-old comes to the nurse concerned that her child has had two upper respiratory infections in one month and asks if something is wrong with her child. How can the nurse respond? To prevent infection the infant will need prophylactic antibiotics. Infants have an immature immune system, which makes them susceptible to infections. An infant's immune system should be developed by 6 months and so the child needs further evaluation. The infant's infections are a sign that the child will develop asthma.
Infants have an immature immune system, which makes them susceptible to infections. Telling the parent that the child has an immature immune system, making them more susceptible to infection, will be the best explanation for the nurse to give the parent. The nurse can explain to the parent that the airways are small and collapsible, making it easier for pathogens to cause an infection.
Which statement can the nurse use to educate the parent on leaving a child who shows emotional distress when having to leave the parent? Separations should be accomplished swiftly without dwelling on the separation. The mother should reciprocate and show the child that she too is emotionally a bit upset. Separations should not be done too fast as this can create emotional turmoil in the child. Separations should be accomplished swiftly, and with repeated emphasis on reassuring the child that the mother will return shortly.
Separations should be accomplished swiftly without dwelling on the separation. This statement suggesting the parent leave swiftly, yet with care, would help the parent-child interaction where the child is upset at leaving the mother.
A mother brings her 5-month-old infant to the clinic and is concerned that the child does not seem to smile as much as her niece who is the same age. How will the nurse respond? This is normal as you can expect to see a smile at 6 months of age. All children start to smile at a different age, so be patient. There is no need to worry. This is a concern since the child should be showing a social smile by no later than 1 month of age. This is a concern since the child should be showing a social smile by no later than 3 months of age.
This is a concern since the child should be showing a social smile by no later than 3 months of age. Since the child should be showing a social smile by no later than 3 months, this is the correct response that the nurse should make to this parent.
A new mother at the clinic asks at what age her baby will be able to interact and play games like pat-a-cake with her. What would be the correct response from the nurse? 4 months 6 months 9 months 12 months
12 months At 12 months the child is likely to engage in a pat-a-cake game with the mother.
Which activities correspond to normal motor development during the first year of life? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) 10-12 months: can stand alone 8-9 months: sits steadily, unsupported 1-2 months: can roll from front to back 4-5 months: turns from back to abdomen 6-7 months: sits and leans forward on both hands
CORRECT: 10-12 months: can stand alone At 10-12 months the child has the motor development to be able to stand on his or her own. 8-9 months: sits steadily, unsupported The baby's motor development will be mature enough to allow the child to sit steadily, unsupported. 6-7 months: sits and leans forward on both hands At 6-7 months the baby's motor development will be mature enough to sit and lean forward on both hands (tripod sitting). INCORRECT: 1-2 months: can roll from front to back At 1-2 months the child will not have enough motor development to roll front to back. 4-5 months: turns from back to abdomen At 4-5 months children usually cannot turn from back to abdomen on their own.
Which situation best describes a 6-month-old's ability to maintain a standing position? The 6-month-old will kick slightly to avoid bearing weight. The 6-month-old will stand on his or her own and bear full weight. The 6-month-old can bear significant weight when held in a standing position. The 6-month-old's knees will bend and they will bear no significant weight.
CORRECT: The 6-month-old can bear significant weight when held in a standing position. At 6 months the baby's muscles are developing and have reached a point where they are strong enough to allow the baby to bear significant weight when held in the standing position. INCORRECT: The 6-month-old will kick slightly to avoid bearing weight. This scenario does not reflect the ability of a 6-month-old to maintain a standing position. The 6-month-old will stand on his or her own and bear full weight. This description best fits the motor strength of a child who is 12 months old. The 6-month-old's knees will bend and they will bear no significant weight. This situation does not describe a 6-month-old's ability to maintain a standing position. This would describe the motor strength of a 2-month-old.
At which age should infants achieve proper eye coordination? Infants should achieve proper eye coordination by 2 weeks to 1 month. Infants should achieve proper eye coordination by 1-2 months. Infants should achieve proper eye coordination by 2 to 4 months. Infants should achieve proper eye coordination by 4 to 6 months.
Infants should achieve proper eye coordination by 4 to 6 months. Infants under 3-4 months of age often lack eye coordination and alignment but should achieve proper coordination by 4 to 6 months. By 3 months infants should be able to track and reach for objects as their eye-hand coordination begins to develop.
During the first year of life, the infant's ______ grow and mature at a rapid rate, yet an infant's organ _______ remain very different from those of older children and adults. Weight _____ and __________ ________ during infancy allow the infant to have increased control of reflexes and increasingly coordinated movement. Sensory capabilities, neuromuscular control, perceptual skills, the quality and quantity of parental interaction, and environmental stimulation all affect cognitive development during infancy. Infants develop language first by _________ __ _________ of caregivers, then by realizing that certain sounds have special meaning, and eventually by using simple words to communicate. By the end of the first year, an infant's social, cognitive, and motor skills have developed significantly, and appropriate nursing care and teaching will ensure parents are prepared for this growth and development.
organs systems gain muscle growth listening to sounds
The nurse is observing a mother who is interacting with her infant and notices the infant trying to imitate the sounds that the mother is making. The nurse knows that the child must be at least what age? 3-4 months A child at 3-4 months will not be imitating sounds that the mother is making. The infant will be making mostly babbling sounds to self. 4-6 months At 4-6 months the child may repeat sounds to self but at this age will not be imitating sounds. 6-8 months An infant who is 6-8 months of age will be able to imitate the sounds the mother is making and therefore the nurse knows the patient must be at least this age. 1-3 months When a child is 1-3 months old they will enjoy making sounds and will respond to voices but will not be imitating the mother's sounds.
6-8 months An infant who is 6-8 months of age will be able to imitate the sounds the mother is making and therefore the nurse knows the patient must be at least this age.
Which is a common physical growth pattern seen in infancy during the first to second month? Upper limbs and head grow faster. Lower limbs and GI tract develop faster. Cardiovascular system and lower limbs develop faster. Respiratory and immune systems develop at a rapid pace.
CORRECT: Upper limbs and head grow faster. A faster growth of the upper limbs and head is a common pattern seen in the first two months of life. Head circumference measurements are taken at each health provider visit to ensure the infant is showing normal growth patterns. INCORRECT: Lower limbs and GI tract develop faster. A faster pace is not seen in the lowers limbs and GI tract. The GI tract GI develops relatively slowly, which is why such care needs to be taken in feeding infants. Cardiovascular system and lower limbs develop faster. While the cardiovascular system develops in the fetus at a faster pace, a rapid pace of growth is not seen in infancy during the first two months. Respiratory and immune systems develop at a rapid pace. A rapid pace of growth is not seen in the respiratory and immune systems. For this reason, infants are more vulnerable and susceptible to infection.
Which statements describe the cognitive difference in regard to object permanence between a 6-month-old and a 9-month-old? Select all that apply. A 6-month-old will not notice if you hide a toy. A 9-month-old will look for a toy if it is hidden from view. A 6-month-old will look for a toy if it is hidden from view. A 6-month-old will look for the toy and will likely show no interest once the toy is found. A 9-month-old will ignore the toy if it is hidden and immediately seek another object of interest.
CORRECT: A 6-month-old will not notice if you hide a toy. At 6 months the cognitive development of the child will not be mature enough to understand that the object still exists if it is hidden from view. A 9-month-old will look for a toy if it is hidden from view. The development of object permanence occurs in children around the age of nine months and therefore a child at this age will look for a toy if it is hidden from view. INORRECT: A 6-month-old will look for a toy if it is hidden from view. At six months, the child is more likely to show interest with the toy in full view. A 6-month-old will look for the toy and will likely show no interest once the toy is found. This behavior does not describe the concept of object permanence and is not the typical behavior of a six month old. A 9-month-old will ignore the toy if it is hidden and immediately seek another object of interest. This statement does not describe the phenomenon of object permanence found in a typical 9-month-old. The child will likely look for the toy since they now understand that the object still exists even though it is not in view.
Which can influence the development of both speech and language in infants? Select all that apply. Anatomical defects Genetics/family history Sociodemographic factors Lack of access to television and computers Quality of communication in the environment
CORRECT: Anatomical defects This can affect speech and language development. Children with cleft lip and palate for example may have difficulty reaching normal language milestones. Genetics/family history This factor can have an effect on speech and language development. Genetics and family histories will always be a consideration when evaluating a child's speech and language milestones. Sociodemographic factors Sociodemographic factors can have an effect on both speech and language development. Quality of communication in the environment This can affect speech and language development in infants, such as in a home where family members place a high value on education, with family members who are bilingual, or if the child has other siblings to converse with. INCORRECT: Lack of access to television and computers Avoiding TV and computers should not influence speech and language development in infants.
Which sentence best describes a healthy parent-infant attachment during the first month? Bonding is critical for normal development and survival. Bonding is critical but too much love can create a needy child. Bonding is important but meeting every emotional need will spoil the child. Bonding is necessary but the infant has built-in mechanisms to help if the child's needs are not met.
CORRECT: Bonding is critical for normal development and survival. This sentence best describes the relationship that needs to exist for normal development and survival in the infant during the first few months of life. INCORRECT: Bonding is critical but too much love can create a needy child. This statement does not describe a healthy parent-infant attachment in the first few months of life. A child's emotional development will be nurtured with a lot of love and this will not lead to neediness. Bonding is important but meeting every emotional need will spoil the child. Bonding is important and is critical for the child's survival. This type of attachment will not spoil the child but instead reinforce a healthy infant-maternal relationship. Bonding is necessary but the infant has built-in mechanisms to help if the child's needs are not met. This sentence does not describe a healthy parent-infant attachment during the first months of life. The infant does not have a built-in mechanism to survive without the care of the parent.
Which aspect of ear development leads to increased susceptibility to ear infections during the first two year of life? The eustachian tube is short and horizontal. The external acoustic meatus is short and vertical. The auricle is narrow and can block the eustachian tube. The outer tympanic membrane is porous and not highly vascularized.
CORRECT: The eustachian tube is short and horizontal. The eustachian tube is short and horizontal in children, making them more prone to infection. The eustachian tube connects to the middle ear and provides air and drains fluid, which helps to fight infection. INCORRECT: The external acoustic meatus is short and vertical. The external acoustic meatus is not short and vertical but rather elongated and horizontal. Also, the middle ear is more prone to infection and the acoustic meatus is part of the outer ear. The auricle is narrow and can block the eustachian tube. The auricle does not block the eustachian tube since the auricle is part of the outer ear and the eustachian tube attaches to the middle ear. The outer tympanic membrane is porous and not highly vascularized. The tympanic membrane is not porous and it is vascularized. Also the tympanic membrane is the barrier between the outer and middle ear. The outer ear, which includes the pinna and the ear canal, is not as prone to infection as the middle ear in children.
Which statement reflects the consequence of a mother suffering from postpartum depression in regard to an infant's psychosocial development? The child will not be affected by the mother's depression. The infant will develop empathy and respond to the mother's sadness. The infant will develop a preference for other caregivers and may avoid eye contact until two years of age. The infant will struggle to develop the basic sense of trust that the infant's needs will be met and instead develop a sense of suspicion or mistrust.
CORRECT: The infant will struggle to develop the basic sense of trust that the infant's needs will be met and instead develop a sense of suspicion or mistrust. The child needs to develop a sense of trust with the mother and the mother's depression will interfere in the positive reciprocal process that enables psychosocial development in the infant. INCORRECT: The child will not be affected by the mother's depression. This statement does not reflect the consequence of a mother suffering from postpartum depression in regard to the infant's psychosocial development. The child may be affected by the mother's depression. The infant will develop empathy and respond to the mother's sadness. This statement does not reflect the consequence of a mother suffering from postpartum depression in regard to the infant's psychosocial development. The child is too young to develop empathy and will therefore not be able to understand the mother's inability to connect with the child. The infant will develop a preference for other caregivers and may avoid eye contact until two years of age. This statement does not reflect the consequence of a mother suffering from postpartum depression in regard to the infant's psychosocial development. The child will still prefer the mother but the bond will not develop appropriately.
Why is an understanding of motor development important for keeping a child safe when an infant's mobility increases around 10 months of age? Select all that apply. The child has no understanding of consequences. The child has a clear understanding of boundaries. The child now has an increased ability to move about. The child now has a naturally increased level of curiosity. The child now has an increased ability to reach for objects.
CORRECT: The child has no understanding of consequences. An increased level of curiosity without the cognitive ability to understand consequences puts the infant at great risk for accidents and injury. The child now has an increased ability to move about. An increased ability to move about, reach objects, and explore their world places infants at great risk for accidents and injury. The child now has a naturally increased level of curiosity. Now that they child can grab at objects, heavy containers will become a hazard. An increased ability to move about, reach objects, and explore their world places infants at greater risk for accidents and injury. The child now has an increased ability to reach for objects. They now have the ability to grasp things and an increased ability to move about, reach objects, and explore their world, placing infants at greater risk for accidents and injury. INCORRECT: The child has a clear understanding of boundaries. The child does not have a clear understanding of boundaries at this age, which will need to be kept in mind when the child's safety is considered.
Match the age with the critical milestone in language development. Cooing with a reciprocal smile Babbling is common. Repeating sounds to self Increase interest in sounds 1 year 1-3 months 4-6 months 3-4 months 6-8 months 9 months
Cooing with a reciprocal smile 1-3 months Babbling is common. 3-4 months Repeating sounds to self 4-6 months Increase interest in sounds 6-8 months
Which important anticipatory guidance would parents need to learn prior to the development of the infant's pincer grasp (around 9 months of age)? Select all that apply. Electrical outlets should be covered with socket safety panels. Parents should place stove pot handles away from the child's reach. Parents should keep unsafe objects locked out of reach of the infant. The infant's food items should be cut into small, manageable pieces. Parents should place hand protectors on the child to help protect them from injury.
Electrical outlets should be covered with socket safety panels. Six-month-old infants grasp objects with all their fingers in a raking motion, but 9-month-olds use their thumbs and forefingers which allows them to grab potentially harmful things, putting them at risk for electrical injury. Correct Parents should place stove pot handles away from the child's reach. This would be good anticipatory guidance to give a parent with a child who is 9 months old since the child will be reaching for dangerous objects when in the kitchen. Correct Parents should keep unsafe objects locked out of reach of the infant. Infants will need to be watched closely, and since they are growing in both cognitive development and motor development, this ability provides them with a wider view of the world and creates new ways to play, but this may put them in danger. Correct The infant's food items should be cut into small, manageable pieces. Nine-month-olds use their thumbs and forefingers in a fine motor skill called the pincer grasp, which allows them to grab potentially harmful things and place them in their mouth, which creates a choking hazard. INCORRECT: Parents should place hand protectors on the child to help protect them from injury. This is not a realistic suggestion to offer parents and therefore this advice will not be given for anticipatory guidance on the pincer grasp.