neuroscience unit 2 quiz

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serotonin

affects mood, hunger, sleep + arousal (neurotransmitter)

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

dopamine

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion (neurotransmitter)

antagonist

inhibit neurons firing block and stops neurotransmitters release

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

inhibitory neurotransmitter

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon when neuron sends message thru impulse

endorphins

"morphine within"--natural influences perception of pain or pleasure

all-or-nothing response

a neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing once threshold is reached neurons are fired, same speed no matter amount of charge

reflex

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus ex: knee-jerk response

interneurons

CNS neurons that internally communicate between sensory inputs and motor outputs

sensory neurons

carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system (brain+ spinal cord)

Schwann cell

a cell in the peripheral nervous system, glial cell produces myelin sheath plays role in survival and function of cell

neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system transmits information to other nerve cells, muscles and glands

central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

plasticity

brain's ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

dendrite

branchlike, receives messages from other cells

motor neurons

carry outgoing information from CNS (brain+ spinal cord) to muscles and glands

glial cells

cells in nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons provides nutrients, guides neural connections

sympathetic nervous system

division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body and conserves energy

Acetylcholine (ACh)

enables muscle action, learning, and memory (neurotransmitter)

axon terminal

end of an axon, where neurotransmitters are stored

Glutamate

excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

agonist

excites neurons firing mimics the action of a neurotransmitter, blocks reuptake

nucleus/soma

functional part of the neuron nucleus and other structures

norepinephrine

helps control alertness and arousal (neurotransmitter)

myelin sheath

layer of fatty tissue covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

vesicle

membrane bound sac storing materials to transport ex: neurotransmitters store before releasing into synapse

nerves

neural "cables" contains many axons connects central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

autonomic nervous system

part of the peripheral nervous system controls glands and muscles of the internal organs (ex: heart)

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

sensory and motor neurons connects CNS to the rest of the body

synaptic gap

space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the receptors of the next neuron

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication system all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

cell body

the cell's life support center carries genetic information and provides energy

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

threshold

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

refractory period

time after an action potential where neuron recharges/rests before firing again can't fire constantly, needs to recharge

reuptake

when neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles to reserve them


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