NEW English Final Winter 2019 📚

Set off titles of smaller works

"The Secret Goldfish"

Huxley's main Theme

"The advancement of science as it affects human individuals."

Huxley's sub Theme

"Uniqueness is essential to Freedom."

B.F. Skinner

1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box

Huxley states we must not be surprised by

Advances in Technology

Show possession and indicate where a letter has been omitted to form a contraction.

Apostrophes

Freud

Austrian psychiatrist and founder of psychoanalysis

used after an introductory dependent clause

Because she wanted a good grade, she stayed up to work on her paper.

indicate that introductory words and phrases moved from the end of the sentence.

Before he was a professor, he was a missionary.

Diminishes Freedom: Propaganda

Brain Washing

Enclose the exact words of a person.

C.S. Lewis said, "God cannot give us a happiness and peace apart from Himself, because it is not there."

Follow independent clauses and call attention to the information that comes after.

Colons

Ivan Pavlov

Conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell

Henry Foster (Namesake)

Creator of model T ford and modern assembly line work inspired by meat production

Connect groups of words to other groups of words to emphasize a point. (Usually used in the middle or at the end of a sentence.)

Dashes

Diminishes Freedom: Technology

Distracts

Diminishes Freedom: Television and Radio

Fodder, Loyal Brand Buyers

Bernard Marx (First Namesake)

George Bernard Shaw, Irish writer and socialist

Hemholtz Watson (Last Namesake)

German physician & John B. Watson, american psychologist, founder of behaviorism, together with rosalie rayner conducted controversial little Albert experiment

John B. Watson

Given a dozen healthy infants, he could train anyone to be anything... Little Albert FEARS white rat. Conditioned through loud noise.

To enclose figures in a sentence.

Grades will be based on (1) standards, (2) essays, and (3) exams.

Used to form compound words or join word units. They are also used to join prefixes, suffixes, and letters to words.

Hyphens

For contractions

I am = I'm; cannot = can't; I have = I've; they are = they're

To separate information from the rest o the sentence.

I knew the material perfectly--until PSAT test day.

Acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

unconditioned response (UR)

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

Proper names don't change the rule for possession (although some lazily suggest it does).

Jesus's beatitudes.

Bernard Marx (Last Namesake)

Karl Marx, founder of Marxism, Socialism

Come after an IC (complete sentence) and before the word, phrase, sentence, quotation, or list they are introducing.

Lately, I have had only one thing on my mind: graduation.

Less Uniqueness

Less Freedom

For use with compound phrases

Mother-in-law up-to-date

used between independent clauses (complete sentences) joined by a coordinating conjunction: FANBOYS.

My friends went to the Felix Pena chapel on Monday morning, but I went to Tech Hall Wednesday night.

Only add one for plural possessive nouns ending in s

My parents' house.

set off nonessential phrases or clauses (phrase can be removed without losing meaning) or appositives (words or phrases that rename a noun).

My teacher, who is really a robot, said to turn in on Google Classroom.

Negative Reinforcement is

NOT the same as Punishment.

After-Conditioning Phase

Neutral Stimulus = Natural Response

In the middles of a sentence, this can put special emphasis on a group of words.

Our ideas for the weekend--going to a movie, having a picnic, doing homework, and hiking Big Bear--seemed like a lot to accomplish.

Diminishes Freedom:

Overpopulation

To set off elements within a sentence that are related to the sentence but nonessential.

Parenthesis

Show the beginning and end of one's exact spoken words, or the title of a short work.

Quotation Marks

Podsnap's technique

Rapid maturation: a process of ripening thousands of eggs at the same time so they can be born when needed

Lenina Crowne (First Namesake)

Russian revolutionary and founder of the communist party Vladmir Lenin

Separate clauses or phrases that are related and that have equal grammatical rank.

Semicolons

Diminishes Freedom: Drugs

Soma - numbs society

join two independent clauses (complete sentences) that are closely related (connecting ideas).

Stu said he was tired; he had stayed up late doing homework (i.e. Minecraft).

To enclose an independent with punctuation inside.

Stu told me he gave Stuzález a new Ferrari. (I gave Stuzález a Ferrari before Stu.) Stuzález said it was acceptable.

helps to avoid confusion between items in lists where there are already commas

Stu traveled to Rome, Italy; Tokyo, Japan; and Mexico City, Mexico.

To show possession

Stu's backpack.

Punctuation goes inside

The Mentor told his Freshman, "Here's a trick about quotation marks."

separate paired adjectives that describe a noun.

The Tech cafeteria makes huge, delicious burritos.

used to separate three or greater words, phrases, or clauses in a series.

The class includes freshmen, sophomores, and juniors.

To form a complete sentence inserted inside another sentence.

The rain (Stu saw it as he passed the window) was now falling heavily.

decanting room

The room in which the babies are removed from the bottles

Unless verbatim, semicolons, colons, exclamation points, and question marks are an exception to the rule

They call John Bosco "Don"; he's a priestly father.

During Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus + Neutral Stimulus = Natural Response

Before Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus = Natural Response

To set off additions or expressions that are necessary to the sentence.

We visited several European countries (England, France, and Spain) on our trip last year.

malthusian belt

a belt that dispenses contraceptives

orgy porgy

a dance and chant of a solidarity service; sexual in nature

centrifugal bumble puppy

a game in which children throw a ball onto a rotating disk that throws the ball back in a random direction and is meant to be caught

hyphens can change meaning

a hot-water bottle

Negative Reinforcement

a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

Reinforcement Schedules

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Positive Reinforcement

a positive reinforcer is a stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

ectogenesis

a process by which embryos are grown outside of a womb. in this case, in bottles

Conditioned Reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

Operant Conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Classical Conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

in a compound adjective only when it comes before the word it modifies

a well-liked author

pneumatic

air filled/well endowed (I am Groot, smurf, Hodor, station, pikachu)

Malthus

an English economist and demographer; all biological populations have a potential for increase that exceeds the actual rate of increase, and the resources for the support of increase are limited

Behaviorism

an empirically rigorous science focused on observable behaviors and not unobservable internal mental processes.

Primary Reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

A.F.

annum ford, after ford

Stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response

viviparous

bearing live young rather than eggs

nine years war

brought sadness and enabled the ten world controllers to take over power

Not to be used after a verb that introduces a list.

colons

Indicate separation of ideas or elements within the structure of a sentence.

commas

Mustapha Mond (Namesake)

founder of modern turkey Mustapha Kemal Ataturk

O, Brave New World

from Shakespeare's The Tempest Miranda says, "o wonder how many goodly creatures are there here how beauteous mankind is o brave new world that has such people in it."

Compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine

hyphenate

Bokanovsky group

identical twins which have been created by a single egg divided numerous times through

conditioned response (CR)

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Benito Hoover (Last Namesake)

italian dictator benito mussolini and 31st us president herbert hoover

neo-pavlonian conditioning

loud noises, flashing lights, and electric shock used on babies to condition their likes and dislikes.

Mond

monde- world or people in french

Use with prefixes ex-, self-, and all-, with the suffix elect-, and with all prefixes before a proper noun or proper adjective.

non-European self-control

hypnopaedia

one step of the conditioning process by which while sleeping, babies and children listen to repeated messages about morals and their place in society, and are completely conditioned to live and breathe these messages

malthusian belt, malthusian drill (Namesake)

political economist, an early proponent of birth control for population regulation

bottling

process by which embryos are grown

conditioning and neo-pavlonian (Namesake)

russian scientist who conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.

feelies

similar to modern movie-theaters; viewers are able to feel the emotion and smell the smells of the movie in front of them

phosphorus recovery

the process in which phosphorus is recovered from cremated bodies to be used as fertilizer

Learning

the process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

alphas

top of the caste system; top intellectuals; tall ; wear grey

Associative Learning

when a subject links certain events, behaviors, or stimuli together in the process of conditioning

Apostrophes are not needed with possessive personal pronouns

yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, whose, its