nicolaus copernicus (1473-1543)

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laissez faire

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.

adam smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

his theories provided the foundation of modern astronomy, the study of planets. earth was center of universe. sun and planets revolves around earth. heliocentric theory

andreas vesalius (1514-1564)

humsn anatomy, he disecfed large numbers of human bodies

galileo galilei (1564-52)

invented telescope, let to important astronomical discoveries . celestial bodies (moon,planets, stars) are perfect spheres made up of a type of gas called ether

free market

market regulated by the natural laws of supply and demand

some enlightened thinkers believed that the best form of government was a

monarchy

john locke

people are good, have natural rights. government of limited power is best

rousseau

philosopher, writer, composer

william harvey (1578-1657)

physiology, human bodies function. before experiments belief was food is turned into blood in the heart . people refused to believe that arteries and veins carried the blood to and from the heart, which acts like a pump

censorship

president can make laws without permission from anyone else

frederick the great of prussia was an enlightenment and gave his people

religious freedom and improved schooling & reformed the justice system

serfdom

Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate.

johannes kepler

Laws of planetary motion

state of nature

Life with complete freedom, no rules, and no government

consent of the governed

an agreement where citizens give up some rights in exchange for government protection

social contract

an agreement where citizens give up some rights in exchange for government protection

free enterprise system

an economic system where government places very few restrictions on the types of business activities or ownership in which citizens participate

tycho brahe

astronomer, known for his accurate & comprehensive astronomical & planetary observations.

isaac newton (1643-1727)

astronomy engineering physics. the same force that pulls an object to earth , keeps the moon and planets in orbit around the sun. accepted by other scientists

heliocentric

based on the belief that the sun is in the middle of the universe

natural law

be used to solve society's problems and sparked the enlightenment

montesquieu

developed ideas of separation of powers and checks and balances and thought government should be divided into separate branches

francis bacon & rene descartes

devoted to understanding how the truth was determined

joseph II of australia

ended serfdom but after he died nobles who owned the lands undid the reform

rulers who followed enlightenment ideas in part but were unwilling to give up much power were called

enlightenment depots

french thinkers like physiocrats

focused on economic reforms and claimed that their rational economic system was based on the natural laws of economics

robert boyle 1627-1691

founder of modern chemistry

philosophe

french thinker who desired reform in society durning the enlightenment

how did the discoveries of Copernicus and other astronomers affect the way people viewed the universe?

their observations proved the world was heliocentric

Thomas Hobbes

thinks people are cruel and selfish , needed to be controlled by absolute monarchy, social contracts

voltaire

writer, historian, and philosopher. freedom of speech and separation of church and state


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