NS

Types of Sedimentary Rock:

-Clastic sedimentary rocks -Biological sedimentary rocks -Chemical sedimentary rocks -Non-clastic sedimentary rocks

Diagenesis is a collective process where sediments

-Compaction -Cementation -Recrystallization -Chemical changes (oxidation/reduction)

Types of Metamorphic Rock:

-Contact metamorphism -Regional metamorphism -Foliated metamorphic rocks -Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks

Rock Cycle:

-Igneous rocks can change into sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. -Sedimentary rocks may also transform into igneous or metamorphic rocks. -Metamorphic rocks can change into the all the three rock types.

Changes in minerals during metamorphism can happen in three possible ways.:

-Recrystallization -Neomorphism -Metasomatism

a general formula of W0-1X2Y5Z8O22(OH)2 and has a dark color with a Mohs hardness ranging from 5 to 6. It is opaque and has a glassy luster.

Amphibole

lithified accumulation of dead organisms.

Biological sedimentary rocks

shows the progression of silicate minerals crystallization at specific temperature condition.

Bowen's reaction series

form from chemical precipitation

Chemical sedimentary rocks

Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition

Chemical structure: Elements Description Most of the minerals here are composed of only one element. Having knowledge about elements enables scientists to identify bonding possibilities and compounds that can be created. Example Minerals copper, gold, silver, sulfur

Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition

Chromates, molybdate, tungstates chromate, molybdate, or tungstate substituted the place of the sulfate group. These minerals are usually brightly colored, brittle and dense. wulfenite (PbMoO4), scheelite (CaWO4)

are made up of sediments from preexisting rocks.

Clastic sedimentary rocks

the tendency of some minerals to break along flat surfaces.

Cleavage

certain wavelengths of light that are reflected by a mineral and is perceived by the observer.

Color

Physical Properties of Minerals:

Color Streak Luster Crystal habit Cleavage Fracture Hardness Specific gravity

occurs only at a local area adjacent to large intrusions and along fractures that are in contact with hot fluids.

Contact metamorphism

characteristic shape in which a mineral grows and is a projection of the mineral's crystal structure.

Crystal habit

collective process where sediments are lithified (becomes rock).

Diagenesis

chemical composition of XAlSi3O8 (Orthoclase) where X is potassium (K), calcium (Ca), or sodium (Na).

Feldspar

Increasing metamorphism causes distinct bands or foliation to form.

Foliated metamorphic rocks

formed when parallel planes of platy or elongated minerals creating what is called as foliations.

Foliated metamorphic rocks

the pattern in which the mineral breaks aside from its planes of cleavage.

Fracture

Factors Affecting Weathering of Rocks:

Goldich stability series - illustrates the relative stability or weathering rate of numerous minerals. This series is roughly the inverse order of original crystallization for minerals found in the Bowen's reaction series.

Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition

Halides These are nonmetal groups which consists of chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine as their main chemical constituent. fluorite (CaF2), halite (NaCl), diabolite

resistance of the minerals to scratching.

Hardness

formed from solidification of magma or lava which flows out from depth.

Igneous rocks

quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, olivine, amphibole, and mica are the components of almost

Igneous rocks

Formation of Igneous Rock:

Igneous rocks are characterized by intergrowth of crystals and/or volcanic glass. Crystal size is directly proportional to the cooling rate of magma. Big crystals are formed deep underground, while smaller crystals are formed near the surface.

appearance of a mineral's surface and is dependent on how it reflects light.

Luster

to the temperature at which solid turns into liquid.

Melting point

rocks that have been altered, changed, or transformed in the solid state due to changes in pressure, temperature conditions, and chemical actions of hot fluids.

Metamorphic rocks

chameleon changing its color to protect itself by blending into its environment.

Metamorphism

the the addition or loss of elements new minerals form with only some of the original elements.

Metasomatism

soft, with hardness ranging from 2 to 2.5. It is easily identified by its perfect cleavage, reducing it to thin smooth flakes.

Mica

It is a naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid, with a definite chemical composition, and an ordered crystalline structure.

Minerals

the process whereby minerals not only recrystallize, but also form different minerals from the same chemical elements.

Neomorphism

Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition

Nitrates, carbonates, borates It is formed when a metal is combined with carbon, nitrogen and boron. malachite, nitratine, borax

can be biological, chemical, or a combination of both.

Non-clastic sedimentary rocks

do not have layered appearance. Examples are marble, quartzite, and anthracite.

Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks

Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition

Oxides and hydroxides These are mineral groups composed of one or more metals joined with oxygen, water, or hydroxyl (OH) cuprite (Cu2O), hematite (Fe2O3)

Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition

Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates One or metal is chemically combined with the Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates group. apatite, lazulite, vanadinite

have a general composition of XY(Al,Si)2O6 (Pyroxene)where X is calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) and Y is either magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), or aluminum (Al).

Pyroxene minerals

chemical composition of SiO2 (Silicon dioxide) It is a glass-like hard substance with white streaks.

Quartz

Rock Forming Minerals:

Quartz Feldspar Mica Pyroxene minerals Amphibole

occurs when small crystals of one mineral will slowly convert to fewer, larger crystals of the same mineral without melting the rock.

Recrystallization

occurs when there are major igneous intrusions, presence of extreme pressure and heat due to deep burial.

Regional metamorphism

Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition

Silicates This is the largest mineral group. Minerals under this group have different amounts of silicon and oxygen. dioptase, labradorite

the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a specified temperature.

Solubility

Chemical Properties of Minerals:

Solubility Melting point

ratio of a minerals' weight to the weight of an equal volume of water.

Specific gravity

involve quantitative analysis of mineral components depending on the light absorbance of the compounds.

Spectroscopic techniques

the color of the powdered form of a mineral.

Streak

Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition

Sulfates One or more metal is combined with a sulfate compound (SO4) anhydrite (CaSO4)

Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition

Sulfides Minerals under these group are composed of a metal joined by a sulfur. Metallic luster is the characteristic that distinguish them. cinnabar (HgS), pyrite (FeS2)

Classifying Rocks

To identify an unknown rock sample, just follow this key shown below for you to be guided on classifying the rock sample in an accurate manner.

involves dissolving a mineral in an acid and analyzing the solution.

Wet chemical analysis

Analysis of the Composition and Crystal Structure of Minerals

Wet chemical analysis Spectroscopic techniques

Naming of Igneous Rocks

based on its texture and composition of the rock.

Sedimentary rocks are classified into

clastic or non-clastic.

forms when magma or volcanic fragments erupt and solidify on Earth's surface which results to very fine-grained rock with very small crystals that could not be seen through naked eye.

extrusive igneous rock

Types of Igneous Rocks

extrusive igneous rock intrusive igneous rock

also known as a plutonic rock.

intrusive igneous rock

when magma crystallizes within the crust and is composed of medium to coarse grains.

intrusive igneous rock

where harden sediments become sedimentary rocks.

lithification

The goal of metamorphism:

reestablish equilibrium with the new conditions.

Igneous rocks can be classified based on the

temperature-pressure condition.